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de Souza Ferreira L, Bolin S, Abuelo A, Norby B, Ruegg PL. Apparent prevalence of hemotropic mycoplasma in dairy calves and replacement heifers on Michigan farms. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4987-5000. [PMID: 38395406 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The bovine hemoplasmas include Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, which are increasingly recognized as infecting cattle throughout the world. Infection with hemotropic mycoplasma has been reported to be widespread in mature dairy cows, but little is known about its prevalence in calves and heifers. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and dynamics of infection with M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos in calves and replacement heifers on Michigan dairy farms and assess the potential associations between infection status and hematological values. The study was designed as a prospective cross-sectional study with a longitudinal component. A convenience sample of 11 farms agreed to participate and were visited twice between March and September 2022. During the first farm visit, researchers collected blood samples from up to 94 animals per farm distributed among newborn and preweaning calves (n ≤ 31), weaned calves (n = 21), pre-breeding heifers (n = 21), and pregnant heifers (n = 21). During the first visit, blood samples (n = 174) were also collected from a convenience sample of mature cows to confirm the herd infection status. The same calves and heifers were sampled again ∼95 d (±3.0) later. During the first visit, blood samples were collected from 797 calves and replacement heifers, whereas 675 samples were collected during the second visit due to the inability to locate some animals. Detection of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos was based on results of real-time PCR. The hematocrit was determined using microcentrifugation, and the concentration of leukocytes using an automated cell counter. In all herds, most mature cows that were sampled tested positive for infection. The within-herd apparent prevalence of hemoplasma in calves and replacement heifers was 100% for both M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos. The apparent prevalence of hemoplasma in youngstock was associated with age. In calves that were 1 to 6 mo old, the prevalence of infection was 6% to 8% but sharply increased to 31% by 8 mo of age. In older animals, the prevalence remained high, and was almost 100% in animals greater than 17 mo of age. Based on calves and heifers sampled twice, the cumulative incidence varied widely among herds, ranging from 3.7% to 96.0%, and increased with the age of the animals. We found no difference in hematocrit or number of lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, or total leukocytes based on infection status. The number of eosinophils was greater in infected animals. This is the first study to report the prevalence of hemoplasmas in calves and replacement heifers in the United States. It indicates that young calves can be infected with hemoplasmas, but the rate of infection is low. The likelihood of infection increases as animals age, with a notable rise in the proportion of infected heifers occurring by 8 mo old, and the prevalence eventually reaching nearly 100% in older animals. Once infected, heifers appear to remain chronic carriers. Hemoplasma infection alone does not usually lead to the development of clinical signs, and most of the animals remain apparently healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - S Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - A Abuelo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
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De Souza Ferreira L, Ruegg PL. Graduate Student Literature Review: Hemotropic mycoplasmas in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3185-3196. [PMID: 38101735 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this narrative literature review is to better understand bovine hemoplasmosis, an emerging disease that threatens dairy animal health. Several species of hemotropic mycoplasma are known to infect both animals and humans, and Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos are the species that infect red blood cells of cattle. These microorganisms are associated with clinical signs in dairy cattle, but the effects of infection on health and productivity of dairy cows are poorly understood. In this paper, we review information about the epidemiology of bovine hemoplasmosis in different countries, including clinical signs associated with hemoplasmosis in cattle, methods of diagnosis, treatment, possible routes of transmission, risk factors for infection, and disease progression. Although hemoplasmas have been reported to infect cattle in many countries, and methods used to detect these organisms have improved, numerous gaps in knowledge were identified. The pathogenesis of the disease and potential effect on animal health and productivity remain unclear. With this review, we seek to contribute to the understanding of hemoplasmosis in cattle and provide insights for further research to improve disease management strategies and overall animal health in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Souza Ferreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Kim Y, Kim H, Choi JH, Cho HC, Ji MJ, Park YJ, Park J, Choi KS. Preliminary report of Mycoplasma Wenoynii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos infection in Korean native cattle. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:121. [PMID: 38532391 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas are bacteria that attach to the erythrocyte surface and cause bovine hemoplasmosis. Two species, Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, have been identified and shown to be distributed worldwide. However, there is currently no information available on hemoplasmas in cattle in the Republic of Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of hemoplasmas in Korean native cattle and to evaluate the association between hemoplasma infection and anemia. METHODS One farm was selected, at which blood samples were collected from 104 Korean native cattle [grazing cattle (n = 89) and housed cattle (n = 15)]. Hemoplasmas were detected via polymerase chain reaction analysis and complete blood counts were also performed. RESULTS The overall prevalence of hemoplasmas was 34% (35/104); 20.2% (21/104) for M. wenyonii, 3.8% (4/104) for C. M. haemobos, and 9.6% (10/104) for co-infection. Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos was detected only in grazing cattle. Of red blood cell (RBC) parameters, C. M. haemobos-infected cattle had lower RBC and hematocrit, and higher mean cell volume than hemoplasma-negative cattle, although none of these differences were statistically significant. This is the first study to report the occurrence of M. wenyonii and C. M. haemobos. Mycoplasma wenyonii is more prevalent than C. M. haemobos in Korean native cattle. The results did not show an association between hemoplasma infection and anemia. CONCLUSIONS Considering the infection rate of hemoplasmas shown in this study, further studies, such as on the pathogenicity and clinical significance of hemoplasmas are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Kim
- Department of Animal Hospital, Genetic Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Hanwoo, Seosan, 31948, Republic of Korea
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jae-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animals, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Ji
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Horse/Companion and Wild Animals, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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Ola-Fadunsin SD, Abdullah DA, Gimba FI, Abdullah FJF, Sani RA. Molecular evidence and epidemiology of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia using the 16S rRNA gene. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemotropic Mycoplasma infection among cattle has not been seriously looked into, despite the fact it is associated with poor weight gain and depression. One thousand and forty-five blood samples from apparently healthy cattle from forty-three farms within the entire Peninsular Malaysia were examined over a one-year period. Using polymerase chain reaction to amplify the 16S rRNA gene, the presence of “Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos” as one of the haemotropic Mycoplasma species that affects cattle in the country was detected. Forty-seven percent of the sampled population was positive for “C. M. haemobos”, with the antigen present in all herds sampled. Breed of cattle, gender, age, production type, physiological status, herd size, management system, farm size, farm age, prophylactic treatment against blood parasites, presence of ticks, frequency of de-ticking, zone, closeness to forest, closeness to waste area, closeness to human settlement and closeness to body of water were all significantly associated (P<0.05) with the detection of “C. M. haemobos”. The findings from this study will be pivotal in government policy on this blood Mycoplasma infection, as the study happens to be the first comprehensive molecular survey of the microorganism in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Ola-Fadunsin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - D. A. Abdullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F. I. Gimba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F. J. F. Abdullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R. A. Sani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Tatsukawa F, Nohara R, Taniguchi T, Goto A, Misawa N, Katamoto H. Detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" from Japanese Black breeding cows in Kyushu and Okinawa region, southern part of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:9-16. [PMID: 33162434 PMCID: PMC7870408 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the epidemiological status of hemoplasma infection and investigate the interaction between Theileria orientalis
and hemoplasmas in Japanese Black breeding cows raised in the Kyushu and Okinawa regions. Blood samples were collected from 400 cows from 80 different farms in
eight prefectures (five samples per farm and 10 farms per prefecture). Mycoplasma wenyonii (Mw), “Candidatus Mycoplasma
haemobos” (CMh), and T. orientalis were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using whole blood samples. PCR results showed that
91.5% (366/400) of cows were positive for bovine hemoplasma: 40.3% were infected with Mw only, 9.5% with CMh only, and 41.8% with both species. T.
