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Wu CF, Rairat T, Chou CC, Kuo HC. Letter to the editor. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:62-63. [PMID: 38047430 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Yeh TW, Rairat T, Wang CM, Wu CF, Huang SW, Chou CC, Kuo HC. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone, in suckling piglets following oral and intramuscular administrations. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:36-47. [PMID: 37593974 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Toltrazuril (TZR) is currently the only registered chemotherapeutic drug in the European Union for the treatment of Cystoisospora suis. This study investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue concentration-time profiles of TZR and its active metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZR-SO2 ), after oral (per os, p.o.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration to suckling piglets. Following a single administration of TZR orally at 50 mg/piglet or intramuscularly at 45 mg/piglet, higher concentrations of TZR and TZR-SO2 were observed in all three investigated tissues after p.o. administration. The mean TZR concentration in serum peaked at 14 μg/mL (34.03 h) and 5.36 μg/mL (120 h), while TZR-SO2 peaked at 14.12 μg/mL (246 h) and 9.92 μg/mL (330 h) after p.o. and i.m. administration, respectively. TZR was undetectable in the liver after p.o. administration (18 days) and in the jejunum (24 days) after i.m. injection, while TZR-SO2 was still detectable in all three tissues after 36 days regardless of administration routes. This study showed that p.o. formulation exhibited faster absorption and higher serum/tissue TZR/TZR-SO2 concentrations than i.m. formulation. Both formulations generated sufficient therapeutic concentrations in the serum and jejunum, and sustained enough time to protect against Cystoisospora suis infection in the piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Wei Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tirawat Rairat
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chao-Ming Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Zapa DMB, Heller LM, de Aquino LM, Couto LFM, Gomes LVC, Ferreira LL, Vettorato LF, Barufi F, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Chiummo RM, Sonada RB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Sakamoto CAM, Soares VE, da Costa AJ, Lopes WDZ. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole for cattle: Pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Eimeria spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100968. [PMID: 38199704 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The present work evaluated the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the association of 15cmg/kg toltrazuril +5cmg/kg fenbendazole against Eimeria spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in calves of different regions of Brazil (Center-West, Southeast, and South). A total of seven experiments were carried out, five of which determined formulation efficacy against Eimeria spp., considering the following aspects: therapeutic, preventive, metaphylactic, and residual efficacy. Therapeutic efficacy experiments for GINs were carried out by parasitological necropsy. The toltrazuril + fenbendazole association demonstrated ≥95% efficacy against Eimeria spp. for 21 days post-treatment (DPT). When used preventively and metaphylatically, the same association demonstrated ≥97% efficacy against E. zuernii, E. ellipsoidalis, E. cylindrica, E. bovis, E. wyomingensis and E. auburnensis. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole administered seven days before challenge was 100% effective against all these Eimeria species. Results of therapeutic, preventive, metaphylactic and residual efficacies can be related to the pharmacokinetic results, especially considering toltrazuril sulfone, which was detected in animal plasma for a longer period than the parent compound. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole achieved 100% anthelminthic efficacy against the GINs Haemonchus placei (L4), Cooperia pectinata and Oesophagostomum radiatum; 99.94% against adult H. placei; and 99.98% against C. puntacta. The association of toltrazuril + fenbendazole, associated with other measures, is an important and suitable tool for the control and treatment of Eimeria spp. and GINs in young cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maria Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lídia Mendes de Aquino
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Alessandro M Sakamoto
