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Glucocorticoids, Cyclosporine, Azathioprine, Chlorambucil, and Mycophenolate in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:797-817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Maniaki E, Murrell J, Langley-Hobbs SJ, Blackwell EJ. Associations between early neutering, obesity, outdoor access, trauma and feline degenerative joint disease. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:965-975. [PMID: 33569999 PMCID: PMC8474300 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21991456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this case-control study was to identify early-life risk factors associated with the occurrence of owner-reported mobility changes in 6-year-old cats by examining prospective data from a longitudinal cohort study of pet cats, the Bristol Cats study. METHODS Data on potential risk factors were obtained from seven sequential questionnaires completed between the ages of 2-4 months and 5 years. Mobility-related questions from the study questionnaire distributed at the age of 6 years were used to calculate each cat's mobility score. Cats with mobility scores of ⩾2 and 0 were allocated to the case and control groups, respectively, and the cat's status was the outcome variable. RESULTS Of the 799 cats included for analysis, 238 (29.8%) had owner-reported mobility changes. Binomial logistic regression using backwards elimination identified four risk factors for owner-reported mobility changes at 6 years of age: entire neuter status at 6 months of age (odds ratio [OR] 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-3.07), sustained trauma before 6 years of age (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.30-2.60), outdoor access at 6 years of age (OR 1.67; 95% CI 0.96-2.90) and overweight/obese status at 6 years of age (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.13-2.33). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Risk factor analysis demonstrated that obesity, outdoor access and a history of trauma may predispose cats to developing owner-reported mobility changes associated with degenerative joint disease, whereas neutering before 6 months of age appears to decrease that risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Maniaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Emily J Blackwell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK
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Cridge H, Kordon A, Pinchuk LM, Wills RW, Thomason JM, Mackin AJ, Archer TM. Effects of cyclosporine on feline lymphocytes activated in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109962. [PMID: 31710907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a calcineurin inhibitor that is known to decrease lymphocyte expression of NFAT-regulated cytokines in humans, dogs and cats, and thereby depress lymphocyte function. Less is known about the effects of CsA on lymphocytes in cats than in other species. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 6 healthy cats. PBMCs were exposed to i) no treatment, ii) 5 μg/ml concavalin A (ConA), iii) 500 ng/ml CsA and iv) 5 μg/ml ConA and 500 ng/ml CsA. The effects of CsA on cell proliferation were assessed via live and necrotic cell counts from day 1 to day 6. Additionally, flow cytometry was utilized to determine the effect of CsA on apoptosis in feline lymphocytes at day 1 and day 5. ConA exposure resulted in increases in cell counts from day 1 to 6, peaking at day 5. CsA inhibited cell proliferation, indicated via decreased live lymphocyte cell counts in the cell cultures exposed to ConA and CsA, compared to the cell cultures exposed to ConA only. Furthermore, CsA induced early and late apoptotic changes in feline PBMCs. Differences in these responses may influence an individual cat's response to cyclosporine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Adef Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Leysa M Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Todd M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
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Colombo S, Sartori R. Ciclosporin and the cat: Current understanding and review of clinical use. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:244-255. [PMID: 29478396 PMCID: PMC10816290 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17748718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Ciclosporin (CsA) is a systemic immuno-modulatory drug widely used to treat immune-mediated diseases in humans and veterinary species. CsA was registered for use in cats in the USA and Europe in 2011, and is indicated for the treatment of chronic allergic dermatitis at a recommended daily dose of 7 mg/kg PO. AUDIENCE This review will be of interest to all veterinarians working with cats, given the wide range of potential applications of CsA and its safety profile. Although the drug is currently only licensed to treat chronic allergic dermatitis in cats, a small number of reports describe its use in non-dermatological conditions. Evidence base: This article reviews the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse effects and clinical use of CsA, both for the licensed indication and for off-label use in the feline patient. Information presented has been summarised from the existing literature on CsA, with specific interest in studies carried out in cats. For its licensed indication, chronic allergic dermatitis, evidence provided includes randomised, placebo or prednisolone-controlled studies (EBM grade I) and prospective or retrospective open trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colombo
- Servizi Dermatologici Veterinari, via Felice Musazzi 24, Legnano (MI), 1–20025, Italy
| | - Roberta Sartori
- Servizi Dermatologici Veterinari, via Felice Musazzi 24, Legnano (MI), 1–20025, Italy