orientalis was detected in 36% (144/400) of cows. The infection rate of T. orientalis was higher in the grazing group
(P<0.001) than in the housed group, while the rate of CMh infection was higher (P<0.05) in the housed group than in
the grazing group, suggesting that not only the tick but also other arthropod vectors may contribute to hemoplasma transmission. Although the cows with
hemoplasma dual infection showed higher (P<0.05) white blood cell counts compared with hemoplasma-negative cows, there was no difference in
hematologic parameters related to the anemia between the hemoplasma-positive and -negative animals. This may indicate that Japanese Black cattle could have
resistance to the anemia caused by infection with hemoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Tatsukawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Rika Nohara
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takako Taniguchi
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Akira Goto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Misawa
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiromu Katamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Byamukama B, Tumwebaze MA, Tayebwa DS, Byaruhanga J, Angwe MK, Li J, Galon EM, Liu M, Li Y, Ji S, Moumouni PFA, Ringo A, Lee SH, Vudriko P, Xuan X. First Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hemotropic Mycoplasma Species in Cattle and Goats from Uganda. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091624. [PMID: 32927890 PMCID: PMC7552329 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoplasmas (hemotropic mycoplasmas) are small pleomorphic bacteria that parasitize the surface of red blood cells of several mammalian species including cattle, goats, and humans, causing infectious anemia. However, studies on hemoplasmas have been neglected and to date, there are no studies on bovine and caprine hemoplasmas in Uganda or the entire East African region. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene was used to investigate the presence of hemoplasma in 409 samples (cattle = 208; goats = 201) collected from Kasese district, western Uganda. Results showed that 32.2% (67/208) of cattle samples and 43.8% (88/201) of goat samples were positive for hemoplasmas. Sequencing analysis identified Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos and Mycoplasma wenyonii in cattle, while Candidatus Mycoplasma erythrocervae and Mycoplasma ovis were identified in goats. Statistical analysis showed that goats were at a higher risk of infection with hemoplasmas compared with cattle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular evidence of hemoplasmas in bovine and caprine animals in Uganda and the entire east African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicto Byamukama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (D.S.T.); (J.B.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Maria Agnes Tumwebaze
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (D.S.T.); (J.B.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (D.S.T.); (J.B.); (M.K.A.)
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics & Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (D.S.T.); (J.B.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Martin Kamilo Angwe
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (D.S.T.); (J.B.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Paul Frank Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Aaron Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda; (D.S.T.); (J.B.); (M.K.A.)
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics & Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (X.X.); Tel.: +256-774-948-082 (P.V.); +81-15-549-5648 (X.X.)
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (B.B.); (M.A.T.); (J.L.); (E.M.G.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (S.J.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: (P.V.); (X.X.); Tel.: +256-774-948-082 (P.V.); +81-15-549-5648 (X.X.)
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Paul BT, Jesse FFA, Chung ELT, Che-Amat A, Mohd Lila MA, Hashi HA, Norsidin MJ. Review of clinical aspects, epidemiology and diagnosis of haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis in small ruminants: current status and future perspectives in tropics focusing on Malaysia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2829-2844. [PMID: 32712811 PMCID: PMC7382646 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovis (formerly Eperythrozoon ovis) is an epierythrocytic parasitic bacterium of small ruminants known as haemotropic mycoplasma, which is transmitted mechanically by biting flies and contaminated instruments. Acute mycoplasmosis causes severe haemolytic anaemia and mortality in young animals. At the same time, chronic disease may produce mild anaemia and varying degrees of morbidity depending on several factors, including age, reproductive status, the plane of nutrition, immunological status and the presence of concurrent infection. Haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis is currently recognised as an emerging zoonotic pathogen which is widely distributed in the sheep and goat producing areas of tropics and subtropics, where the disease is nearly endemic. Human infection has been reported in pregnant women, immunocompromised patients and people exposed to animals and arthropods. The current diagnosis of haemoplasma relies on microscopic evaluation of Giemsa-stained blood smear and PCR. Although there are few published reports on the incidence of haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis infection of small ruminants in Malaysia, information on its prevalence, risk factors, severity and economic impacts is grossly inadequate. Therefore, a large-scale survey of small ruminant flocks is necessary to elucidate the current seroprevalence status and molecular characteristics of haemotropic M. ovis infection in Malaysia using ELISA and PCR sequencing technologies. In the future, surveillance programs, including vector forecast, quarantine, monitoring by periodic surveys and public enlightenment, will limit the internal and transboundary spread of M. ovis, enhance control efforts and mitigate production losses in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bura Thlama Paul
