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Mine J, Takadate Y, Kumagai A, Sakuma S, Tsunekuni R, Miyazawa K, Uchida Y. Genetics of H5N1 and H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in Winter 2021-2022. Viruses 2024; 16:358. [PMID: 38543724 PMCID: PMC10975693 DOI: 10.3390/v16030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In winter 2021-2022, H5N1 and H5N8 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIVs) caused serious outbreaks in Japan: 25 outbreaks of HPAI at poultry farms and 107 cases in wild birds or in the environment. Phylogenetic analyses divided H5 HPAIVs isolated in Japan in the winter of 2021-2022 into three groups-G2a, G2b, and G2d-which were disseminated at different locations and times. Full-genome sequencing analyses of these HPAIVs revealed a strong relationship of multiple genes between Japan and Siberia, suggesting that they arose from reassortment events with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in Siberia. The results emphasize the complex of dissemination and reassortment events with the movement of migratory birds, and the importance of continual monitoring of AIVs in Japan and Siberia for early alerts to the intrusion of HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Ibaraki, Japan (A.K.); (S.S.); (R.T.); (K.M.); (Y.U.)
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2
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Fujimoto Y, Ogasawara K, Isoda N, Hatai H, Okuya K, Watanabe Y, Takada A, Sakoda Y, Saito K, Ozawa M. Experimental and natural infections of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) with high pathogenicity avian influenza virus of H5 subtype. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1007350. [PMID: 36262320 PMCID: PMC9574225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), a regionally rare species of raptor, is threatened in several countries. To assess the risk of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viral infection in rare bird species, we performed experimental infections with a GS/GD96-lineage H5N6 HPAI virus of clade 2.3.4.4e in white-tailed sea eagles. Additionally, during the winter of 2020–2021 in Japan, we accidentally encountered a white-tailed sea eagle that had a fatal outcome due to natural infection with a GS/GD96-lineage H5N8 HPAI virus of clade 2.3.4.4b, allowing us to compare experimental and natural infections in the same rare raptor species. Our experiments demonstrated the susceptibility of white-tailed sea eagles to the GS/GD96-lineage H5 HPAI virus with efficient replication in systemic organs. The potential for the viruses to spread within the white-tailed sea eagle population through indirect transmission was also confirmed. Comprehensive comparisons of both viral distribution and histopathological observations between experimentally and naturally infected white-tailed sea eagles imply that viral replication in the brain is responsible for the disease severity and mortality in this species. These findings provide novel insights into the risk assessment of H5 HPAI viral infection in white-tailed sea eagles, proper diagnostic procedures, potential risks to artificially fed eagle populations and persons handling superficially healthy eagles, potential impact of intragastric infection on eagle outcomes, and possibility of severity of the disease being attributed to viral replication in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Norikazu Isoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hatai
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makoto Ozawa
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Tanikawa T, Fujii K, Sugie Y, Tsunekuni R, Nakayama M, Kobayashi S. Comparative susceptibility of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) to infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza virus strains (Gs/Gd lineage) isolated in Japan in 2004–2017. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mine J, Tsunekuni R, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Dubovitskiy N, Derko A, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Sharshov K, Saito T. Genetics of Japanese H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated in winter 2020-2021 and their genetic relationship with avian influenza viruses in Siberia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2195-e2213. [PMID: 35445801 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In winter 2020-2021, Japan experienced multiple serious outbreaks of H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI)-52 outbreaks at poultry farms and 58 cases in wild birds or the environment-that occurred simultaneously with outbreaks in Europe. Here, we examined how the H5N8 HPAI viruses (HPAIVs) emerged and spread through Japan and across the Eurasian continent. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed using full genetic sequences of the viruses that caused 52 outbreaks at poultry farms or were isolated from 11 infected wild birds. Genetically, the viruses showed five genotypes (E1, E2, E3, E5, E7) that have already been reported in Korea. The viruses showing the E3 genotype were found to have caused most of the HPAI outbreaks at poultry farms and were detected over the longest period of time. The internal genes of the viruses were genetically related to those of AIVs isolated through avian influenza surveillance activities in regions of Siberia including Buryatia, Yakutia, and Amur regions, suggesting that the Japanese viruses emerged via reassortment events with AIVs genetically related to Siberian AIVs. In addition, H5N2 and H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from wild birds during surveillance activities conducted in the Novosibirsk region of Siberia in summer 2020. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these viruses possessed hemagglutinin genes that were related to those of H5N8 HPAIVs that were circulating in Europe in winter 2020-2021. These results suggest that the viruses in wild birds during summer in Siberia most likely spread in both Asia and Europe the following winter. Together, the present results emphasize the importance of continual monitoring of AIVs in Siberia for forecasting outbreaks not only in Asia but also further away in Europe. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Nikita Dubovitskiy