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP/CPPAR. Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Wang W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Nie J, Hu D, Yang W, Shen Y, Cui X, Ding H, Li L, Huang X. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and excretion of ponazuril in piglets. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1054417. [PMID: 36570513 PMCID: PMC9768325 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1054417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponazuril is a triazine anticoccidial drug which is the main metabolite of toltrazuril in animals, it has excellent activity against many protozoa, including Cystoisospora suis, and has broad application prospects in the control of swine coccidiosis. To evaluate the pharmacokinetic and excretion characteristics of ponazuril, 12 healthy piglets aged 10-14 days were divided into 2 groups for pharmacokinetic studies, which were given 20 mg/kg body weight ponazuril orally and intravenously, respectively. And 6 other piglets were housed individually in metabolic cages and given the same oral dose of ponazuril. After administration, the concentration of ponazuril in plasma, fecal, and urine samples collected was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The plasma concentration profiles of ponazuril obtained after intravenous and oral administration were analyzed simultaneously by the nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) model. Following the results, the pharmacokinetics of ponazuril exhibited a Michaelis-Menten elimination with Michaelis-Menten constant Km and maximum metabolic rate Vm of 10.8 μg/mL and 0.083 mg/kg/h. The apparent volume of distribution was calculated to be 735 mL/kg, and the final estimated oral bioavailability was 81%. Besides, cumulatively 86.42 ± 2.96% of ponazuril was recovered from feces and 0.31% ± 0.08% from urine during 0-1,020 h after oral administration. These findings indicated a good oral absorption of ponazuril in piglets with nonlinear disposition and slow excretion largely via feces, implying sustained drug concentration in vivo and long-lasting anticoccidial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiao Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daxing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinglong Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Li Li
| | - Xianhui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xianhui Huang
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Dendougui-Tadjine F, Pröhl R, Spies D, Hamann F, Schulz F, Terhalle W, Lange N, Scheid S, Polzer J. Residue depletion of toltrazuril and its metabolites in egg after an authorised application in hens. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Long-term efficacy of toltrazuril in naïve calves prophylactically treated and experimentally infected with Eimeria spp. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2571-2578. [PMID: 35895113 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria are ubiquitous parasites and eimeriosis treatment is based on coccidiostats or coccidicides used prophylactically, metaphylactically, or therapeutically. The long-term efficacy of toltrazuril (TZR, 15 mg/kg) against experimentally infected naïve calves was investigated. Seven groups (six treated and one control) of six animals each were formed. Animals of each group received a single TZR prophylactic oral treatment on days - 42, - 35, - 28, - 21, - 14, and - 7 before the challenge with infectious sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. (100,000 oocysts: 59.5% E. zuernii, 38.1% E. bovis, 1.2%, E. alabamensis, and 1.2% E. ellipsoidalis). The long-term efficacy was assessed based on Eimeria spp. oocyst excretion by fecal oocyst counts. Three calves from the control group presented diarrhea with blood, which was not observed in animals belonging to the treatment groups. The TZR achieved efficacy greater than 95.0% up to 14 and 7 days. This formulation showed efficacy above 95% for 7 to 14 days, between 82 and 84% for 21 to 28 days and between 50 and 64% for 35 to 42 days.
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Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites toltrazuril sulphoxide and toltrazuril sulphone in pregnant and non-pregnant goats. ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190040383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of toltrazuril (TZR) and its metabolites toltrazuril sulphoxide (TZR.SO) and toltrazuril sulphone (TZR.SO2) were assessed in non-pregnant and pregnant goats. Ten healthy Baladi female goats were allocated into two groups (n = 5 per group): non-pregnant goats (group 1) and pregnant goats at 2–3 months of gestation (group 2). Toltrazuril was administered once orally to all goats at 20 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected at 0 (before TZR administration), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 h and 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 27, 30, and 35 days post therapy to measure the concentrations of TZR and its metabolites. In pregnant goats, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last sample (AUC0-last) of TZR were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the non-pregnant ones, whereas the volume of distribution (Vz_F_obs) and clearance (Cl_F_obs) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in pregnant goats. No significant differences were observed in the elimination half-life (T1/2λz), and mean residence time (MRT) between the two groups. In non-pregnant goats, TZR.SO and TZR.SO2 could be detected in plasma until 12 and 30 days, respectively; whereas in pregnant goats, they were quantified up to 16 and 35 days, respectively. Conclusively, TZR was well absorbed and rapidly metabolized to TZR.SO and TZR.SO2, after oral dosing in goats. Pregnancy caused significant alterations in some of the pharmacokinetic indicators of TZR and its metabolites in goats.