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600230 Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Che-Amat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamza Abdirahman Hashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jefri Norsidin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Comparison of Light Microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Haemoparasites in Cattle in Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:44-56. [PMID: 31571143 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Haemoparasitic diseases are among the important factors that threaten cattle health and productivity especially in the sub-Saharan region. In Nigeria, their detection using sensitive molecular techniques is scanty. This study was designed to investigate and to reevaluate the repertoire of haemoparasites of cattle in Ibadan, Nigeria with a comparative evaluation of light microscopy (LM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. METHODS Blood samples from 100 cattle slaughtered at Ibadan abattoirs were examined using LM and PCR techniques for haemoparasite detection. The PCR reactions using three primer sets targeting the 16S rRNA genes for Hemoplasma spp. and Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. and 18S rRNA genes of Babesia/Theleiria spp. were done. A few randomly selected amplicons from each set were sequenced and analysed. RESULTS A total infection rate of 34% by LM including Hemoplasma spp. (17%), Anaplasma spp. (16%), microfilaria (5%) and Trypanosoma spp. (12%) was recorded. While, 86% positivity was recorded with PCR amplification as follows: Hemoplasma spp. (64%), Babesia/Theleiria spp. (46%) and Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp. (5%). Comparison of LM and PCR findings showed that no LM Anaplasma spp.-positive samples and 7 out of the 17 LM hemoplasma-positive cattle were confirmed by PCR. In addition, LM led to misdiagnosis of 46 Babesia/Theleiria spp.-positive samples. Amplicon sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia/Theileria spp.-positive samples revealed Theileria velifera and Theileria annulata. In the Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp.-positive samples, only Anaplasma marginale was characterized. Mycoplasma wenyonii, "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" and Pseudomonas fluorescens like were characterized among the hemoplasma-infected cattle. CONCLUSIONS The first report of "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" and Pseudomonas fluorescens like in Nigerian cattle is herewith documented. The alarming LM misdiagnosis of haemoparasites during this study confirms its limitations as it fails to identify many parasites and emphasizes the need for inclusion of molecular techniques to improve their detection. The study also shows for the first time the high prevalence of haemotropic mycoplasma in Nigerian cattle via molecular diagnostic methods, thus indicating a strong need for the investigation of their zoonotic implications.
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Ybañez AP, Ybañez RHD, Armonia RKM, Chico JKE, Ferraren KJV, Tapdasan EP, Salces CB, Maurillo BCA, Galon EMS, Macalanda AMC, Moumouni PFA, Xuan X. First molecular detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii and the ectoparasite biodiversity in dairy water buffalo and cattle in Bohol, Philippines. Parasitol Int 2019; 70:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Díaz-Sánchez AA, Corona-González B, Meli ML, Álvarez DO, Cañizares EV, Rodríguez OF, Rivero EL, Hofmann-Lehmann R. First molecular evidence of bovine hemoplasma species (Mycoplasma spp.) in water buffalo and dairy cattle herds in Cuba. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:78. [PMID: 30732656 PMCID: PMC6367761 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemotropic mycoplasmas (aka hemoplasmas) are small bacteria which cause infectious anemia in several mammalian species including humans. Information on hemoplasma infections in Cuban bovines remains scarce and no studies applying molecular methods have been performed so far. The aim of the present study was to utilize real-time PCR and sequence analysis to investigate dairy cattle and buffalo from Cuba for the presence of bovine hemoplasma species. RESULTS A total of 80 blood samples from 39 buffalo and 41 dairy cattle were investigated for the presence of Mycoplasma wenyonii and "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" using two species-specific real-time TaqMan PCR assays. PCR results revealed overall 53 (66.2%; 95% CI: 55.3-75.7%) positive animals for M. wenyonii and 33 (41.2%; 95% CI: 31.1-52.2%) for "Ca. M. haemobos"; the latter were all co-infections with M. wenyonii. The sample prevalences were similar in cattle and buffalo. Based on the sequence analysis of the nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene from two cattle and two buffalo, the presence of M. wenyonii and "Ca. M. haemobos" was confirmed. Statistical analysis revealed that buffalo and cattle one year of age or older were more frequently infected with M. wenyonii or "Ca. M. haemobos" than younger animals. PCR-positivity was not associated with anemia; however, the infection stage was unknown (acute infection versus chronic carriers). CONCLUSIONS The high occurrence of bovine hemoplasma infections in buffalo and dairy cattle may have a significant impact on Cuban livestock production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular evidence of bovine hemoplasma species infection in dairy cattle and buffalo from Cuba and the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Alberto Díaz-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, 32700 San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque Cuba
