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Yasobant S, Bruchhausen W, Saxena D, Falkenberg T. Systemic factors for enhancing intersectoral collaboration for the operationalization of One Health: a case study in India. Health Res Policy Syst 2021; 19:75. [PMID: 33947418 PMCID: PMC8097865 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-021-00727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach—working at the local, regional, national, and global levels—with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. Operationalization of the One Health approach is still unclear for various local health systems with their respective targets. In this scenario, the empirical study of intersectoral collaboration between the human and animal health systems provides an opportunity to investigate the appropriate strategies and their enabling factors at the local health system level. Thus, this study documented and validated the innovative strategy for intersectoral collaboration, focusing on effectual prevention and control of zoonotic diseases with its enabling factors for a city in western India, Ahmedabad. Methods This case study was conducted in three phases: phase I (qualitative data collection, i.e., vignette interview), phase II (quantitative data collection through modified policy Delphi), and phase III (participatory workshop). The vignette data were handled for content analysis, and the Delphi data, like other quantitative data, for descriptive statistics. The participatory workshop adapts the computerized Sensitivity Model® developed by Vester to analyse the health system dynamics. Result Out of the possible 36 strategies, this study validated the top 15 essential (must-have) and five preferred (should-have) strategies for the study area. For operationalization of the One Health approach, the enabling factors that were identified through the systems approach are micro-level factors at the individual level (trust, leadership, motivation, knowledge), meso-level factors at the organizational level (human resource, capacity-building, shared vision, decision-making capacity, laboratory capacity, surveillance), macro-level factors at the system level (coordinated roles, relationships, common platform), and external factors outside of the system (guidelines/policies, community participation, a specific budget, political will, smart technology). Discussion This study reveals that the micro-level factors at the individual level are potential levers of the health system. More attention to these factors could be beneficial for the operationalization of the One Health approach. This study recommends a systems approach through a bottom-up exploration to understand the local health system and its enabling factors, which should be accounted for in formulating future One Health policies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12961-021-00727-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandul Yasobant
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113, Bonn, Germany. .,Global Health, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health (IHPH), University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Walter Bruchhausen
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113, Bonn, Germany.,Global Health, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health (IHPH), University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), 382042, Gandhinagar, India.,Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, 442004, Wardha, India
| | - Timo Falkenberg
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113, Bonn, Germany.,GeoHealth Centre, Institute for Hygiene and Public Health (IHPH), University Hospital Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Normando S, Pollastri I, Florio D, Ferrante L, Macchi E, Isaja V, de Mori B. Assessing Animal Welfare in Animal-Visitor Interactions in Zoos and Other Facilities. A Pilot Study Involving Giraffes. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E153. [PMID: 30200194 PMCID: PMC6162555 DOI: 10.3390/ani8090153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, awareness of the controversial aspects connected with wild animal-visitor interactions (AVIs) in zoos and other facilities has increased due to cultural changes. Therefore, the need to apply transparent procedures to evaluate AVIs programs in zoos and similar facilities has also increased. This study presents results of animal welfare's assessment of a pilot test of a protocol based on six steps that aim to explore and assess the overall value of AVIs considering the impact both on animals and visitors. In the present paper, we discuss the multifaceted approach to animal welfare assessment during animal-visitor interactions, combining quantitative behavioural observations/analysis and a welfare risk-assessment procedure, which forms the basis of the six-step protocol. Pilot testing of said approach to animal welfare assessment involved giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in an Italian zoo. No change in behaviour, suggestive of an increased welfare risk to the animals, was found. The risk analysis reported overall low risks for welfare, whereas enclosure analysis highlighted that the enclosure was suitable for allowing interactions without jeopardising animal welfare, mainly because it allowed animals to choose whether to interact or withdraw from interactions without decreasing the space available to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Normando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Pollastri
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Daniela Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Linda Ferrante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Macchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara de Mori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
