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Muff J, MacKinnon L, Durant ND, Bennedsen LF, Rügge K, Bondgaard M, Pennell K. The influence of cosolvent and heat on the solubility and reactivity of organophosphorous pesticide DNAPL alkaline hydrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22658-22666. [PMID: 27557968 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presented research concerned the compatibility of cosolvents with in situ alkaline hydrolysis (ISAH) for treatment of organophosphorous (OPP) pesticide contaminated sites. In addition, the influence of moderate temperature heat increments was studied as a possible enhancement method. A complex dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) of primarily parathion (~50 %) and methyl parathion (~15 %) obtained from the Danish Groyne 42 site was used as a contaminant source, and ethanol and propan-2-ol (0, 25, and 50 v/v%) was used as cosolvents in tap water and 0.34 M NaOH. Both cosolvents showed OPP solubility enhancement at 50 v/v% cosolvent content, with slightly higher OPP concentrations reached with propan-2-ol. Data on hydrolysis products did not show a clear trend with respect to alkaline hydrolysis reactivity in the presence of cosolvents. Results indicated that the hydrolysis rate of methyl-parathion (MP3) decreased with addition of cosolvent, whereas the hydrolysis rate of ethyl-parathion (EP3) remained constant, and overall indications were that the hydrolysis reactions were limited by the rate of hydrolysis rather than NAPL dissolution. In addition to cosolvents, the influence of low-temperature heating on ISAH was studied. Increasing reaction temperature from 10 to 30 °C provided an average rate of hydrolysis enhancement by a factor of 1.4-4.8 dependent on the base of calculation. When combining 50 v/v% cosolvent addition and heating to 30 °C, EP3 solubility was significantly enhanced and results for O,O-diethyl-thiophosphoric acid (EP2 acid) showed a significant enhancement of hydrolysis as well. However, this could not be supported by para-nitrophenol (PNP) data indicating the instability of this product in the presence of cosolvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Muff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section of Chemical Engineering, Aalborg University, Niels Bohrs Vej 8, DK-6700, Esbjerg, Denmark.
| | - Leah MacKinnon
- Geosyntec Consultants Inc., 130 Research Lane, Suite 2, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neal D Durant
- Geosyntec Consultants Inc., 10220 Old Columbia Road, Suite A, Columbia, USA
| | | | - Kirsten Rügge
- COWI A/S, Jord og Grundvand, Parallelvej 2, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Bondgaard
- Central Denmark Region, Environment, Lægårdvej 12, DK-7500, Holstebro, Denmark
| | - Kurt Pennell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Shukla AK, Upadhyay SN, Dubey SK. Current trends in trichloroethylene biodegradation: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 34:101-14. [PMID: 23057686 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2012.727080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) using different microorganisms has been investigated by several researchers. In this review article, an attempt has been made to present a critical summary of the recent results related to two major processes--reductive dechlorination and aerobic co-metabolism used for TCE biodegradation. It has been shown that mainly Clostridium sp. DC-1, KYT-1, Dehalobacter, Dehalococcoides, Desulfuromonas, Desulfitobacterium, Propionibacterium sp. HK-1, and Sulfurospirillum bacterial communities are responsible for the reductive dechlorination of TCE. Efficacy of bacterial communities like Nitrosomonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and Xanthobacter sp. etc. for TCE biodegradation under aerobic conditions has also been examined. Mixed cultures of diazotrophs and methanotrophs have been used for TCE degradation in batch and continuous cultures (biofilter) under aerobic conditions. In addition, some fungi (Trametes versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ME-446) and Actinomycetes have also been used for aerobic biodegradation of TCE. The available information on kinetics of biofiltration of TCE and its degradation end-products such as CO2 are discussed along with the available results on the diversity of bacterial community obtained using molecular biological approaches. It has emerged that there is a need to use metabolic engineering and molecular biological tools more intensively to improve the robustness of TCE degrading microbial species and assess their diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadhesh Kumar Shukla
