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Sheh A, Artim SC, Burns MA, Molina-Mora JA, Lee MA, Dzink-Fox J, Muthupalani S, Fox JG. Analysis of gut microbiome profiles in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in health and intestinal disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4430. [PMID: 35292670 PMCID: PMC8924212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are the most common diseases in captive common marmosets. To understand the role of the microbiome in GI diseases, we characterized the gut microbiome of 91 healthy marmosets (303 samples) and 59 marmosets diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (200 samples). Healthy marmosets exhibited "humanized," Bacteroidetes-dominant microbiomes. After up to 2 years of standardized diet, housing and husbandry, marmoset microbiomes could be classified into four distinct marmoset sources based on Prevotella and Bacteroides levels. Using a random forest (RF) model, marmosets were classified by source with an accuracy of 93% with 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity using abundance data from 4 Prevotellaceae amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), as well as single ASVs from Coprobacter, Parabacteroides, Paraprevotella, Phascolarctobacterium, Oribacterium and Fusobacterium. A single dysbiotic IBD state was not found across all marmoset sources, but IBD was associated with lower alpha diversity and a lower Bacteroides:Prevotella copri ratio within each source. IBD was highest in a Prevotella-dominant cohort, and consistent with Prevotella-linked diseases, pro-inflammatory genes in the jejunum were upregulated. RF analysis of serum biomarkers identified serum calcium, hemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) counts as potential biomarkers for marmoset IBD. This study characterizes the microbiome of healthy captive common marmosets and demonstrates that source-specific microbiomes can be retained despite standardized diets and husbandry practices. Marmosets with IBD had decreased alpha diversity and a shift in the ratio of Bacteroides:Prevotella copri compared to healthy marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stephen C Artim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika A Burns
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jose Arturo Molina-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mary Anne Lee
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Fitz C, Goodroe A, Wierenga L, Mejia A, Simmons H. Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Disease in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). ILAR J 2021; 61:199-217. [PMID: 33989417 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disease is a frequently encountered problem among captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) colonies. Management can be challenging due to the number of etiologies responsible for gastrointestinal disease in this species, limitations on diagnostic capabilities, and lack of effective treatments. Understanding commonly described GI diseases in the captive marmoset can provide insight on the impact these diseases have on research studies and aid in the development of appropriate management strategies. A review of commonly encountered GI disease processes as well as routinely implicated causes of GI disease in the common marmoset are provided. Current strategies in clinical management of GI disease in the common marmoset, including approaches to colony health, diagnostic testing, and commonly employed treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Fitz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna Goodroe
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center in San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren Wierenga
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Research Animal Resources and Compliance at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Preclinical Marmoset Model for Targeting Chronic Inflammation as a Strategy to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040388. [PMID: 33920929 PMCID: PMC8071309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the aging population, modern society is facing an increasing prevalence of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is an age-related chronic neurodegenerative disorder for which no satisfying therapy exists. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the onset of AD is necessary to find targets for protective treatment. There is growing awareness of the essential role of the immune system in the early AD pathology. Amyloidopathy, the main feature of early-stage AD, has a deregulating effect on the immune function. This is reciprocal as the immune system also affects amyloidopathy. It seems that the inflammatory reaction shows a heterogeneous pattern depending on the stage of the disease and the variation between individuals, making not only the target but also the timing of treatment important. The lack of relevant translational animal models that faithfully reproduce clinical and pathogenic features of AD is a major cause of the delay in developing new disease-modifying therapies and their optimal timing of administration. This review describes the communication between amyloidopathy and inflammation and the possibility of using nonhuman primates as a relevant animal model for preclinical AD research.
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The profile of lipid metabolites in urine of marmoset wasting syndrome. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234634. [PMID: 32574169 PMCID: PMC7310677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Marmoset wasting syndrome (MWS) is clinically characterized by progressive weight loss. Although morbidity and mortality of MWS are relatively high in captive marmosets, its causes remain unknown. Lipid mediators are bioactive metabolites which are produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid. These lipid metabolites regulate a wide range of inflammatory responses and they are excreted into the urine. As urinary lipid profiles reflect systemic inflammatory conditions, we comprehensively measured the levels of 141 types of lipid metabolites in the urines obtained from healthy common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) (N = 7) or marmosets with MWS (N = 7). We found that 41 types of metabolites were detected in all urine samples of both groups. Among them, AA-derived metabolites accounted for 63% (26/41 types) of all detected metabolites. Notably, the levels of AA-derived prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2α, thromboxane (TX) B2 and F2-isoprostanes significantly increased in the urine samples of marmosets with MWS. In this study, we found some urinary lipid metabolites which may be involved in the development of MWS. Although the cause of MWS remains unclear, our findings may provide some insight into understanding the mechanisms of development of MWS.