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Absorption and Distribution of Toltrazuril and Toltrazuril Sulfone in Plasma, Intestinal Tissues and Content of Piglets after Oral or Intramuscular Administration. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185633. [PMID: 34577103 PMCID: PMC8468611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglet coccidiosis due to Cystoisospora suis is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral formulations have been licensed for many years. Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing TZ in combination with iron (gleptoferron) was registered in the EU for the prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia, conditions in suckling piglets requiring routine preventive measures. This study evaluated the absorption and distribution of TZ and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZ-SO2), in blood and intestinal tissues after single oral (20 mg/kg) or single intramuscular (45 mg/piglet) application of TZ. Fifty-six piglets were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Animals were sacrificed 1-, 5-, 13-, and 24-days post-treatment and TZ and TZ-SO2 levels were determined in blood, jejunal tissue, ileal tissue, and mixed jejunal and ileal content (IC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intramuscular application resulted in significantly higher and more sustained concentrations of both compounds in plasma, intestinal tissue, and IC. Higher concentrations after oral dosing were only observed one day after application of TZ in jejunum and IC. Toltrazuril was quickly metabolized to TZ-SO2 with maximum concentrations on day 13 for both applications. Remarkably, TZ and TZ-SO2 accumulated in the jejunum, the primary predilection site of C. suis, independently of the administration route, which is key to their antiparasitic effect.
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PHARMACOKINETICS OF A SINGLE ORAL DOSE OF PONAZURIL IN THE INDIAN PEAFOWL ( PAVO CRISTATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:548-554. [PMID: 34130397 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ponazuril, a novel coccidiocidal triazinetrione, has shown promise in addressing apicomplexan diseases in mammals and birds. This study describes the pharmacokinetics of ponazuril in healthy adult Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) following a single oral dose administered at two different dosages. Peafowl (four males and four females) were administered compounded ponazuril at 20 or 40 mg/kg orally in a double crossover design, with a 2-wk washout period. Blood was collected from each bird at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after administration for plasma concentration of ponazuril using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Fecals were evaluated for coccidial shedding for 3 consecutive d prior to the ponazuril trial, 1 wk after the first dose of ponazuril, and 1 wk after the second dose of the trial. After the first trial, one peafowl administered 20 mg/kg ponazuril was shedding coccidia, but no coccidia were detected by the end of the second trial. Ponazuril reached peak concentrations (Tmax) at 21.38 h + 5.25 and 22.04 h + 7.39, and peak concentration (Cmax) were 11.82 µg/ml + 3.01 and 18.42 µg/ml + 4.13, for 20 and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Ponazuril was detected at 120 h with a concentration of 9.48 µg/ml + 2.59 and 12.25 µg/ml + 2.89 and a half-life of 219.4 + 58.7 h and 186.7 + 58.7 h, for and 40 mg/kg doses, respectively. Ponazuril in peafowl was well absorbed orally, plasma concentrations increased with dose, and elimination was slower than current dosages for birds would suggest. No obvious adverse effects were observed at either dosage.
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Piglet coccidiosis in Belgium and the Netherlands: Prevalence, management and potential risk factors. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 24:100581. [PMID: 34024397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Piglet coccidiosis caused by Cystoisospora suis is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in suckling piglets. The parasite has a fast development and multiplies quickly and effectively under the conditions of a farrowing unit. Control measures include cleaning and disinfection and anticoccidial treatment. In Europe, toltrazuril-based products are authorized for this purpose and are applied to piglets on affected farms in the first week of life. To observe the effect of treatment and disinfection on the control of piglet coccidiosis in the field, 23 farms (11 from Belgium, 12 from the Netherlands, mean number of sows = 1413) were sampled twice by litter in the second and third week of life and fecal scores and the presence of C. suis oocysts were determined. A questionnaire was used to collect data on farm sizes, management and hygiene measures as well as treatment (product, dose and piglet age). Thirteen farms regularly treated with toltrazuril (treatment age: 1-6 days, mean 4.3 days) and 19 applied disinfection. Parasite excretion was documented on 60.9% and diarrhea on 78.3% of farms and in 34.3%/15.7% of the litters. Only 2.4% of the litters showed both, so subclinical infection appeared to be common. No significant differences between farms that did not treat against coccidiosis and farms that applied toltrazuril was observed with regard to C. suis oocysts shedding and/or diarrhea. However, in litters that were treated within the first three days of life, oocyst excretion was significantly less often observed than in litters with later treatment (p = 0.033). No significant effect of disinfection could be shown, but most farms applied disinfectants that have no proven effect against coccidia (oxygen-releasing agents or glutaraldehyde + ammonia) while the only farm that used chlorocresols (which are effective against coccidia) did not show oocyst shedding. Current control measures thus appear to be insufficient on most of the examined farms. It is therefore recommended to treat piglets timely and to apply effective disinfectants to reduce C. suis infections. Furthermore, regular evaluation of sustained efficacy of all implemented measures are necessary.