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India and
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Agaoglu B, Scheytt T, Copty NK. Laboratory-scale experiments and numerical modeling of cosolvent flushing of multi-component NAPLs in saturated porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2012; 140-141:80-94. [PMID: 23010548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the mechanistic processes governing multiphase flow of a water-cosolvent-NAPL system in saturated porous media. Laboratory batch and column flushing experiments were conducted to determine the equilibrium properties of pure NAPL and synthetically prepared NAPL mixtures as well as NAPL recovery mechanisms for different water-ethanol contents. The effect of contact time was investigated by considering different steady and intermittent flow velocities. A modified version of multiphase flow simulator (UTCHEM) was used to compare the multiphase model simulations with the column experiment results. The effect of employing different grid geometries (1D, 2D, 3D), heterogeneity and different initial NAPL saturation configurations was also examined in the model. It is shown that the change in velocity affects the mass transfer rate between phases as well as the ultimate NAPL recovery percentage. The experiments with low flow rate flushing of pure NAPL and the 3D UTCHEM simulations gave similar effluent concentrations and NAPL cumulative recoveries. Model simulations over-estimated NAPL recovery for high specific discharges and rate-limited mass transfer, suggesting a constant mass transfer coefficient for the entire flushing experiment may not be valid. When multi-component NAPLs are present, the dissolution rate of individual organic compounds (namely, toluene and benzene) into the ethanol-water flushing solution is found not to correlate with their equilibrium solubility values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berken Agaoglu
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Berlin Institute of Technology, Sekr. BH 3-2, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Jagadevan S, Semrau JD. Priority pollutant degradation by the facultative methanotroph, Methylocystis strain SB2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:5089-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Stroo HF, Leeson A, Marqusee JA, Johnson PC, Ward CH, Kavanaugh MC, Sale TC, Newell CJ, Pennell KD, Lebrón CA, Unger M. Chlorinated ethene source remediation: lessons learned. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6438-47. [PMID: 22558915 DOI: 10.1021/es204714w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) are widespread groundwater contaminants often released as dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). These contaminants are difficult to remediate, particularly their source zones. This review summarizes the progress made in improving DNAPL source zone remediation over the past decade, and is structured to highlight the important practical lessons learned for improving DNAPL source zone remediation. Experience has shown that complete restoration is rare, and alternative metrics such as mass discharge are often useful for assessing the performance of partial restoration efforts. Experience also has shown that different technologies are needed for different times and locations, and that deliberately combining technologies may improve overall remedy performance. Several injection-based technologies are capable of removing a large fraction of the total contaminant mass, and reducing groundwater concentrations and mass discharge by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Thermal treatment can remove even more mass, but even these technologies generally leave some contamination in place. Research on better delivery techniques and characterization technologies will likely improve treatment, but managers should anticipate that source treatment will leave some contamination in place that will require future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans F Stroo
- HydroGeoLogic, Inc, 11107 Sunset Hills Road, Suite 400, Reston, Virginia 20190, United States.