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Derko
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan
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Sakuma S, Uchida Y, Kajita M, Tanikawa T, Mine J, Tsunekuni R, Saito T. First Outbreak of an H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus on a Chicken Farm in Japan in 2020. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030489. [PMID: 33809529 PMCID: PMC8001370 DOI: 10.3390/v13030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
On 5 November 2020, a confirmed outbreak due to an H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) occurred at an egg-hen farm in Kagawa prefecture (western Japan). This virus, A/chicken/Kagawa/11C/2020 (Kagawa11C2020), was the first HPAI poultry isolate in Japan in 2020 and had multiple basic amino acids—a motif conferring high pathogenicity to chickens—at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Mortality of chickens was 100% through intravenous inoculation tests performed according to World Organization for Animal Health criteria. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of Kagawa11C2020 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4B of the H5 Goose/Guangdong lineage and clusters with H5N8 HPAIVs isolated from wild bird feces collected in Hokkaido (Japan) and Korea in October 2020. These H5N8 HPAIVs are closely related to H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in European countries during the winter of 2019–2020. Intranasal inoculation of chickens with 106 fifty-percent egg infectious doses of Kagawa11C2020 revealed that the 50% chicken lethal dose was 104.63 and the mean time to death was 134.4 h. All infected chickens demonstrated viral shedding beginning on 2 dpi—before clinical signs were observed. These results suggest that affected chickens could transmit Kagawa11C2020 to surrounding chickens in the absence of clinical signs for several days before they died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Sakuma
- Division of Transboundary Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 3050856, Japan; (S.S.); (T.T.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 3050856, Japan; (S.S.); (T.T.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-838-7758
| | - Momoyo Kajita
- Hokkaido Kamikawa Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hokkaido 0718154, Japan;
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 3050856, Japan; (S.S.); (T.T.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 3050856, Japan; (S.S.); (T.T.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 3050856, Japan; (S.S.); (T.T.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 3050856, Japan; (S.S.); (T.T.); (J.M.); (R.T.); (T.S.)
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El Zowalaty ME, DeBeauchmp J, Jeevan T, Franks J, Friedman K, Pretorius R, Young SG, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Molecular detection of influenza A viruses and H5 subtype among migratory Amur falcons (Falco amurensis) and captive birds of prey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:369-377. [PMID: 33428819 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) are major human and animal health threats with geographic differences in prevalence, characteristics and host populations. Currently, there is sparse information on IAVs and NDVs in avian species in South Africa. Because raptors feed on live wild birds which are the reservoir hosts of IAVs and NDVs, we considered them a good sentinel for surveillance. Therefore, in addition to other resident birds of prey, migratory Amur falcons (Falco amurensis) were screened for IAVs and NDVs. Oropharyngeal and cloacal samples were collected from raptor species at three sampling sites in KwaZulu-Natal Province and samples were screened for IAVs and NDVs using molecular and virus isolation methods. IAV-positive samples were further screened for the presence of H5, H7 and H9 viruses. A total of 14 samples from 11 birds (45.8% of all sampled birds) were IAV positive with Ct lower than 36 in duplicate tests. Five out of 24 birds (20.8%) were positive for IAV RNA in duplicate testing, albeit at low concentrations. Among raptor samples, three out of 24 birds (12.5%) were positive for IAVs with viral RNA detected in both cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs. One IAV-positive sample was also positive for H5 subtype (4.1%); all other samples were H5, H7 and H9 negative. Besides, all samples were NDV negative. Overall, our results support the development of more intensive and expanded influenza and other emerging virus studies in raptor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchmp
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Franks
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly Friedman
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Moriguchi S, Hosoda R, Ushine N, Kato T, Hayama SI. Surveillance system for avian influenza in wild birds and implications of its improvement with insights into the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Japan. Prev Vet Med 2020; 187:105234. [PMID: 33360671 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the re-emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2004, outbreaks of the viral subtypes HPAI, H5N1, H5N8, and H5N6 in wild birds, poultry, and zoo birds have occurred in Japan. In 2008, a nation-wide avian influenza (AI) surveillance program was started for the early detection of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) and for the assessment of HPAIV infection among wild birds. In this study, we aimed to conduct an overview of the AI surveillance system of wild birds in Japan, including those in the regions and prefectures, to assess its overall performance and develop insights on its improvement. We analyzed past surveillance data in Japan and conducted questionnaire surveys for the officers in 11 regional branches of the Ministry of Environment and the nature conservation divisions of 47 prefectures to acquire details regarding those AI surveillance. We found that the early detection of HPAIV in wild birds was successfully achieved in only one of the five outbreak seasons during the 2008-2019 period in Japan, and the assessment of HPAIV infection had possibly not been