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Wolff BA, Duggan SB, Clements WH. Resilience and regime shifts: Do novel communities impede ecological recovery in a historically metal‐contaminated stream? J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Wolff
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Sam B. Duggan
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - William H. Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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2
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Krosch MN, Bryant LM, Vink S. Differential gene expression of Australian Cricotopus draysoni (Diptera: Chironomidae) populations reveals seasonal association in detoxification gene regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14263. [PMID: 29079848 PMCID: PMC5660232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of organismal response to human-derived ecosystem change is recognised as a critical tool in monitoring and managing impacts, especially in freshwater systems. Fundamental to this approach is to determine the genes involved in responding to ecosystem change and detect modifications to their expression and activity in natural populations. Potential targets for this approach include well-known detoxification genes that are upregulated in response to stress. Here, we tested whether expression of such genes varied in association with differences in ecosystem health and could be detected in the field. We sampled populations of the freshwater midge, Cricotopus draysoni, from two geographically proximate sites in southeast Queensland, Australia, which differed in their ecosystem health, at multiple time points. We assessed transcriptome-level differential gene expression and predicted greatest differential expression between sites, associated with organismal responses to local physico-chemical factors. In contrast, we observed a clear and dramatic difference in gene expression – including of known detoxification genes – between time points, specifically between periods at the start and end of the austral summer rainfall when in-stream water levels are most different. These data suggest that these waterways experience greatest pollution load when water levels are high following rainfall events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt N Krosch
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia. .,University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | | | - Sue Vink
- University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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3
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Biological Control Strategies for Mosquito Vectors of Arboviruses. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8010021. [PMID: 28208639 PMCID: PMC5371949 DOI: 10.3390/insects8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Historically, biological control utilizes predatory species and pathogenic microorganisms to reduce the population of mosquitoes as disease vectors. This is particularly important for the control of mosquito-borne arboviruses, which normally do not have specific antiviral therapies available. Although development of resistance is likely, the advantages of biological control are that the resources used are typically biodegradable and ecologically friendly. Over the past decade, the advancement of molecular biology has enabled optimization by the manipulation of genetic materials associated with biological control agents. Two significant advancements are the discovery of cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by Wolbachia bacteria, which has enhanced replacement programs, and the introduction of dominant lethal genes into local mosquito populations through the release of genetically modified mosquitoes. As various arboviruses continue to be significant public health threats, biological control strategies have evolved to be more diverse and become critical tools to reduce the disease burden of arboviruses.
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Yoshimi T, Odagiri K, Hiroshige Y, Yokobori SI, Takahashi Y, Sugaya Y, Miura T. Induction profile of HSP70-cognate genes by environmental pollutants in Chironomidae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:294-301. [PMID: 21784019 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several species of invertebrates have been studied to examine the toxicological effects of chemicals that include insecticides and heavy metals. We characterized heat-shock protein (hsp) genes from the ubiquitous midge, Chironomidae. More than 70 fold induction of hsp70 expression was detected by quantitative PCR after 37°C treatment in the midge. Expression of hsp70 was induced not only by heat but also by exposure to insecticides and heavy metals such as cadmium and copper. Expression time courses for hsp70 were highly specific to each chemical. When midges were exposed to sub-lethal level of a pyrethroid insecticide, ethofenprox, hsp70 expression was increased over 20 fold with a transient peak at 1.5h. Heavy metal exposure led to delayed hsp70 up regulation of 7 fold at 6-7h. Expression of another hsp70-cognate gene (hsc70) was also characterized. Using these genes we propose a novel system for biomonitoring of heavy metals and other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yoshimi
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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Zuellig RE, Kashian DR, Brooks ML, Kiffney PM, Clements WH. The influence of metal exposure history and ultraviolet-B radiation on benthic communities in Colorado Rocky Mountain streams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1899/07-035.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Zuellig