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Adamson DT, McGuire TM, Newell CJ, Stroo H. Sustained treatment: Implications for treatment timescales associated with source-depletion technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Aydin GA, Agaoglu B, Kocasoy G, Copty NK. Effect of temperature on cosolvent flooding for the enhanced solubilization and mobilization of NAPLs in porous media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 186:636-644. [PMID: 21145654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the potential for enhanced NAPL recovery from the subsurface through the combined application of hot water and cosolvent flushing. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of temperature on fluid properties and the multiphase behavior of the ethanol-water-toluene system and to assess the impact of temperature on the capillary, Bond and total trapping numbers and on flooding stability. Column flooding experiments were also conducted to evaluate toluene NAPL recovery efficiency for different ethanol contents and flushing solution temperatures. The ethanol content considered ranged from 20 to 100% by mass, while the flushing solution temperatures were varied from 10 to 40°C. It is shown that small variations in the system temperature can strongly influence the solubilization, mobilization and stability of the multiphase system, but that the impact of temperature on the enhanced NAPL recovery is also dependent on the ethanol content of the flushing solution. The impact of hot water on NAPL recovery was most pronounced at intermediate ethanol contents (40-60% by mass) where the increase in system temperature led to enhanced NAPL solubilization as well as NAPL mobilization. This study demonstrates that coupling of hot water with in situ cosolvent flooding is a potentially effective remedial alternative that can optimize NAPL recovery while reducing the amount of chemicals injected into the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokce Akgoze Aydin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mera N, Iwasaki K. Use of plate-wash samples to monitor the fates of culturable bacteria in mercury- and trichloroethylene-contaminated soils. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:437-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Amos BK, Daprato RC, Hughes JB, Pennell KD, Löffler FE. Effects of the nonionic surfactant tween 80 on microbial reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:1710-6. [PMID: 17396664 DOI: 10.1021/es061926v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent field studies have indicated synergistic effects of coupling microbial reductive dechlorination with physicochemical remediation (e.g., surfactant flushing) of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones. This study explored chlorinated ethene (e.g., tetrachloroethene [PCE]) dechlorination in the presence of 50-5000 mg/L Tween 80, a nonionic surfactant employed in source zone remediation. Tween 80 did not inhibit dechlorination by four pure PCE-to-cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) or PCE-to-trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorinating cultures. In contrast, cis-DCE-dechlorinating Dehalococcoides isolates (strain BAV1 and strain FL2) failed to dechlorinate in the presence of Tween 80. Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM (BDI), a PCE-to-ethene dechlorinating consortium, produced cis-DCE in the presence of Tween 80, further suggesting that Tween 80 inhibits dechlorination by Dehalococcoides organisms. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis applied to BDI revealed that the number of Dehalococcoides cells decayed exponentially (R(2) = 0.85) according to the Chick-Watson disinfection model (pseudo first-order decay rate of 0.13+/-0.02 day(-1)) from an initial value of 6.6 +/-1.5 x 10(8) to 1.3+/-0.8 x 10(5) per mL of culture after 58 days of exposure to 250 mg/L Tween 80. Although Tween 80 exposure prevented ethene formation and reduced Dehalococcoides cell numbers, Dehalococcoides organisms remained viable, and dechlorination activity pist cis-DCE was recovered following the removal of Tween 80. These findings suggest that sequential Tween 80 flushing followed by microbial reductive dechlorination is a promising strategy for remediation of chlorinated ethene-impacted source zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Amos
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, and School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, USA
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Christ JA, Ramsburg CA, Abriola LM, Pennell KD, Löffler FE. Coupling aggressive mass removal with microbial reductive dechlorination for remediation of DNAPL source zones: a review and assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:465-77. [PMID: 15811838 PMCID: PMC1278488 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The infiltration of dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs) into the saturated subsurface typically produces a highly contaminated zone that serves as a long-term source of dissolved-phase groundwater contamination. Applications of aggressive physical-chemical technologies to such source zones may remove > 90% of the contaminant mass under favorable conditions. The remaining contaminant mass, however, can create a rebounding of aqueous-phase concentrations within the treated zone. Stimulation of microbial reductive dechlorination within the source zone after aggressive mass removal has recently been proposed as a promising staged-treatment remediation technology for transforming the remaining contaminant mass. This article reviews available laboratory and field evidence that supports the development of a treatment strategy that combines aggressive source-zone removal technologies with subsequent promotion of sustained microbial reductive dechlorination. Physical-chemical source-zone treatment technologies compatible with posttreatment stimulation of microbial activity are identified, and studies examining the requirements and controls (i.e., limits) of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes are investigated. Illustrative calculations are presented to explore the potential effects of source-zone management alternatives. Results suggest that, for the favorable conditions assumed in these calculations (i.e., statistical homogeneity of aquifer properties, known source-zone DNAPL distribution, and successful bioenhancement in the source zone), source longevity may be reduced by as much as an order of magnitude when physical-chemical source-zone treatment is coupled with reductive dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Christ
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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