adequate in the national surveillance system. In the winter season, AI surveillance in most prefectures were mainly conducted by means of passive surveillance through reported dead birds and active surveillance through collected waterbird feces. Conversely, less than half of the prefectures conducted bird monitoring, patrolling in migratory bird habitats, and AI antigen testing in rescued birds. In areas surrounding HPAI occurrence sites (<10 km), bird monitoring and patrolling efforts were enhanced. However, AI testing efforts in waterbird feces and rescued birds were decreased. The AI surveillance for endangered bird species and in national wildlife protection areas was conducted by the branches of the Ministry of Environment and by the prefectures. Based on our results, we concluded that for maximum efficiency, legislation which specialized in wildlife pathogens should be necessary to prepare adequate national budget and testing capacity for appropriate surveillance system with periodical assessment for surveillance results and the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Moriguchi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rin Hosoda
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111209. [PMID: 33114239 PMCID: PMC7690888 DOI: 10.3390/v12111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known about IAV dynamics in less common avian species that may play a role in trafficking IAVs to poultry operations. Specifically, we focus on synanthropic bird species. Synanthropic species, otherwise known as peridomestic, are species that are ecologically associated with humans and anthropogenically modified landscapes, such as agricultural and urban areas. Aquatic birds such as waterfowl and shorebirds are the species most commonly associated with avian IAVs, and are generally considered the reservoir or maintenance hosts in the natural ecology of these viruses. Waterfowl and shorebirds are occasionally associated with poultry facilities, but are uncommon or absent in many areas, especially large commercial operations. In these cases, spillover hosts that share resources with both maintenance hosts and target hosts such as poultry may play an important role in introducing wild bird viruses onto farms. Consequently, our focus here is on what is known about IAV dynamics in synanthropic hosts that are commonly found on both farms and in nearby habitats, such as fields, lakes, wetlands, or riparian areas occupied by waterfowl or shorebirds.
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Siriwat P, Nijman V. Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2020; 13:454-461. [PMID: 32296661 PMCID: PMC7156811 DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shift of wildlife trade from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual online marketplaces is reported using the trade of birds of prey (raptors) in Thailand from 1968 to 2019 as a case study. We analyzed data obtained from physical market survey data for 2,782 individuals from 27 species, with 2,420 individuals reported in early surveys (1968-1988) and 362 individuals reported in later surveys (2003-2015) and online surveys (February 2017 to January 2019). We compared information on asking prices and what species were traded using two comparative approaches to analyze how species composition may have changed over time (physical markets and online platforms; pre-Internet and Internet era). In comparison with the five previous market surveys, we did not find a statistically significant difference between species and availability of species offered for sale when comparing physical bird markets and online markets. In all data sets, biological factors such as wingspan were significant factors in explaining price variation. We conclude that sustained monitoring is needed to make direct comparisons between the trade platforms. With a continued increase of wildlife trade on online platforms, we recommend increased regulation and enforcement of wildlife trade laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penthai Siriwat
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom
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Uno Y, Soda K, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Usui T, Yamaguchi T. Pathogenicity of clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in American kestrel ( Falco sparverius). Avian Pathol 2020; 49:515-525. [PMID: 32619103 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1787337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Birds of prey, including endangered species, have been infected with H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in several countries. In this present study, we assessed the pathogenicity of the clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAIV in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) with a view to preventing future outbreaks in raptors. The kestrels were intranasally inoculated with the virus or fed the meat of chicks that had died from viral infection. Kestrels in both groups initially had reduced food intake, showed clinical signs such as depression and neurologic manifestations, and succumbed to the infection within 6 days. The kestrels primarily shed the virus orally from 1 day post-inoculation until death, with an average titre of 104.5-5.7 EID50/ml, which is comparable to the inoculum titre. The viruses replicated in almost all tested tissues; notably, the feather calamuses also contained infectious virions and/or viral genes. Pancreatic lesions were present in several infected birds, as shown in previous cases of HPAIV infection in raptors. These results indicate that kestrels are highly susceptible to infection by clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIVs, which readily occurs through the consumption of infected bird carcasses. Early detection and removal of HPAIV infected carcasses in the field is essential for preventing outbreaks in raptors. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Clade 2.3.2.1 H5 HPAIV caused lethal infection in American kestrels. Kestrels with the HPAIV showed neurologic signs and eye disorders. The HPAIV replicated in systemic tissues of kestrels, and was orally shed. The HPAIV was recovered from feather calamus of kestrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Uno