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, 32700 San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque Cuba
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dasiel Obregón Álvarez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Agraria de la Habana (UNAH), Apartado postal 18-19, 32700 San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque Cuba
| | - Ernesto Vega Cañizares
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, 32700 San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque Cuba
| | - Osvaldo Fonseca Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, 32700 San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque Cuba
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evelyn Lobo Rivero
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, 32700 San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque Cuba
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nouvel LX, Hygonenq MC, Catays G, Martinelli E, Le Page P, Collin É, Inokuma H, Schelcher F, Citti C, Maillard R. First detection of Mycoplasma wenyonii in France: Identification, evaluation of the clinical impact and development of a new specific detection assay. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 63:148-153. [PMID: 30961812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma wenyonii, a hemoplasma infecting cattle, was never detected in France. In 2014, evocative inclusions were observed in erythrocytes from cattle presenting milk drops, anemia, and edema in Brittany (France). A survey was then initiated to investigate the epidemiological situation and correlate mycoplasma detection with clinical signs. For this purpose, a new PCR assay targeting polC gene was designed. Comparative results with published PCR assays place this new one as more specific, allowing a one-step diagnosis without further sequencing. A total of 181 cows were included in this study and 4.97% (n = 9) were positive, resulting in the first molecular identification of M. wenyonii in France. All positive animals presented anemia, edema and milk drop. When selecting animals presenting evocative clinical signs, the prevalence of M. wenyonii in Brittany was estimated to 25.6%. Further studies are needed to evaluate the importance of the infection, the implication of arthropods and the existence of asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent X Nouvel
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Claude Hygonenq
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Catays
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Martinelli
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Le Page
- Lesvet, Veterinary practice, 3 place du Champ de Bataille, 29260, Lesneven, France
| | - Éric Collin
- Veterinary practice, 30 rue des écoles, 22150, Ploeuc sur Lie, France
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Inada Cho, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - François Schelcher
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Christine Citti
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Maillard
- IHAP, Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma Infections, University of Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Niethammer FM, Ade J, Hoelzle LE, Schade B. Hemotrophic mycoplasma in Simmental cattle in Bavaria: prevalence, blood parameters, and transplacental transmission of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' and Mycoplasma wenyonii. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:74. [PMID: 30445976 PMCID: PMC6240245 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The significance of hemotrophic mycoplasma in cattle remains unclear. Especially in Europe, their epidemiological parameters as well as pathophysiological influence on cows are lacking. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the prevalence of ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ (‘C. M. haemobos’) and Mycoplasma wenyonii (M. wenyonii) in Bavaria, Germany; (2) to evaluate their association with several blood parameters; (3) to explore the potential of vertical transmission in Simmental cattle; and (4) to evaluate the accuracy of acridine-orange-stained blood smears compared to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results to detect hemotrophic mycoplasma. A total of 410 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-blood samples from cows from 41 herds were evaluated by hematology, acridine-orange-stained blood smears, and real-time PCR. Additionally, blood samples were taken from dry cows of six dairy farms with positive test results for hemotrophic mycoplasma to investigate vertical transmission of infection. Results The period prevalence of both species was 60.24% (247/410), C. M. haemobos 56.59% (232/410), M. wenyonii 8.54% (35/410) and for coinfection 4.88% (20/410). Of the relevant blood parameters, only mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and white blood cell count (WBC) showed differences between the groups of infected and non-infected individuals. There were lower values of MCV (P < 0.01) and MCH (P < 0.01) and higher values of WBC (P < 0.05) in ‘C. M. haemobos’-infected cows. In contrast, co-infected individuals had only higher WBC (P < 0.05). In M. wenyonii-positive blood samples, MCH was significantly lower (P < 0.05). Vertical transmission of ‘C. M. haemobos’ was confirmed in two calves. The acridine-orange-method had a low sensitivity (37.39%), specificity (65.97%), positive predictive value (63.70%) and negative predictive value (39.75%) compared to PCR. Conclusions ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos’ was more prevalent than M. wenyonii in Bavarian Simmental cattle, but infection had little impact on evaluated blood parameters. Vertical transmission of the infection was rare. Real-time PCR is the preferred diagnostic method compared to the acridine-orange-method.