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Rüegg SR, Nielsen LR, Buttigieg SC, Santa M, Aragrande M, Canali M, Ehlinger T, Chantziaras I, Boriani E, Radeski M, Bruce M, Queenan K, Häsler B. A Systems Approach to Evaluate One Health Initiatives. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:23. [PMID: 29594154 PMCID: PMC5854661 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges calling for integrated approaches to health, such as the One Health (OH) approach, typically arise from the intertwined spheres of humans, animals, and ecosystems constituting their environment. Initiatives addressing such wicked problems commonly consist of complex structures and dynamics. As a result of the EU COST Action (TD 1404) "Network for Evaluation of One Health" (NEOH), we propose an evaluation framework anchored in systems theory to address the intrinsic complexity of OH initiatives and regard them as subsystems of the context within which they operate. Typically, they intend to influence a system with a view to improve human, animal, and environmental health. The NEOH evaluation framework consists of four overarching elements, namely: (1) the definition of the initiative and its context, (2) the description of the theory of change with an assessment of expected and unexpected outcomes, (3) the process evaluation of operational and supporting infrastructures (the "OH-ness"), and (4) an assessment of the association(s) between the process evaluation and the outcomes produced. It relies on a mixed methods approach by combining a descriptive and qualitative assessment with a semi-quantitative scoring for the evaluation of the degree and structural balance of "OH-ness" (summarised in an OH-index and OH-ratio, respectively) and conventional metrics for different outcomes in a multi-criteria-decision-analysis. Here, we focus on the methodology for Elements (1) and (3) including ready-to-use Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for the assessment of the "OH-ness". We also provide an overview of Element (2), and refer to the NEOH handbook for further details, also regarding Element (4) (http://neoh.onehealthglobal.net). The presented approach helps researchers, practitioners, and evaluators to conceptualise and conduct evaluations of integrated approaches to health and facilitates comparison and learning across different OH activities thereby facilitating decisions on resource allocation. The application of the framework has been described in eight case studies in the same Frontiers research topic and provides first data on OH-index and OH-ratio, which is an important step towards their validation and the creation of a dataset for future benchmarking, and to demonstrate under which circumstances OH initiatives provide added value compared to disciplinary or conventional health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Rüegg
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mijalche Santa
- Faculty of Economics—Skopje, Saints Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Maurizio Aragrande
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Canali
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Timothy Ehlinger
- Center for Global Health Equity, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Elena Boriani
- Global Decision Support Initiative (GDSI), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Miroslav Radeski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saints Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Rüegg SR, McMahon BJ, Häsler B, Esposito R, Nielsen LR, Ifejika Speranza C, Ehlinger T, Peyre M, Aragrande M, Zinsstag J, Davies P, Mihalca AD, Buttigieg SC, Rushton J, Carmo LP, De Meneghi D, Canali M, Filippitzi ME, Goutard FL, Ilieski V, Milićević D, O'Shea H, Radeski M, Kock R, Staines A, Lindberg A. A Blueprint to Evaluate One Health. Front Public Health 2017; 5:20. [PMID: 28261580 PMCID: PMC5311072 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health (OH) positions health professionals as agents for change and provides a platform to manage determinants of health that are often not comprehensively captured in medicine or public health alone. However, due to the organization of societies and disciplines, and the sectoral allocation of resources, the development of transdisciplinary approaches requires effort and perseverance. Therefore, there is a need to provide evidence on the added value of OH for governments, researchers, funding bodies, and stakeholders. This paper outlines a conceptual framework of what OH approaches can encompass and the added values they can provide. The framework was developed during a workshop conducted by the “Network for Evaluation of One Health,” an Action funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. By systematically describing the various aspects of OH, we provide the basis for measuring and monitoring the integration of disciplines, sectors, and stakeholders in health initiatives. The framework identifies the social, economic, and environmental drivers leading to integrated approaches to health and illustrates how these evoke characteristic OH operations, i.e., thinking, planning, and working, and require supporting infrastructures to allow learning, sharing, and systemic organization. It also describes the OH outcomes (i.e., sustainability, health and welfare, interspecies equity and stewardship, effectiveness, and efficiency), which are not possible to obtain through sectoral approaches alone, and their alignment with aspects of sustainable development based on society, environment, and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Rüegg
- Vetsuisse-Faculty, Section for Veterinary Epidemiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Barry J McMahon
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Chinwe Ifejika Speranza
- Institute of Geography and Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maurizio Aragrande
- Agriculture and Food Science Department, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Luís P Carmo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Daniele De Meneghi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin , Grugliasco-Turin , Italy
| | - Massimo Canali
- Agriculture and Food Science Department, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Maria E Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | | | - Vlatko Ilieski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje , Macedonia
| | | | | | - Miroslav Radeski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University , Skopje , Macedonia
| | | | - Anthony Staines
- School of Nursing & Human Sciences, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ann Lindberg
- National Veterinary Institute , Uppsala , Sweden
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