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza A (H11N9) Virus Isolated from Mandarin Ducks in South Korea in 2018. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020203. [PMID: 32059510 PMCID: PMC7077279 DOI: 10.3390/v12020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In July 2018, a novel avian influenza virus (A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9)) was isolated from Mandarin ducks in South Korea. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses were conducted to characterize the genetic origins of the H11N9 strain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that eight gene segments of strain H11N9 belonged to the Eurasian lineages. Analysis of nucleotide sequence similarity of both the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes revealed the highest homology with A/duck/Kagoshima/KU57/2014 (H11N9), showing 97.70% and 98.00% nucleotide identities, respectively. Additionally, internal genes showed homology higher than 98% compared to those of other isolates derived from duck and wild birds. Both the polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1) genes were close to the H5N3 strain isolated in China; whereas, other internal genes were closely related to that of avian influenza virus in Japan. A single basic amino acid at the HA cleavage site (PAIASR↓GLF), the lack of a five-amino acid deletion (residue 69–73) in the stalk region of the NA gene, and E627 in the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) gene indicated that the A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) isolate was a typical low-pathogenicity avian influenza. In vitro viral replication of H11N9 showed a lower titer than H1N1 and higher than H9N2. In mice, H11N9 showed lower adaptation than H1N1. The novel A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) isolate may have resulted from an unknown reassortment through the import of multiple wild birds in Japan and Korea in approximately 2016–2017, evolving to produce a different H11N9 compared to the previous H11N9 in Korea (2016). Further reassortment events of this virus occurred in PB1 and PA in China-derived strains. These results indicate that Japanese- and Chinese-derived avian influenza contributes to the genetic diversity of A/Mandarin duck/South Korea/KNU18-12/2018(H11N9) in Korea.
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Mine J, Uchida Y, Nakayama M, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Takemae N, Sobolev I, Shestpalov A, Saito T. Genetics and pathogenicity of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and a chicken in Japan during winter 2017-2018. Virology 2019; 533:1-11. [PMID: 31071540 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreak occurred in poultry in Japan during January 2018, and H5N6 HPAIVs killed several wild birds in 3 prefectures during Winter 2017-2018. Time-measured phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the Hemagglutinin (HA) and internal genes of these isolates were genetically similar to clade 2.3.4.4.B H5N8 HPAIVs in Europe during Winter 2016-2017, and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of the poultry and wild bird isolates were gained through distinct reassortments with AIVs that were estimated to have circulated possibly in Siberia during Summer 2017 and Summer 2016, respectively. Lethal infectious dose to chickens was similar between the poultry and wild-bird isolates. H5N6 HPAIVs during Winter 2017-2018 in Japan had higher 50% chicken lethal doses and lower transmission efficiency than the H5Nx HPAIVs that caused previous outbreaks in Japan, thus explaining in part why cases during the 2017-2018 outbreak were sporadic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestpalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan.
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13
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More S, Bicout D, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Breed A, Brouwer A, Guillemain M, Harder T, Monne I, Roberts H, Baldinelli F, Barrucci F, Fabris C, Martino L, Mosbach-Schulz O, Verdonck F, Morgado J, Stegeman JA. Avian influenza. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04991. [PMID: 32625288 PMCID: PMC7009867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous introductions of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) to the EU were most likely via migratory wild birds. A mathematical model has been developed which indicated that virus amplification and spread may take place when wild bird populations of sufficient size within EU become infected. Low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) may reach similar maximum prevalence levels in wild bird populations to HPAIV but the risk of LPAIV infection of a poultry holding was estimated to be lower than that of HPAIV. Only few non-wild bird pathways were identified having a non-negligible risk of AI introduction. The transmission rate between animals within a flock is assessed to be higher for HPAIV than LPAIV. In very few cases, it could be proven that HPAI outbreaks were caused by intrinsic mutation of LPAIV to HPAIV but current knowledge does not allow a prediction as to if, and when this could occur. In gallinaceous poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality was identified as the most effective method for early detection of HPAI outbreaks. For effective surveillance in anseriform poultry, passive surveillance through notification of suspicious clinical signs/mortality needs to be accompanied by serological surveillance and/or a virological surveillance programme of birds found dead (bucket sampling). Serosurveillance is unfit for early warning of LPAI outbreaks at the individual holding level but could be effective in tracing clusters of LPAIV-infected holdings. In wild birds, passive surveillance is an appropriate method for HPAIV surveillance if the HPAIV infections are associated with mortality whereas active wild bird surveillance has a very low efficiency for detecting HPAIV. Experts estimated and emphasised the effect of implementing specific biosecurity measures on reducing the probability of AIV entering into a poultry holding. Human diligence is pivotal to select, implement and maintain specific, effective biosecurity measures.