- Department of Fishery, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1474 USA
| | - Donna R. Kashian
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research (CILER), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 43105 USA
| | - Marjorie L. Brooks
- Department of Fishery, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1474 USA
| | - Peter M. Kiffney
- National Marine Fisheries Service, North West Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, Mukilteo Biology Field Station, 10 Park Ave., Building B, Mukilteo, Washington 98275 USA
| | - William H. Clements
- Department of Fishery, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1474 USA
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Morgan AJ, Kille P, Stürzenbaum SR. Microevolution and ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:1085-96. [PMID: 17593704 DOI: 10.1021/es061992x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of metal-contaminated habitats based on responses in the field is complicated by the evolution of local, metal-resistant ecotypes. The unpredictability of occurrence of genetically determined adaptive traits, in terms of site-specific geochemistry, a population's inferred exposure history, and in the physiology of resistance, exacerbates the problem. Micro-evolutionary events warrant the attention of ecotoxicologists because they undermine the application of the bedrock of toxicology, the dose-response curve, to in situ field assessments. Here we survey the evidence for the existence of genetically differentiated, metal-resistant, invertebrate populations; we also describe some of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the adaptations. Quantitative changes in tissue-metal partitioning, and in the molecular and cellular responses (biomarkers)to alterations in internal bioreactive metal pools, are widely accepted as indicators of toxicity and/or exposure in free-living organisms. Both can be modulated by resistance. The understanding that all genomes are intrinsicallyflexible, with subtle sequence changes in promoter regions or epigenetic adjustments conferring significant phenotypic consequences, is deemed highly relevant. Equally relevant is the systems biology insight that genes and proteins are woven into networks. We advocate that biomarker studies should work toward assimilating and exploiting these biological realities through monitoring the activities of suites of genes (transcriptomics) and their expressed products (proteomics), as well as profiling the metabolite signatures of individuals (metabolomics) and by using neutral genetic markers to genotype populations. Ecotoxicology requires robust tools that recognize the imprint of evolution on the constitution of field populations, as well as sufficient mechanistic understanding of the molecular-genetic observations to interpret them in meaningful environmental diagnostic ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A John Morgan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Sarkar S, Duttagupta AK, Mal TK. Effects of heavy metals on population growth and metallothionein gene expression in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, from Calcutta, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2004; 127:183-193. [PMID: 14568718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Major water bodies in and around the city of Calcutta (India) receive heavy metal contaminated effluents from industries, households, and vehicular traffic through sewage or drainage. We quantified concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd from three water bodies at Kalighat, Tangra, and VIP Road, respectively. The concentrations of these heavy metals were significantly greater in the summer than in monsoon when heavy downpours resulted in reduced metal concentrations. Concentrations of metals in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus also reflected such seasonal fluctuations. Hatchability and survivorship of C. quinquefasciatus significantly differed among the sites and were reduced significantly from the control. Exposure to heavy metals also induced MT-gene expression in C. quinquefasciatus, likely helping them to survive in the water bodies stressed with heavy metals. MT-gene activity demonstrated significant variation among sites and seasons with the highest activity in the summer in the VIP Road population. This study suggests that C. quinquefasciatus could be used as an ecological indicator of heavy metal pollution by monitoring its MT-gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagartirtha Sarkar
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India
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David P, Dauphin-Villemant C, Mesneau A, Meyran JC. Molecular approach to aquatic environmental bioreporting: differential response to environmental inducers of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes in the detritivorous subalpine planktonic Crustacea, Daphnia pulex. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2473-81. [PMID: 12919485 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the usefulness of detoxifying genes as molecular markers in different chemical environments, isolation of cytochrome P450 genes (CYPs) belonging to the CYP4 family was performed in different samples from two subalpine populations of Daphnia pulex. The use of degenerate primers allowed us to isolate seven cDNAs. Four of them were assigned to the CYP4C subfamily, and were closely related to previously isolated crustacean CYP4s while the others were assigned to new CYP4AN and CYP4AP subfamilies. Expression studies, using semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Southern blot hybridization with specific probes revealed differences in CYP4C32 and CYP4AP1 expressions between the two populations, which differ in the polyphenol richness of the vegetation surrounding their aquatic habitat. Further exposure to toxic dietary polyphenols showed different CYP induction patterns. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest a possible involvement of CYP4s in the ecological differentiation of subalpine D. pulex populations related to the polyphenol richness of the environmental vegetation. CYP4s may thus be considered as possible molecular markers in aquatic environmental bioreporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes et Changements Environnementaux, EA 3112, Centre de Biologie Alpine, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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Beaty BJ, Mackie RS, Mattingly KS, Carlson JO, Rayms-Keller A. The midgut epithelium of aquatic arthropods: a critical target organ in environmental toxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2002; 110 Suppl 6:911-914. [PMID: 12634118 PMCID: PMC1241271 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.02110s6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The midgut epithelium of aquatic arthropods is emerging as an important and toxicologically relevant organ system for monitoring environmental pollution. The peritrophic matrix of aquatic arthropods, which is secreted by the midgut epithelium cells, is perturbed by copper or cadmium. Molecular biological studies have identified and characterized two midgut genes induced by heavy metals in the midgut epithelium. Many other metal-responsive genes (MRGs) await characterization. One of the MRGs codes for an intestinal mucin, which is critical for protecting the midgut from toxins and pathogens. Another codes for a tubulin gene, which is critical for structure and function of the midgut epithelial cells. Perturbation of expression of either gene could condition aquatic arthropod survivorship. Induction of these MRGs is a more sensitive and rapid indicator of heavy-metal pollution than biological assays. Characterization of genes induced by pollutants could provide mechanistic understanding of fundamental cellular responses to pollutants and insight into determinants of aquatic arthropod population genetic structure and survivorship in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Beaty
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Mattingly KS, Beaty BJ, Mackie RS, McGaw M, Carlson JO, Rayms-Keller A. Molecular cloning and characterization of a metal responsive Chironomus tentans alpha-tubulin cDNA. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 54:249-260. [PMID: 11489310 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a problem of economic and health importance. Sensitive molecular biomarkers of metal exposure are sorely needed. We have isolated a cDNA from the midge Chironomus tentans that is transcribed in all organs and developmental stages. The cDNA encodes a protein, designated Chironomus tentans alpha-tubulin 1 (CTTUB1), which has significant similarities with invertebrate and vertebrate alpha-tubulins. CTTUB1 is abundantly transcribed in embryos and to a lesser extent in adults and larvae. CTTUB1 RNA and protein abundances are increased in larvae exposed to copper or cadmium. The pattern of cellular distribution of CTTUB1 protein in the midgut epithelial cells was radically affected by cadmium. In the midgut cells of unexposed larvae, CTTUB1 was found evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, while in cadmium-exposed larvae, CTTUB1 was mostly concentrated along the basolateral plasma membrane. A mechanism for the regulation of alpha-tubulin synthesis by cadmium is proposed. This is the first report on the isolation of a metal responsive gene from a neartic aquatic insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Mattingly
- Department of Microbiology, Arthropod-borne & Infectious Disease Laboratory, Center for Environmental Toxicology & Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Rayms-Keller A, McGaw M, Oray C, Carlson JO, Beaty BJ. Molecular cloning and characterization of a metal responsive Aedes aegypti intestinal mucin cDNA. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 9:419-426. [PMID: 10971719 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA from Aedes aegypti that is transcribed in the larval midgut in response to metal exposure, and in the adult female midgut in response to iron or cadmium exposure, or a blood meal. The cDNA encodes a protein, designated Aedes aegypti intestinal mucin 1 (AEIMUC1), which has similarities with invertebrate intestinal mucins and peritrophins, and vertebrate mucins. Proline, serine and threonine comprise 30% of the amino acid composition of AEIMUC1, a characteristic of mucins. AEIMUC1 contains three cysteine-rich domains, two of which flank a proline/serine/threonine-rich domain, a feature shared by many mucin genes. This is the first report on the isolation of a metal-responsive gene from an aquatic insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rayms-Keller
- Arthropod-borne & Infectious Disease Laboratory, Center for Environmental Toxicology & Technology, Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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Courtney LA, Clements WH. Sensitivity to acidic pH in benthic invertebrate assemblages with different histories of exposure to metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.2307/1468285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Courtney
- Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - William H. Clements
- Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
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