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McLuckie AJ, Barrs VR, Wilson B, Westman ME, Beatty JA. Felis Catus Gammaherpesvirus 1 DNAemia in Whole Blood from Therapeutically Immunosuppressed or Retrovirus-Infected Cats. Vet Sci 2017; 4:E16. [PMID: 29056675 PMCID: PMC5606616 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are major co-pathogens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, making the interactions between feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) pertinent to both human and veterinary medical research. FIV-infected cats are at increased risk of FcaGHV1 DNAemia and consistently harbor higher FcaGHV1 loads than FIV-uninfected cats. Whether immune deficiencies unrelated to FIV are associated with similar risks is unknown. Using whole blood FcaGHV1 qPCR, we found no difference in the frequency of DNAemia or DNA load in therapeutically immunosuppressed (P1, n = 18) or feline leukemia virus (FeLV)-infected (P2, n = 57) patients compared with age- and sex-matched controls (C1, n = 58; C2, n = 57). In contrast, FIV/FeLV-co-infected cats (P3, n = 5) were at increased risk of FcaGHV1 DNAemia compared to retrovirus uninfected controls (C3, n = 39; p = 0.0068), and had a higher median FcaGHV1 DNA load, although the latter was not significant. FIV/FeLV-co-infected cats (P3) had a similar frequency of FcaGHV1 DNAemia reported compared to FIV-infected controls (C4). In conclusion, we found no evidence that cats with therapeutic immunosuppression or FeLV infection were at greater risk of FcaGHV1 DNAemia or had higher FcaGHV1 DNA load in whole blood. The risk of DNAemia in FIV/FeLV-co-infected cats was similar to that documented previously in cats infected with FIV alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J McLuckie
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bethany Wilson
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mark E Westman
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Kendricks AL, Pageon LR, Craig SL, Wen Y, Sood AK, Lockworth CR. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:1149-1151. [PMID: 27823375 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.10.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Synovial fluid analysis is a key component of the minimum database needed to diagnose and manage primary and secondary articular joint disorders. Unfortunately, preanalytical variables can drastically alter samples submitted for evaluation to veterinary laboratories and it is considered the stage at which most laboratory error occurs. This article addresses common sources of preanalytical variability and error that are seen in veterinary medicine. With consistent quality control and reporting of specimens, downstream clinical decision making and management of patients can be accelerated and improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kelly S Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1644 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Whitehouse W, Viviano K. Update in feline therapeutics: clinical use of 10 emerging therapies. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:220-34. [PMID: 25701861 PMCID: PMC11148892 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15571879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The field of veterinary medicine is constantly evolving. New medications are being introduced into clinical practice, and novel uses for established medications are frequently being discovered as new information comes to light. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Therapeutic options for our feline patients can be restricted based on inadequate clinical evidence, adverse effects and patient compliance concerns. Additionally, with the reduced availability of commonly used medications in some regions, clinicians are forced to utilize alternatives with which they may have limited experience. AUDIENCE This review article is directed towards primary care veterinarians working with feline patients. The selection of medications discussed is based on many of the clinical challenges commonly encountered in practice. EVIDENCE BASE The evidence for use of some of these medications is limited due to their novelty. Known mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data, adverse effects and clinical uses are reviewed where possible, with clinical recommendations made based on the evidence of data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Whitehouse
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Katrina Viviano
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Osteoarthritis, a degenerative non-inflammatory joint disease, is common in cats, usually causing gradual changes in behavior and lifestyle rather than severe lameness. Inflammatory arthritis occurs much less frequently and is nearly always associated with debilitating lameness. It may have an infectious or immune-mediated cause - but, unlike the canine disease, is much more likely to be infectious in origin. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Cats with inflammatory joint disease are presented for evaluation of lethargy, anorexia, reluctance to walk or fever. Synovial fluid collection and analysis is required to confirm joint inflammation, but this is a procedure many veterinarians are not comfortable performing in cats. Once inflammatory arthritis is confirmed, extensive testing is required to diagnose infectious causes and determine appropriate treatment. Immune-mediated polyarthritis can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs only after all infectious possibilities are eliminated. Radiographs are used to characterize the arthritis as erosive or nonerosive, but radiographic changes in cats are often subtle compared with those described in canine rheumatoid-like arthritis. AUDIENCE This review, aimed at all veterinarians who treat cats, describes the general clinical approach to feline joint disease, the collection and analysis of synovial fluid, and the diagnosis and management of inflammatory joint diseases affecting cats. The diagnostic approach to an unusual case of erosive polyarthritis is discussed in the Case Notes. EVIDENCE BASE To date, the veterinary literature on inflammatory joint disease in cats has been limited to older reviews of immune-mediated disorders and multiple single case reports or small case series describing infectious disorders. This article offers a current comprehensive review of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lemetayer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
| | - Susan Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B4, Canada
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