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Quantitative analysis of Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos" infections in cattle using novel gapN-based realtime PCR assays. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:1-6. [PMID: 29885793 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemotrophic mycoplasmas (HMs) are associated with anemia and other disease complexes in a wide range of livestock and wild animals. Two bovine HM species have been identified to date, i.e. Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos'. The study aim was to develop quantitative real-time PCR assays (qPCRs) to detect and quantify M. wenyonii and 'C. M. haemobos' and to apply these assays to DNA samples extracted from bovine blood collected in Germany (n = 220) from 22 herds. The qPCR assays specific for M. wenyonii and 'C. M. haemobos' were designed using the gapN of the respective hemoplasma species as gene target which encodes the NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPN). The sensitivity of both assays was 10 genome equivalents per reaction, corresponding to 2500 genome equivalents per ml blood. No cross-reactivity with non-target bovine HMs. and other bovine pathogens was observed. Bovine HM DNA was detected in 137 samples (62.27%) with 118 samples (53.64%) being positive for 'C.M. haemobos' and 19 samples (8.64%) being positive for M. wenyonii. Thereof, 11 animals (5.00%) were co-infected with both bovine HM species. The found herd prevalence for `C. M. haemobos` was 100.00%, and for M. wenyonii 36.36% with mean bacterial loads of 3.7 × 107 `C. M. haemobos`/mL blood and of 4.29 × 105M. wenyonii/mL blood respectively. Clinical and economic relevance of bovine HM species should be goal of future studies for which the novel gapN qPCR assays can serve as a valuable diagnostic tool.
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Johnson KA, do Nascimento NC, Bauer AE, Weng HY, Hammac GK, Messick JB. Detection of hemoplasma infection of goats by use of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and risk factor analysis for infection. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:882-9. [PMID: 27463552 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.8.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection and quantification of Mycoplasma ovis in goats and investigate the prevalence and risk factors for hemoplasma infection of goats located in Indiana. ANIMALS 362 adult female goats on 61 farms. PROCEDURES Primers were designed for amplification of a fragment of the dnaK gene of M ovis by use of a qPCR assay. Blood samples were collected into EDTA-containing tubes for use in total DNA extraction, blood film evaluation, and determination of PCV. Limit of detection, intra-assay variability, interassay variability, and specificity of the assay were determined. RESULTS Reaction efficiency of the qPCR assay was 94.45% (R(2), 0.99; slope, -3.4623), and the assay consistently detected as few as 10 copies of plasmid/reaction. Prevalence of infection in goats on the basis of results for the qPCR assay was 18.0% (95% confidence interval, 14% to 22%), with infected goats ranging from 1 to 14 years old, whereby 61% (95% confidence interval, 47% to 73%) of the farms had at least 1 infected goat. Bacterial load in goats infected with M ovis ranged from 1.05 × 10(3) target copies/mL of blood to 1.85 × 10(5) target copies/mL of blood; however, no bacteria were observed on blood films. Production use of a goat was the only risk factor significantly associated with hemoplasma infection. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The qPCR assay was more sensitive for detecting hemoplasma infection than was evaluation of a blood film, and production use of a goat was a risk factor for infection.