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14
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Onuma M, Kakogawa M, Yanagisawa M, Haga A, Okano T, Neagari Y, Okano T, Goka K, Asakawa M. Characterizing the temporal patterns of avian influenza virus introduction into Japan by migratory birds. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:943-951. [PMID: 28484128 PMCID: PMC5447987 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to observe the temporal pattern of avian influenza virus (AIV) introduction into Japan and to determine which migratory birds play an important role in introducing AIV. In total, 19,407
fecal samples from migratory birds were collected at 52 sites between October 2008 and May 2015. Total nucleic acids extracted from the fecal samples were subjected to reverse transcription loop–mediated isothermal amplification
to detect viral RNA. Species identification of host migratory birds was conducted by DNA barcoding for positive fecal samples. The total number of positive samples was 352 (prevalence, 1.8%). The highest prevalence was observed in
autumn migration, and a decrease in prevalence was observed. During autumn migration, central to southern Japan showed a prevalence higher than the overall prevalence. Thus, the main AIV entry routes may involve crossing the Sea
of Japan and entry through the Korean Peninsula. Species identification was successful in 221 of the 352 positive samples. Two major species sequences were identified: the Mallard/Eastern Spot-billed duck group (115 samples;
52.0%) and the Northern pintail (61 samples; 27.6%). To gain a better understanding of the ecology of AIV in Japan and the introduction pattern of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, information regarding AIV prevalence by
species, the prevalence of hatch-year migratory birds, migration patterns and viral subtypes in fecal samples using egg inoculation and molecular-based methods in combination is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Onuma
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kakogawa
- Kobe Animal Kingdom, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Masae Yanagisawa
- Pathological and Physiochemical Examination Division, Laboratory Department, Animal Quarantine Service, 11-1, Haramachi, Isogoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235-0008, Japan
| | - Atsushi Haga
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomomi Okano
- Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Neagari
- Biological Resource Laboratory, Laboratory for Intellectual Fundamentals for Environmental Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tuskuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Okano
- Ecological Genetics Analysis Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Koichi Goka
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Asakawa
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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15
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Tanikawa T, Kanehira K, Tsunekuni R, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Saito T. Pathogenicity of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from a wild bird fecal specimen and a chicken in Japan in 2014. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:243-52. [PMID: 26916882 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poultry outbreaks caused by H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) occurred in Japan between December 2014 and January 2015. During the same period; H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from wild birds and the environment in Japan. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of these isolates were found to belong to clade 2.3.4.4 and three sub-groups were distinguishable within this clade. All of the Japanese isolates from poultry outbreaks belonged to the same sub-group; whereas wild bird isolates belonged to the other sub-groups. To examine whether the difference in pathogenicity to chickens between isolates of different HA sub-groups of clade 2.3.4.4 could explain why the Japanese poultry outbreaks were only caused by a particular sub-group; pathogenicities of A/chicken/Miyazaki/7/2014 (Miyazaki2014; sub-group C) and A/duck/Chiba/26-372-48/2014 (Chiba2014; sub-group A) to chickens were compared and it was found that the lethality of Miyazaki2014 in chickens was lower than that of Chiba2014; according to the 50% chicken lethal dose. This indicated that differences in pathogenicity may not explain why the Japanese poultry outbreaks only involved group C isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
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16
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Potential risk of repeated nasal vaccination that induces allergic reaction with mucosal IgE and airway eosinophilic infiltration in cynomolgus macaques infected with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:1008-1017. [PMID: 28109707 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and detrimental effect of mucosal vaccination with an inactivated influenza vaccine were examined in a macaque model by intranasal administration with small amounts of inactivated whole virus particles and challenge by a human-derived H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. Repeated nasal inoculation with the whole particle vaccine of an inactivated virus, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-3/2007 (H5N1) (Vac-3), induced antigen-specific IgA and IgG antibody production in nasal swabs and plasma. Vac-3-specific IgE production was also found in the nasal swabs. Nasal vaccination with Vac-3 induced broader cross-clade neutralization activity than did subcutaneous vaccination. After challenge infection, repeated nasal vaccination almost completely prevented the propagation of virus in the upper and lower airways and protected cynomolgus macaques from viral pneumonia by induction of IgA-producing B cells in the lungs. On the other hand, eosinophil clusters were observed in the lungs of vaccinated macaques. Although Vac-3-specific IgE antibody and IL-13 levels were decreased after infection compared to those before infection and no anaphylaxis in vaccinated macaques was detected after challenge infection, our results suggest that we have to pay attention to potential allergic responses at repeated nasal vaccination, especially in people who have an airway allergy.
