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Fujisawa N, Matsushita T, Matsuo S, Hiranuma M, Azabu H, Saito R, Komatsu SI, Kato A, Toyota N, Taketo J, Suzuki H. Effects of two weeks of food restriction on toxicological parameters in cynomolgus monkeys. Exp Anim 2024; 73:73-82. [PMID: 37648485 PMCID: PMC10877149 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals frequently eat less after a test-article treatment in nonclinical toxicological studies, and it can be difficult to distinguish test article-derived toxicities from secondary changes related to this reduced food intake. Therefore, in this study, we restricted the food intake of cynomolgus monkeys (Cambodian, male, n=2 or 3, 48 ± 3 months old) to 25% of the control for two weeks and evaluated the effects on toxicological parameters (general conditions, body weight, electrocardiography, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, bone marrow analysis, pathological examination). After 2 weeks, the monkeys exhibited decreases in bone marrow erythropoiesis (e.g., decreases in reticulocytes and bone marrow erythrocytes), as well as glycogenesis induction (e.g., increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and malnutrition (e.g., decrease in triglyceride and systemic adipocytes atrophy). Additionally, histopathological analysis revealed granuloma and inflammatory cell infiltration in coronary fat, which had never been found in previous food restriction studies using other animal species. These findings will enable researchers to more accurately evaluate the toxicological risks of test articles that simultaneously induce food intake reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Fujisawa
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Tomochika Matsushita
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Saori Matsuo
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hiranuma
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroko Azabu
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Ryota Saito
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Komatsu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Naoto Toyota
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Junko Taketo
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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Seo D, Lee YH, Jo J. Humidifier disinfectant, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC): assessment of respiratory effects to protect workers' health. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15681. [PMID: 34344953 PMCID: PMC8333114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Korea, it has been found that biocides used to control and eliminate harmful organisms are used as humidifier disinfectants and cause lung disease in users. Hence, efforts have been focused on studying the toxicity of biocides in workers who handle them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhalation exposure to sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) to protect the health of workers handling NaDCC. F344 rats were exposed to 0.8-, 4-, and 20-mg/m3 of NaDCC for 6 h per day, 5 days per week for 14 days, and the recovery period after exposure was 14 days. In the 20-mg/m3-exposure group, we observed a decrease in food intake in females, a weight loss in males, and a decrease in partially active thromboplastin time in males and females 2 weeks after exposure. We noted a decrease in white blood cells in males in the 4- and 20-mg/m3-exposed groups. Both males and females in the 20-mg/m3 group and males in the 4-mg/m3 group showed irritation in the larynx related to test substance exposure. However, these findings were not observed in the recovery group. The main target organs affected by repeated 2-week inhalation exposure to NaDCC were the nasal cavity and larynx in the upper respiratory tract. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was considered to be 0.8 mg/m3 because effects related to NaDCC exposure were observed even at of 4 mg/m3, and these effects were found to be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongSeok Seo
- Inhalation Toxicity Study Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expro-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Study Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expro-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - JiMin Jo
- Inhalation Toxicity Study Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 30, Expro-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee YH, Seo DS. Toxicity of humidifier disinfectant polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride by two-week whole body-inhalation exposure in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 33:265-277. [PMID: 33239844 PMCID: PMC7677626 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG·HCl) as a humidifier
disinfectant caused an outbreak of pulmonary disease, leading to the deaths of pregnant
women and children in South Korea. However, limited information is available on the
inhalation toxicity of PHMG·HCl. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the subacute
inhalation toxicity of PHMG·HCl by whole-body exposure in rats. F344 rats were exposed to
0 mg/m3, 1 mg/m3, 5 mg/m3, or 25 mg/m3 of
PHMG·HCl for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for two weeks via whole-body inhalation. Emaciation and
rale were observed in rats in the 25 mg/m3 PHMG·HCl group. Significant changes
in body weight, hematology, serum chemistry and organ weight were observed in all
PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. Gross lesions showed ballooning or red focus in the lungs of rats
in the PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. In histopathological examination, most of histological
lesions (including degeneration, atrophy, ulcer, inflammatory cell infiltration,
inflammation, and fibrosis in nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and lungs) indicated tissue
damage by PHMG·HCl in all PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. Additionally, atrophy of the spleen,
thymus, and reproductive organs; immaturity of the testes; and cell debris in the
epididymides were affected by the reduction in body weight in PHMG·HCl-exposed groups. In
conclusion, two-week repeated whole-body inhalation exposure of rats to PHMG·HCl reveled
toxic effects on the respiratory system and secondary effects on other organs. The results
of this study indicate that the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for PHMG·HCl is
below 1 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hoon Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Seo
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Chemicals Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 339-30 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Republic of Korea
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Choi HY, Lee YH, Lim CH, Kim YS, Lee IS, Jo JM, Lee HY, Cha HG, Woo HJ, Seo DS. Assessment of respiratory and systemic toxicity of Benzalkonium chloride following a 14-day inhalation study in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:5. [PMID: 31992310 PMCID: PMC6986023 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although biocides at low concentrations have been used to control pests, they can be more harmful than industrial chemicals as humans are directly and frequently exposed to such biocides. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC or BKC) is a non-toxic substance used to control pests. Recently, BAC has been increasingly used as a component in humidifier disinfectants in Korea, raising a serious health concern. Moreover, it poses significant health hazards to workers handling the chemical because of direct exposure. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the respiratory toxicity of BAC due to its inhalation at exposure concentrations of 0.8 (T1 group), 4 (T2 group) and 20 (T3 group) mg/m3. Results In our previous study on the acute inhalational toxicity of BAC, bleeding from the nasal cavity was observed in all the rats after exposure to 50 mg/m3 BAC. Therefore, in this study, 20 mg/m3 was set as the highest exposure concentration, followed by 4 and 0.8 mg/m3 as the medium and low concentrations for 6 h/day and 14 days, respectively. After exposure, recovery periods of 2 and 4 weeks were provided. Additionally, alveolar lavage fluid was analyzed in males of the BAC-exposed groups at the end of exposure and 2 weeks after exposure to evaluate oxidative damage. In the T3 group exposed to BAC, deep breathing, hoarseness, and nasal discharge were observed along with a decline in feed intake and body weight, and nasal discharge was also observed in the T1 and T2 groups. ROS/RNS, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP-2 levels decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Histopathological examination showed cellular changes in the nasal cavity and the lungs of the TI, T2, and T3 groups. Conclusions As a result, it was confirmed that the target organs in the respiratory system were the nasal cavity and the lungs. The adverse effects were evaluated as reversible responses to oxidative damage. Furthermore, the no observed adverse effect level was found to be less than 0.8 mg/m3 and the lowest benchmark dose was 0.0031 mg/m3. Accordingly, the derived no-effect level of BAC was calculated as 0.000062 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Choi
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Lim
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Kim
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seop Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jo
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Lee
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Geun Cha
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Seo
- Inhalation Toxicity Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 30 Expo-ro 339beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122, Republic of Korea.
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Siegel A, M. Walton R. Hematology and Biochemistry of Small Mammals. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258700 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kampfmann I, Bauer N, Johannes S, Moritz A. Differences in hematologic variables in rats of the same strain but different origin. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:228-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Kampfmann
- Institute of Toxicology; Merck Serono GmbH; Darmstadt; Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Clinical Pathology and Pathophysiology; Justus-Liebig University; Gießen; Germany
| | - Sigrid Johannes
- Institute of Toxicology; Merck Serono GmbH; Darmstadt; Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Clinical Pathology and Pathophysiology; Justus-Liebig University; Gießen; Germany
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