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Ybañez AP, Inokuma H. Anaplasma species of veterinary importance in Japan. Vet World 2016; 9:1190-1196. [PMID: 27956767 PMCID: PMC5146296 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1190-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma species of the family Anaplasmataceae, order Rickettsiales are tick-borne organisms that can cause disease in animals and humans. In Japan, all recognized species of Anaplasma (except for Anaplasma ovis) and a potentially novel Anaplasma sp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been reported. Most of these detected tick-borne pathogens are believed to be lowly pathogenic in animals in Japan although the zoonotic A. phagocytophilum has recently been reported to cause clinical signs in a dog and in humans. This review documents the studies and reports about Anaplasma spp. in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Patalinghug Ybañez
- Biology and Environmental Studies Program, Sciences Cluster, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Inada Cho, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Tagawa M, Matsumoto K, Yokoyama N, Inokuma H. Prevalence and molecular analyses of hemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. (hemoplasmas) detected in sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:401-7. [PMID: 24270803 PMCID: PMC4013367 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are cell-wall deficient, epierythrocytic
bacteria that cause infectious anemia in several mammalian species. The prevalence of
hemoplasma species was examined by screening and species-specific PCR using blood samples
collected from 51 sika deer in Hokkaido, Japan. Molecular analyses were performed for the
16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and RNase P RNA (rnpB) gene sequences. A total of
23/51 (45%) deer DNA samples were positive for hemoplasmas in the screening PCR. Using
species-specific PCR, 12 and 17 samples were positive for ‘Candidatus
Mycoplasma haemocervae’ and ‘Candidatus M. erythrocervae’, respectively.
Sequencing and phylogenetic trees of those three genes indicate that the
‘Candidatus M. haemocervae’ and ‘Candidatus M.
erythrocervae’ detected in Japanese deer are potentially different species from the
cervine hemoplasma found in deer from America and Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Tagawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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Tagawa M, Yamakawa K, Aoki T, Matsumoto K, Ishii M, Inokuma H. Effect of chronic hemoplasma infection on cattle productivity. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1271-5. [PMID: 23676278 PMCID: PMC3942926 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of hemoplasmosis on cattle productivity.
Prevalence of bovine hemoplasma was examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using
whole blood samples collected from 93 breeding cows and their 71 calves in Hokkaido,
Japan. Monthly milk production records and other clinical data were compared between
Mycoplasma wenyonii (Mw)-infected, “Candidatus
Mycoplasma haemobos” (CMh)-infected, co-infected and PCR-negative groups. Blood chemical
parameters were obtained from the 93 cows and 64 calves. PCR results showed that 89.2%
(83/93) of cows and 14.1% (10/71) of calves were positive for bovine hemoplasma. Based on
productivity data obtained from the 93 cows, Mw-infected, CMh-infected and co-infected
cows had significantly lower monthly milk yield compared to PCR-negative cows.
Furthermore, decline in milk yield was prolonged in CMh-infected and co-infected groups.
No significant differences were found for other clinical findings among the four groups.
Calf birth weight tended to be lower for Mw-infected, CMh-infected and co-infected groups
compared to the PCR-negative group. There were no significant differences in all blood
parameters of cows and calves among the four groups. In addition, no significant
differences were found in any parameter between hemoplasma-infected and PCR-negative
calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Tagawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Tagawa M, Ybañez AP, Matsumoto K, Yokoyama N, Inokuma H. Interference between Theileria orientalis and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (hemoplasmas) in grazing cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 195:165-8. [PMID: 23312869 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (hemoplasmas) can cause anemia in cattle. Cattle infected with one of these two pathogens tend to resist infection by the other pathogen. This is called the "interference phenomenon". However, the detailed investigation of this phenomenon using molecular techniques has not been performed until now. We used PCR to analyze blood samples from cattle grazing in two pastures, and investigated interference between T. orientalis and hemoplasmas. Results indicate that single infection with T. orientalis or hemoplasmas was more common than co-infections. The degree of anemia observed in co-infected animals was significantly milder compared to those only infected with T. orientalis. These findings revealed that the interaction between these two pathogens in cattle demonstrated interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Tagawa
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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