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Al-Qadri RF, Abu-Basha EA, Ababneh MM, Bani Ismail Z, Idkaidek NM. Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes and determination of their concentrations in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 43:339-346. [PMID: 32067240 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes following a single oral dose and to determine the plasma concentrations of these compounds in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. Eighteen healthy ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 each): pregnant ewes at 12-13 weeks of gestation (group A), nonpregnant ewes (group B), and pregnant ewes at 1-2 weeks before expected lambing date (group C). Ewes in all groups received a single oral dose of toltrazuril at 20 mg/kg body weight. In groups A and B, blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 hr, every 6 hr to day 3, every 12 hr to day 7 and thereafter every 24 hr to day 14 post-toltrazuril administration. In group C, parturition was induced 24-36 hr after toltrazuril administration then milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma samples were collected immediately after birth. Drug metabolites were assayed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method (UHPLC-UV). The maximum concentration (Cmax ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) , AUC to 24 and 48 hr (AUC0-24 ), and (AUC0-48 ) were significantly higher in pregnant ewes. Longer apparent half-life (T1/2 ), significantly higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) and total clearance (Cl/F) were observed in nonpregnant ewes. The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax ), mean residence time (MRT) and elimination rate constant (Kel ) were similar in both groups. The AUC0-24 and AUC0-48 were significantly higher in nonpregnant ewes. The AUC0-t was significantly higher in pregnant ones. The ratio of plasma toltrazuril concentrations in ewes and toltrazuril concentrations in newborn lambs' plasma, allantoic fluid, and milk were 68%, 2.3%, and 5.3%, respectively. Results of this study showed that toltrazuril is well absorbed after a single oral dose in ewes with widespread distribution in different body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan F Al-Qadri
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ehab A Abu-Basha
- Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammed M Ababneh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasir M Idkaidek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Petra University, Amman, Jordan
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Odden A, Stuen S, Enemark HL, Robertson LJ, Molina JM, Ruiz A. Preliminary studies on in vitro methods for the evaluation of anticoccidial efficacy/resistance in ruminants. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:34-41. [PMID: 31034815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovine Eimeria spp. infections cause increased mortality, reduced welfare and substantial economic losses, and anticocccidials are important for their control. Recent reports of anticoccidial resistance against ovine Eimeria spp. necessitate the development of in vitro methods for the detection of reduced anticoccidial efficacy, especially since the in vivo methods are both expensive, time consuming and requires the use of otherwise healthy animals. The aim of the present study was therefore to approach a preliminary standardization of in vitro assays for evaluation of the efficacy of the most commonly used anticoccidials in ruminants. For this purpose, apart from the evaluation of inhibition of oocyst sporulation, most effort was concentrated on assessment of the capacity of the different anticoccidials to inhibit both the invasion and further development (up to the first schizogony) of E. ninakohlyakimovae sporozoites in bovine colonic epithelial cells (BCEC). For this purpose, infected cultures were monitored 1, 8 and 15 days post infection to determine the infection rate, number of immature schizonts and number, size and appearance of mature schizonts, respectively. No clear inhibitory effect was found with any of the anticoccidial formulations tested, and we could not identify why there were no measurable effects from the different anticoccidials. Despite the lack of positive results, further investigations should be encouraged, as this could decrease the need for animal experiments and could be used in the initial assessment of anticoccidial efficacy of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Odden
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332/334, N-4325, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Snorre Stuen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Kyrkjevegen 332/334, N-4325, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Heidi L Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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14
