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Amatsu S, Fujinaga Y. Botulinum Hemagglutinin: Critical Protein for Adhesion and Absorption of Neurotoxin Complex in Host Intestine. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:183-190. [PMID: 32306327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum hemagglutinin (HA) is one of the auxiliary protein components of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex, the most lethal toxin known. HA promotes the intestinal absorption of BoNT by at least two mechanisms, resulting in high oral toxicity. One of the mechanisms is the attachment of large progenitor toxin complexes (L-PTCs) to the cell surface of the intestinal epithelium by the carbohydrate-binding activity of HA. The other is epithelial barrier disruption by the E-cadherin-binding activity of HA. The carbohydrate-binding activity of HA also promotes attachment to the basolateral cell surface, which increases the frequency of contact between HA and E-cadherin. Together, the carbohydrate-binding activity of HA is critical for the intestinal absorption of BoNTs. The trimeric triskelion-shaped structure of HA confers the multivalent binding to its ligands and increases the pathogenic biological activities of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Connan C, Popoff MR. Uptake of Clostridial Neurotoxins into Cells and Dissemination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 406:39-78. [PMID: 28879524 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clostridial neurotoxins, botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), are potent toxins, which are responsible for severe neurological diseases in man and animals. BoNTs induce a flaccid paralysis (botulism) by inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junctions, whereas TeNT causes a spastic paralysis (tetanus) by blocking the neurotransmitter release (glycine, GABA) in inhibitory interneurons within the central nervous system. Clostridial neurotoxins recognize specific receptor(s) on the target neuronal cells and enter via a receptor-mediated endocytosis. They transit through an acidic compartment which allows the translocation of the catalytic chain into the cytosol, a prerequisite step for the intracellular activity of the neurotoxins. TeNT migrates to the central nervous system by using a motor neuron as transport cell. TeNT enters a neutral pH compartment and undergoes a retrograde axonal transport to the spinal cord or brain, where the whole undissociated toxin is delivered and interacts with target neurons. Botulism most often results from ingestion of food contaminated with BoNT. Thus, BoNT passes through the intestinal epithelial barrier mainly via a transcytotic mechanism and then diffuses or is transported to the neuromuscular junctions by the lymph or blood circulation. Indeed, clostridial neurotoxins are specific neurotoxins which transit through a transport cell to gain access to the target neuron, and use distinct trafficking pathways in both cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Connan
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Unité Des Bactéries Anaérobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Miyata K, Suzuki T, Hayashi S, Miyashita SI, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Hemagglutinin gene shuffling amongClostridium botulinumserotypes C and D yields distinct sugar recognition of the botulinum toxin complex. Pathog Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sugawara Y, Iwamori M, Matsumura T, Yutani M, Amatsu S, Fujinaga Y. Clostridium botulinum type C hemagglutinin affects the morphology and viability of cultured mammalian cells via binding to the ganglioside GM3. FEBS J 2015; 282:3334-47. [PMID: 26077172 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin is conventionally divided into seven serotypes, designated A-G, and is produced as large protein complexes through associations with non-toxic components, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and non-toxic non-HA. These non-toxic proteins dramatically enhance the oral toxicity of the toxin complex. HA is considered to have a role in toxin transport through the intestinal epithelium by carbohydrate binding and epithelial barrier-disrupting activity. Type A and B HAs disrupt E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, and, in turn, the intercellular epithelial barrier. Type C HA (HA/C) disrupts the barrier function by affecting cell morphology and viability, the mechanism of which remains unknown. In this study, we identified GM3 as the target molecule of HA/C. We found that sialic acid binding of HA is essential for the activity. It was abolished when cells were pre-treated with an inhibitor of ganglioside synthesis. Consistent with this, HA/C bound to a-series gangliosides in a glycan array. In parallel, we isolated clones resistant to HA/C activity from a susceptible mouse fibroblast strain. These cells lacked expression of ST-I, the enzyme that transfers sialic acid to lactosylceramide to yield GM3. These clones became sensitive to HA/C activity when GM3 was expressed by transfection with the ST-I gene. The sensitivity of fibroblasts to HA/C was reduced by expressing ganglioside synthesis genes whose products utilize GM3 as a substrate and consequently generate other a-series gangliosides, suggesting a GM3-specific mechanism. Our results demonstrate that HA/C affects cells in a GM3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sugawara
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masao Iwamori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Laboratory of Infection Cell Biology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Suzuki T, Miyashita SI, Hayashi S, Miyata K, Inui K, Kondo Y, Miyazaki S, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Sagane Y. Identification of the interaction region between hemagglutinin components of the botulinum toxin complex. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:284-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hayashi S, Akiyama T, Sagane Y, Miyashita SI, Watanabe T, Yajima S, Niwa K. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a novel haemagglutinin component of the toxin complex of serotype C Clostridium botulinum. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:370-3. [PMID: 24598930 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The botulinum toxin complex, the causative agent of botulism, passes through the intestinal wall via sugar-chain-dependent cell binding of a haemagglutinin of 33 kDa molecular weight (HA-33). The amino-acid sequence of the C-terminal half of HA-33 of the serotype C strain Yoichi (C-Yoichi) shares only 46% identity with those of the major serotype C strains. Additionally, C-Yoichi HA-33 exhibits a unique sugar-binding specificity. In the present work, C-Yoichi HA-33 was expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized. Diffraction data were collected at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The crystals belonged to space group R3. The complete detailed protein structure will yield insight into how the unique HA-33 protein recognizes sugar moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Hayashi
