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Bannai H, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Ohta M, Tsujimura K. Experimental challenge of horses after prime-boost immunization with a modified live equid alphaherpesvirus 1 vaccine administered by two different routes. Arch Virol 2023; 168:27. [PMID: 36596958 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05638-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune response and protective efficacy of a modified equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) vaccine administered by two different routes were tested in horses. Horses that received intramuscular (IM) priming and an intranasal (IN) booster with a 28-day interval (IM-IN group [n = 6]), IN priming and IM booster (IN-IM group [n = 5]), or no vaccination (control group [n = 6]) were challenged with EHV-1 strain 10-I-224 28 days after the second vaccination. Both vaccinated groups had significantly higher serum virus-neutralizing titers than the control group, with increased levels of serum IgGa, IgGb, and IgA antibodies (p < 0.05). The nasal antibody response was dominated by the IgGa and IgGb subclasses in both vaccinated groups, with no IgA antibody response. After challenge infection, three of six control horses were pyretic for 1-4 days post-inoculation (dpi), whereas none in the vaccinated groups were pyretic during this period. The number of horses that were pyretic at 5-10 dpi was 4 out of 6 for the controls, 3 out of 6 for the IM-IN group, and 2 out of 5 for the IN-IM group. Nasal virus replication in the IN-IM group (3-4 dpi) and IM-IN group (3 dpi) was significantly lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). All of the control horses showed viremia, whereas two horses in the IM-IN group and one in the IN-IM group did not. In conclusion, although IM-IN or IN-IM vaccination did not elicit a mucosal IgA response, it provided partial protection at a level similar to that of the conventional program, likely due to systemic antibodies and mucosal IgG subclass responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Kambayashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
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Saini S, Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN. Characterization of immunoglobulin and cytokine responses in Burkholderia mallei infected equids. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105310. [PMID: 34838612 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes a highly fatal infectious disease in equines known as glanders. It is one of the OIE listed notifiable diseases, which entails strict control policy measures once B. mallei infection is confirmed in the susceptible hosts. Humans, especially equine handlers, veterinary professionals and laboratory workers are at greater risk to acquire the B. mallei infection directly through prolonged contact with glanderous equines, and indirectly through unprotected handling of B. mallei contaminated materials. Further, natural resistance of B. mallei to multiple antibiotics, aerosol transmission, lack of effective vaccine and treatment make this organism a potential agent of biological warfare. Results of experimental B. mallei infection in mouse and non-human primates and immunization with live attenuated B. mallei strains demonstrated that activation of early innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in controlling B. mallei infection. However, the immune response elicited by the primary hosts (equids) B. mallei infection is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate immune responses in glanders affected horses (n = 23) and mules (n = 1). In this study, chronically infected equids showed strong humoral responses (IgM, IgG and IgA) specific to B. mallei type 6 secretory proteins such as Hcp1, TssA and TssB. The infected equids also elicited robust cellular responses characterized by significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-6 in PBMCs. In addition, stimulation of equine PBMCs by Hcp1 resulted in the further elevation of these cytokines. Thus, the present study indicated that antibody response and T helper cell (Th) type 1-associated cytokines were the salient features of chronic B. mallei infection in horses. The immune responses also suggest further evaluation of these proteins as potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Harisankar Singha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
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Bannai H, Takahashi Y, Ohmura H, Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Ohta M, Raidal S, Padalino B. Decreased Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies Against Equine Herpesvirus type 1 In Nasal Secretions of Horses After 12-hour Transportation. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 103:103665. [PMID: 34281635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of 12-hour transportation on immune responses to equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4). Possible replication of EHV-1 and EHV-4 was monitored by real-time PCR of nasal swabs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and changes in systemic and mucosal antibodies were investigated. Six healthy Thoroughbreds with transport experience were transported in commercial trucks, repeating the same three-hour route four times. Blood samples for cortisol measurement were taken before departure and every three hours. Nasal swabs, PBMCs, nasal wash and serum samples were collected before departure, at unloading, two and six days after arrival. Cortisol concentration increased significantly after three and six hours of transport (P < 0.05), confirming acute transport stress. However, no evidence of viral replication or lytic infection was observed, and serum virus neutralization (VN) titers for EHV-1 and EHV-4 were unchanged, except for one horse that showed a four-fold decrease in titer against EHV-1 after transportation. Urea and total IgA concentration in nasal washes increased significantly after transportation (P < 0.05), while total IgA/protein ratio was unchanged. A transient, ≥4-fold decrease in VN titers for EHV-1 in nasal wash concentrates was observed in four out of six horses after transportation (geometric mean titer declined from 202 to 57, P < 0.05), suggesting suppression of VN capacity in the nasal mucosa may contribute to susceptibility to EHV-1 after transportation. VN antibodies against EHV-4 in nasal secretion were not detected at any timepoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Bannai
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ebisuda
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mukai
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Nemoto
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohta
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sharanne Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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BANNAI H, TSUJIMURA K, KONDO T, NEMOTO M, YAMANAKA T, SUGIURA T, KATO T, MAEDA K, MATSUMURA T. Mitigation of Pyrexia by a Th-1-Biased IgG Subclass Response after Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 in Horses Pre-Immunized with Inactivated Vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:791-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi BANNAI
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takeo SUGIURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomohiro KATO
- Racehorse Clinic, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, 1028 Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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