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Cheng P, Wang C, Lin X, Zhang L, Fei C, Zhang K, Zhao J, Lei N, Liu L, Mu S, Wang X, Wang M, Zheng W, Liu Y, Guo C, Xue F. Pharmacokinetics of a novel triazine ethanamizuril in rats and broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Zhang L, Liu M, Lu C, Ren D, Fan G, Liu C, Liu M, Shu G, Peng G, Yuan Z, Zhong Z, Zhang W, Fu H. The hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexation of toltrazuril for enhancing bioavailability. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:583-589. [PMID: 29593381 PMCID: PMC5865576 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s157611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Toltrazuril (Tol) is used to prevent and combat coccidiosis. However, its low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability limit clinical application. Methods To overcome the shortcomings, toltrazuril–hydroxypropyl–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (Tol-HP-β-CD) was prepared and characterized. The comparative plasma disposition kinetics of Tol was analyzed after a single orally administered dose of 10 mg/kg Tol or Tol-HP-β-CD in rabbits. Solution-stirring method was selected to prepare the inclusion complex. Complex formation was characterized by thin-layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In plasma profile, plasma samples were collected between 1 and 10 days following administration. Plasma Tol concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results In rabbit plasma, the time to peak concentration (Tmax) of Tol-HP-β-CD was shorter than that of Tol (12 h vs 24 h). Cmax (19.92±1.02 μg/mL) and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0-∞, 1,176.86±70.26 mg/L h) of the Tol-HP-β-CD group significantly increased (p,0.01) than those of the Tol group (Cmax, 8.02±1.04 μg/mL; AUC0-∞, 514.03±66.65 mg/L h). Conclusion It can be concluded that the Tol-HP-β-CD increased the aqueous solubility and enhanced the oral bioavailability in rabbits. Complexation with HP-β-CD is a feasible way to prepare a rapidly absorbed and more bioavailable Tol oral product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaocheng Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dandan Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guoqing Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixiang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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16
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Stock ML, Elazab ST, Hsu WH. Review of triazine antiprotozoal drugs used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:184-194. [PMID: 28833212 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triazines are relatively new antiprotozoal drugs that have successfully controlled coccidiosis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. These drugs have favorably treated other protozoal diseases such as neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. In this article, we discuss the pharmacological characteristics of five triazines, toltrazuril, ponazuril, clazuril, diclazuril, and nitromezuril which are used in veterinary medicine to control protozoal diseases which include coccidiosis, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S T Elazab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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17
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Syed-Hussain SS, Howe L, Pomroy WE, West DM, Hardcastle M, Williamson NB. Study on the use of toltrazuril to eliminate Neospora caninum in congenitally infected lambs born from experimentally infected ewes. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:141-4. [PMID: 25935293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine if toltrazuril was effective in eliminating Neospora caninum infection from congenitally infected lambs. Twenty-eight ewes were allocated to 3 groups where animals in Groups A and B were inoculated with 1 × 10(7)N. caninum tachyzoites on Day 120 of gestation and Group C was maintained as a negative control group. Lambs born from ewes in Group A were treated with toltrazuril (20mg/kg) on Days 0, 7, 14 and 21 after birth. Lambs in Groups B and C were untreated. All lambs in Groups A and B were seropositive at 12 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, no differences between lambs in Group A and Group B were observed in serological results (ELISA and western blot), presence of N. caninum-related brain histopathological lesions or the number of organisms detected by qPCR. Group C remained negative for serology, detection of N. caninum DNA as well as histopathology throughout the study. Results indicate that N. caninum congenitally-infected lambs had a continuing infection with N. caninum despite being treated with toltrazuril.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Syed-Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand.
| | - L Howe
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand.
| | - D M West
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
| | - M Hardcastle
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, PO Box 12049, Penrose, Auckland 1642, New Zealand
| | - N B Williamson
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand
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18
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Zheng W, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zhang X, Fei C, Zhang K, Wang X, Wang M, Li T, Xiao S, Wang C, Xue F. Simultaneous determination of toltrazuril and its metabolites in chicken and pig skin+fat by UPLC-UV method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Toltrazuil and Its Major Metabolites after Oral Administration in Broilers. J Poult Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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