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17
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Fujimoto Y, Tomioka Y, Takakuwa H, Uechi GI, Yabuta T, Ozaki K, Suyama H, Yamamoto S, Morimatsu M, Mai LQ, Yamashiro T, Ito T, Otsuki K, Ono E. Cross-protective potential of anti-nucleoprotein human monoclonal antibodies against lethal influenza A virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2104-2116. [PMID: 27260213 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (NP) possesses regions that are highly conserved among influenza A viruses, and has therefore been one of the target viral proteins for development of a universal influenza vaccine. It has been expected that human or humanized antibodies will be made available for the prophylaxis, pre-emptive and acute treatment of viral infection. However, it is still unclear whether anti-NP human antibody can confer protection against influenza virus infection. In this study, we generated transgenic mice expressing anti-NP human mAbs derived from lymphocytes of a patient infected with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, and experimental infections were conducted to examine antiviral effects of the anti-NP antibodies against H5N1 HPAI viral infections with a high fatality rate in mammals. Transgenic mouse lines expressing the anti-NP human mAbs at more than 1 mg ml-1 showed marked resistance to H5N1 virus infections. In addition, resistance to infection with an H1N1 subtype that shows strong pathogenicity to mice was also confirmed. Although the anti-NP mAbs expressed in the transgenic mice did not neutralize the virus, the mAbs could bind to NP located on the surface of infected cells. These results suggested a possibility that the non-neutralizing anti-NP human mAbs could induce indirect antiviral effects, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results demonstrated that anti-NP human mAbs play an important role in heterosubtypic protection against lethal influenza virus infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takakuwa
- Avian Influenza Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Gen-Ichiro Uechi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 851-2125, Japan
| | - Toshiyo Yabuta
- Avian Influenza Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Ozaki
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruka Suyama
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayo Yamamoto
- Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Le Quynh Mai
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No. 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 851-2125, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Koichi Otsuki
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Influenza Research Center, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ono
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Research, Research Center for Human Disease Modeling, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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18
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Fujimoto Y, Usui T, Ito H, Ono E, Ito T. Susceptibility of wild passerines to subtype H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:243-7. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1043235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Centre of Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ono
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Centre of Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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19
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van den Brand JM, Krone O, Wolf PU, van de Bildt MWG, van Amerongen G, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. Host-specific exposure and fatal neurologic disease in wild raptors from highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 during the 2006 outbreak in Germany. Vet Res 2015; 46:24. [PMID: 25879698 PMCID: PMC4349770 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Raptors may contract highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 by hunting or scavenging infected prey. However, natural H5N1 infection in raptors is rarely reported. Therefore, we tested raptors found dead during an H5N1 outbreak in wild waterbirds in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, in 2006 for H5N1-associated disease. We tested 624 raptors of nine species—common buzzard (385), Eurasian sparrowhawk (111), common kestrel (38), undetermined species of buzzard (36), white-tailed sea eagle (19), undetermined species of raptor (12), northern goshawk (10), peregrine falcon (6), red kite (3), rough-legged buzzard (3), and western marsh-harrier (1)—for H5N1 infection in tracheal or combined tracheal/cloacal swabs of all birds, and on major tissues of all white-tailed sea eagles. H5N1 infection was detected in two species: common buzzard (12 positive, 3.1%) and peregrine falcon (2 positive, 33.3%). In all necropsied birds (both peregrine falcons and the six freshest common buzzards), H5N1 was found most consistently and at the highest concentration in the brain, and the main H5N1-associated lesion was marked non-suppurative encephalitis. Other H5N1-associated lesions occurred in air sac, lung, oviduct, heart, pancreas, coelomic ganglion, and adrenal gland. Our results show that the main cause of death in H5N1-positive raptors was encephalitis. Our results imply that H5N1 outbreaks in wild waterbirds are more likely to lead to exposure to and mortality from H5N1 in raptors that hunt or scavenge medium-sized birds, such as common buzzards and peregrine falcons, than in raptors that hunt small birds and do not scavenge, such as Eurasian sparrowhawks and common kestrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Ma van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Oliver Krone
- Department Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter U Wolf
- Department for Diagnostic Investigation of Epizootics (LALLF), State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety, and Fishery, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marco W G van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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20
