Binding of mammalian and avian ferritins with biotinylated hemin: demonstration of preferential binding of the H subunit to heme

Biliverdin protects against liver ischemia reperfusion injury in swine

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in organ transplantation remains a serious and unsolved problem. Organs that undergo significant damage during IRI, function less well immediately after reperfusion and tend to have more problems at later times when rejection can occur. Biliverdin has emerged as an agent that potently suppress IRI in rodent models. Since the use of biliverdin is being developed as a potential therapeutic modality for humans, we tested the efficacy for its effects on IRI of the liver in swine, an accepted and relevant pre-clinical animal model. Administration of biliverdin resulted in rapid appearance of bilirubin in the serum and significantly suppressed IRI-induced liver dysfunction as measured by multiple parameters including urea and ammonia clearance, neutrophil infiltration and tissue histopathology including hepatocyte cell death. Taken together, our findings, in a large animal model, provide strong support for the continued evaluation of biliverdin as a potential therapeutic in the clinical setting of transplantation of the liver and perhaps other organs.

Binding analysis of ferritin with heme using α-casein and biotinylated-hemin: detection of heme-binding capacity of Dpr derived from heme synthesis-deficient Streptococcus mutans

Bacterial and mammalian ferritins are known to bind heme. The use of α-casein and biotinylated hemin could be applicable to detection of protein-bound heme and of proteins with heme-binding capacity, respectively. Although commercial horse spleen ferritin and purified horse spleen ferritin (L:H subunit ratio=4) bound to an α-casein-coated plate, and this binding could be inhibited by hemin, recombinant iron-binding protein (rDpr), derived from heme-deficient Streptococcus mutans and expressed in Escherichia coli, did not bind to an α-casein-coated plate. Both horse spleen ferritins bound to α-casein-immobilized beads. Commercial horse spleen ferritin and rDpr showed direct binding to hemin-agarose beads. After preincubation of commercial horse spleen ferritin or rDpr with biotinylated hemin, they showed indirect binding to avidin-immobilized beads through biotinylated hemin. These results demonstrate that α-casein is useful for detection of heme-binding ferritin and that both hemin-agarose and the combination of biotinylated hemin and avidin-beads are useful for detection of the heme-binding capacity of ferritin. In addition, this study also revealed that Dpr, a decameric iron-binding protein, from heme-deficient cells binds heme.

Structural and functional analyses of chicken liver ferritin

Characterization of ferritins from different species has provided insight into iron regulation mechanisms and evolutionary relationships. Here, we examined chicken liver ferritin, which comprises only H subunit and has 14.8 µg of Fe/100 µg of protein. The chicken H subunit apo homopolymer showed the same iron uptake rate as bovine H subunit homopolymer expressed with a baculovirus expression system (0.31 and 0.28 mmol of Fe/min per micromole of protein for chicken and bovine H subunit, respectively). Chicken H subunit apo homopolymer showed a significantly higher biotinylated hemin-binding activity than liver holoferritin. Although bovine spleen apoferritin, which has an L (liver or light):H (heart or heavy) subunit ratio of 1:1, also shows a significantly higher biotinylated hemin-binding activity than its holoferritin, these biotinylated hemin-binding activities were markedly lower than those of both chicken holo- and apoferritins. Binding of chicken holo- and apoferritin with biotinylated hemin was strongly inhibited by hemin but not iron-free hemin, protoporphyrin IX, or Zn-protoporphyrin. These findings demonstrate that chicken ferritin comprises only an H subunit, possesses ferroxidase activity as in mammalian ferritin H subunits, and binds heme more strongly than mammalian ferritins.