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Tomonori Akiyama
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sagane
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Miyashita
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Koichi Niwa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri 099-2493, Japan
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Amatsu S, Sugawara Y, Matsumura T, Kitadokoro K, Fujinaga Y. Crystal structure of Clostridium botulinum whole hemagglutinin reveals a huge triskelion-shaped molecular complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35617-25. [PMID: 24165130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum HA is a component of the large botulinum neurotoxin complex and is critical for its oral toxicity. HA plays multiple roles in toxin penetration in the gastrointestinal tract, including protection from the digestive environment, binding to the intestinal mucosal surface, and disruption of the epithelial barrier. At least two properties of HA contribute to these roles: the sugar-binding activity and the barrier-disrupting activity that depends on E-cadherin binding of HA. HA consists of three different proteins, HA1, HA2, and HA3, whose structures have been partially solved and are made up mainly of β-strands. Here, we demonstrate structural and functional reconstitution of whole HA and present the complete structure of HA of serotype B determined by x-ray crystallography at 3.5 Å resolution. This structure reveals whole HA to be a huge triskelion-shaped molecule. Our results suggest that whole HA is functionally and structurally separable into two parts: HA1, involved in recognition of cell-surface carbohydrates, and HA2-HA3, involved in paracellular barrier disruption by E-cadherin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- From the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasakigosyokaido-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585 and
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Efficacy of Clostridium botulinum types C and D toxoid vaccination in Danish cows. Anaerobe 2013; 23:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Miyata K, Sagane Y, Inui K, Miyashita SI, Suzuki T, Oguma K, Ohyama T, Niwa K, Watanabe T. Purification and characterization of nontoxic protein complex from serotype D 4947 botulinum toxin complex. Protein J 2012; 31:387-92. [PMID: 22565346 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The large-sized botulinum toxin complex (L-TC) is composed of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and nontoxic proteins, e.g. nontoxic nonhemagglutinin (NTNHA) and three types of hemagglutinins (HAs; HA-33, HA-17 and HA-70). The nontoxic proteins play a critical role in L-TC oral toxicity by protecting the BoNT in the digestive tract, and facilitating absorption of the L-TC across the intestinal wall. Under alkaline conditions, the L-TC separates into BoNT and the nontoxic protein complex (NC). In this study, we established a two-step procedure to yield highly pure NC from the L-TC produced by Clostridium botulinum serotype D strain 4947 in which the NC was isolated from the L-TC by gel filtration under alkaline conditions followed by immunoprecipitation with an anti-BoNT antibody to remove contaminating BoNT from the NC fraction. Western blotting and electrophoretic analysis showed that the highly purified NC fraction had only very slight or no BoNT contamination. In addition, the purified NC fraction showed no intraperitoneal (ip) toxicity to mice at a dose of 38 ng per animal whereas the L-TC exhibited an ip median lethal dose of 0.38 ng per mouse. The highly purified NC displayed the same hemagglutination titer as the L-TC. The NC, as well as the L-TC, demonstrated cell binding and monolayer transport in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. Consequently, the highly purified NC can function as a "delivery vehicle" even without the BoNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Miyata
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, 099-2493, Japan
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Matsuo T, Miyata K, Inui K, Ito H, Horiuchi R, Suzuki T, Yoneyama T, Oguma K, Niwa K, Watanabe T, Ohyama T. Characterization of sugar recognition by the toxin complex produced by theClostridium botulinumserotype C variant strain Yoichi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ito H, Sagane Y, Miyata K, Inui K, Matsuo T, Horiuchi R, Ikeda T, Suzuki T, Hasegawa K, Kouguchi H, Oguma K, Niwa K, Ohyama T, Watanabe T. HA-33 facilitates transport of the serotype D botulinum toxin across a rat intestinal epithelial cell monolayer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 61:323-31. [PMID: 21219447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A large size botulinum toxin complex (L-TC) is composed of a single neurotoxin (BoNT), a single nontoxic nonhaemagglutinin (NTNHA) and a haemagglutinin (HA) complex. The HA complex is comprised of three HA-70 molecules and three arm structures of HA-33/HA-17 that consist of two HA-33 and a single HA-17. In addition to the mature L-TC, smaller TCs are present in cultures: M-TC (BoNT/NTNHA), M-TC/HA-70 and immature L-TCs with fewer HA-33/HA-17 arms than mature L-TC. Because L-TC displays higher oral toxicity than pure BoNT, it was presumed that nontoxic proteins are critical for food poisoning. In this study, the absorption of TCs across intestinal epithelial cells was assessed by examining the cell binding and monolayer transport of serotype D toxins in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. All TCs, including pure BoNT, displayed binding and transport, with mature L-TC showing the greatest potency. Inhibition experiments using antibodies revealed that BoNT, HA-70 and HA-33 could be responsible for the binding and transport. The findings here indicate that all TCs can transport across the cell layer via a sialic acid-dependent process. Nonetheless, binding and transport markedly increased with number of HA-33/HA-17 arms in the TC. We therefore conclude that the HA-33/HA-17 arm is not necessarily required for, but facilitates, transport of botulinum toxin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ito
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
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