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Bui VN, Ogawa H, Hussein ITM, Hill NJ, Trinh DQ, AboElkhair M, Sultan S, Ma E, Saito K, Watanabe Y, Runstadler JA, Imai K. Genetic characterization of a rare H12N3 avian influenza virus isolated from a green-winged teal in Japan. Virus Genes 2015; 50:316-20. [PMID: 25557930 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on the genetic characterization of an avian influenza virus, subtype H12N3, isolated from an Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca) in Japan in 2009. The entire genome sequence of the isolate was analyzed, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to characterize the evolutionary history of the isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes indicated that the virus belonged to the Eurasian-like avian lineage. Molecular dating indicated that this H12 virus is likely a multiple reassortant influenza A virus. This is the first reported characterization of influenza A virus subtype H12N3 isolated in Japan and these data contribute to the accumulation of knowledge on the genetic diversity and generation of novel influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Nghia Bui
- Diagnostic Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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21
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Abdo W, Haridy M, Katou Y, Goto M, Mizoguchi T, Sakoda Y, Sakai H, Yanai T. Pathological and immunohistochemical findings of natural highly pathogenic avian influenza infection in tufted ducks during 2010-2011 outbreaks in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1285-90. [PMID: 24881650 PMCID: PMC4197160 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the winter of 2010-2011, an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection occurred in wild and domestic birds in Japan. Tufted ducks were found dead in an urban area of Toyota City, Koriyama, Fukushima Prefecture. Two tufted ducks were examined histopathologically, immunohistochemically and molecularly. Gross findings included marked dark-red clotted blood in the pectoral muscles and multifocal hemorrhages on the serous membranes. Microscopically, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, multifocal to coalescing pancreatic necrosis and severe pulmonary congestion were observed. HPAIV antigen was detected in the malacic areas, neuronal, glial and ependymal cells, pulmonary capillary endothelial cells and epithelium of pulmonary bronchioles, necrotic pancreatic acini and degenerated cardiac myocytes. The HPAIV isolate was genetically classified into clade 2.3.2.1 group A. The broad distribution of virus antigen in brain and pulmonary tissues associated with HPAIV spontaneous infection in tufted ducks might be useful in understanding its pathogenesis in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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22
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Sonnberg S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Virus Res 2013; 178:63-77. [PMID: 23735535 PMCID: PMC3787969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has significantly changed from sporadic outbreaks in terrestrial poultry to persistent circulation in terrestrial and aquatic poultry and potentially in wild waterfowl. A novel genotype of HPAI H5N1 arose in 1996 in Southern China and through ongoing mutation, reassortment, and natural selection, has diverged into distinct lineages and expanded into multiple reservoir hosts. The evolution of Goose/Guangdong-lineage highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses is ongoing: while stable interactions exist with some reservoir hosts, these viruses are continuing to evolve and adapt to others, and pose an un-calculable risk to sporadic hosts, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sonnberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- corresponding author, Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA Tel +1 901 595 3400 Fax +1 901 595 8559
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23
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Guan Y, Smith GJ. The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Res 2013; 178:35-43. [PMID: 23735533 PMCID: PMC4017639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in the goose population of Guangdong, China in 1996. The viruses in this lineage are unique in their ecological success, demonstrating an extremely broad host range and becoming established in poultry over much of Asia and in Africa. H5N1 viruses have also diverged into multiple clades and subclades that generally do not cross neutralize, which has greatly confounded control measures in poultry and pre-pandemic vaccine strain selection. Although H5N1 viruses currently cannot transmit efficiently between mammals they exhibit high mortality in humans and recent experimental studies have shown that it is possible to generate an H5N1 virus that is transmissible in mammals. In addition to causing unprecedented economic losses, the long-term presence of the H5N1 virus in poultry and its frequent introductions to humans continue to pose a significant pandemic threat. Here we provide a summary of the genesis, molecular epidemiology and evolution of this H5N1 lineage, particularly the factors that have contributed to the continued diversification and ecological success of H5N1 viruses, with particular reference to the poultry production systems they have emerged from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Influenza Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gavin J.D. Smith
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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24
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SODA K, USUI T, UNO Y, YONEDA K, YAMAGUCHI T, ITO T. Pathogenicity of an H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in the 2010–2011 Winter in Japan to Mandarin Ducks. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:619-24. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke SODA
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi USUI
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko UNO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
| | - Kumiko YONEDA
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, 3–10–10 Taitou-ku, Tokyo 110–8676, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
| | - Toshihiro ITO
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4–101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680–8553, Japan
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25
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Soda K, Ito H, Usui T, Nagai Y, Ozaki H, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Incursion and spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among wild birds in 2010-11 winter in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 75:605-12. [PMID: 23292107 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks occurred in Japan during the 2010-11 winter. H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from 63 wild birds including migrating and resident birds, and caused HPAI outbreaks in 24 chicken farms by the end of March. In the present study, all virus strains isolated from wild birds in western Japan together with the viruses in the preceding works were phylogenetically and epidemiologically analyzed. Furthermore, the virus distributions in the raptors that died of H5N1 HPAI virus infection were assessed. The virus isolates in Japan were classified into three groups by phylogenic analysis of their hemagglutinins, supporting the previous report (Sakoda et al., 2012). The viruses in each group were continuously isolated in respective limited areas, indicating that viruses were maintained in local bird populations throughout the outbreak periods. Some viruses were genetically closely related to the Korean isolates around the same periods, suggesting that migratory birds were suspected of contributing to transportation of the viruses across the sea. Viruses were recovered from systemic tissues including digestive organs of the deceased raptors, indicating that they were infected with HPAI viruses by their predatory behavior, eating infected birds or carrion in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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26
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Takakuwa H, Yamashiro T, Le MQ, Phuong LS, Ozaki H, Tsunekuni R, Usui T, Ito H, Morimatsu M, Tomioka Y, Yamaguchi T, Ito T, Murase T, Ono E, Otsuki K. Molecular epidemiology of avian influenza viruses circulating among healthy poultry flocks in farms in northern Vietnam. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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27
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Sakoda Y, Ito H, Uchida Y, Okamatsu M, Yamamoto N, Soda K, Nomura N, Kuribayashi S, Shichinohe S, Sunden Y, Umemura T, Usui T, Ozaki H, Yamaguchi T, Murase T, Ito T, Saito T, Takada A, Kida H. Reintroduction of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus by migratory water birds, causing poultry outbreaks in the 2010-2011 winter season in Japan. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:541-550. [PMID: 22113008 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037572-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was reintroduced and caused outbreaks in chickens in the 2010-2011 winter season in Japan, which had been free from highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) since 2007 when HPAI outbreaks occurred and were controlled. On 14 October 2010 at Lake Ohnuma, Wakkanai, the northernmost part of Hokkaido, Japan, H5N1 HPAIVs were isolated from faecal samples of ducks flying from their nesting lakes in Siberia. Since then, in Japan, H5N1 HPAIVs have been isolated from 63 wild birds in 17 prefectures and caused HPAI outbreaks in 24 chicken farms in nine prefectures by the end of March in 2011. Each of these isolates was genetically closely related to the HPAIV isolates at Lake Ohnuma, and those in China, Mongolia, Russia and Korea, belonging to genetic clade 2.3.2.1. In addition, these isolates were genetically classified into three groups, suggesting that the viruses were transmitted by migratory water birds through at least three different routes from their northern territory to Japan. These isolates were antigenic variants, which is consistent with selection in poultry under the immunological pressure induced by vaccination. To prevent the perpetuation of viruses in the lakes where water birds nest in summer in Siberia, prompt eradication of HPAIVs in poultry is urgently needed in Asian countries where HPAI has not been controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Research Team for Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Saya Kuribayashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Murase
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Research Team for Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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28
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Genetic analyses of H5N1 avian influenza virus in Mongolia, 2009 and its relationship with those of eastern Asia. Vet Microbiol 2010; 147:170-5. [PMID: 20580497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In May and August 2009, 14 highly pathogenic H5N1 isolates were obtained from migratory birds in central Mongolia. To trace the genetic lineage of the isolates, nucleotide sequences of all eight genes were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. Hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes were clustered in clade 2.3.2. The polymerase acidic gene was related to the isolates of South Korea and Japan obtained in 2003 and 2004 outbreaks, and a migratory duck isolate from Jiangxi, China. The neuraminidase and other internal genes were closely related to those of clade 2.3.4 viruses. The results indicate evolving genetic diversity of the hemagglutinin gene and acquisition of different polymerase acidic gene in the 2009 Mongolian isolates, likely via bird migration. Prevention of potentially wider outbreak in domestic poultry and accurate monitoring of H5N1 genetic mutation will require continuous monitoring for H5N1 in both domestic and wild birds, and will necessitate international cooperation with neighboring countries sharing migratory flyways.
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