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Niimi K, Morishita H, Usui M, Ito R, Kurata S, Mataga N, Takahashi E. Measurement of the α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-antitrypsin) of common marmoset and intestinal protein loss in wasting syndrome. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190562. [PMID: 31243120 PMCID: PMC6614574 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) is one of the biggest problems facing captive marmoset colonies, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. In our clinical experience, it is difficult to cure WMS-affected marmosets with severe hypoalbuminemia. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hypoalbuminemia in WMS must be understood. In the present study, we investigated whether intestinal protein loss, a known reason for hypoalbuminemia, occurs in this disease. Fecal α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI, also known as α1-antitrypsin) has been used to diagnose intestinal protein loss in other species. To develop an assay system for this protein, marmoset α1-PI was purified from plasma and antibodies against it were developed using the purified protein. Using the antibodies, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure marmoset α1-PI was developed, and its detection sensitivity for fecal samples was ∼20-fold higher than that of a commercial kit for human α1-PI. From this ELISA, the reference intervals for serum and feces of healthy marmosets were 0.87-1.85 mg/ml and 0.53-395.58 μg/g, respectively. The average concentrations of α1-PI in serum and feces of seven WMS-affected marmosets were 1.17 mg/ml and 1357.58 μg/g, respectively. Although there were no significant differences in the serum concentrations between healthy and WMS-affected marmosets, the fecal concentrations were significantly higher in WMS-affected marmosets than in healthy individuals, suggesting that intestinal protein loss occurs in WMS. Intestinal protein loss of WMS-affected marmosets was significantly attenuated with treatment, suggesting that it is one of the mechanisms involved in the hypoalbuminemia observed in WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimie Niimi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morishita
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaya Usui
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Reiko Ito
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shino Kurata
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mataga
- Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Parambeth JC, Ross CN, Miller AD, Austad SN, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Serum Cobalamin and Folate Concentrations in Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) with Chronic Lymphocytic Enteritis. Comp Med 2019; 69:135-143. [PMID: 30902119 PMCID: PMC6464084 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations can serve as surrogate markers of gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats, where they can have diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. Chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly chronic lymphocytic enteritis (CLE), occurs frequently in captive common marmosets. The aims of this study were to validate a commercially available assay for measuring serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in common marmosets, to establish reference intervals for these analytes in healthy marmosets, and to measure serum concentrations in common marmosets with CLE. The commercial assay was linear, accurate, precise, and reproducible for the measurement of serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in common marmosets. In healthy marmosets, the serum cobalamin concentration ranged from 322 to 2642 pg/mL (n = 35) and serum folate concentration from 54.8 to 786.4 ng/mL (n = 37). Low serum folate concentrations were moderately sensitive (greater than 70%) for CLE, and low serum cobalamin concentrations were moderately (greater than 70%) specific for CLE. Both serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were relatively unchanged in marmosets during 120 to 220 d. Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were stable for approximately 7 y when samples were stored at -80 °C. Additional studies are warranted to further study the clinical implications of low serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in common marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cyrus Parambeth
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas;,
| | - Corinna N Ross
- College of Arts and Sciences, Texas A and M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Steven N Austad
- Department of Biology and Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
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7
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Parambeth JC, López FR, Lopez R, Keyser SB, Lidbury JA, Suchodolski JS, Steiner JM. Fecal Concentrations of N-methylhistamine in Common Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus). Comp Med 2019; 69:130-134. [PMID: 30803469 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic enteritis (CLE) is a frequent disease in common marmosets. However, no diagnostic test for early detection of CLE is available. Mast cells have an important role in gastrointestinal disease. The purpose of this study was to measure fecal concentrations of N-methylhistamine (NMH), a breakdown product of histamine metabolism, in common marmosets. A previously established NMH gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay for canine feces and urine was used, and partial validation was performed. The reference intervals (n = 30) established for fecal NMH concentrations in common marmoset were 118.2 ng/g or less for a single fecal sample, 121.7 ng/g or less for the 3-d mean, and less than or equal to 167.5 ng/g for the 3-d maximum. Considerable day-to-day variation was observed in fecal NMH concentrations; the mean %CV was 42.2% (minimum, 7.1%; maximum, 141.4%). Fecal NMH concentrations were measured in 14 marmosets for which necropsy reports were available; 7 of the 8 marmosets with CLE and the 1 animal with lymphoma and ulcerative enteritis had increased fecal NMH concentrations. Increased fecal NMH concentrations may serve as a potential marker for CLE; however, further studies exploring the role of mast cells in marmosets with CLE are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cyrus Parambeth
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences;,
| | - Franklin R López
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Center for Bioinformatical and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Rosana Lopez
- Engineering Experiment Station, Center for Bioinformatical and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sarah B Keyser
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences
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8
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9
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Shigeno Y, Toyama M, Nakamura M, Niimi K, Takahashi E, Benno Y. Comparison of gut microbiota composition between laboratory-bred marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with chronic diarrhea and healthy animals using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:702-710. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shigeno
- Benno Laboratory; RIKEN Baton Zone Program; RIKEN Cluster for Science Technology and Innovation Hub; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Mutsumi Toyama
- Benno Laboratory; RIKEN Baton Zone Program; RIKEN Cluster for Science Technology and Innovation Hub; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Mutsumi Nakamura
- Benno Laboratory; RIKEN Baton Zone Program; RIKEN Cluster for Science Technology and Innovation Hub; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Kimie Niimi
- Research Resources Division; RIKEN Center for Brain Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- Research Resources Division; RIKEN Center for Brain Science; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama Japan
| | - Yoshimi Benno
- Benno Laboratory; RIKEN Baton Zone Program; RIKEN Cluster for Science Technology and Innovation Hub; 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama Japan
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10
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Philippens IH, Ormel PR, Baarends G, Johansson M, Remarque EJ, Doverskog M. Acceleration of Amyloidosis by Inflammation in the Amyloid-Beta Marmoset Monkey Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 55:101-113. [PMID: 27662314 PMCID: PMC5115608 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The immune system is increasingly mentioned as a potential target for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment. Objective: In the present pilot study, the effect of (neuro)inflammation on amyloidopathy was investigated in the marmoset monkey, which has potential as an AD animal model due to its natural cerebral amyloidosis similar to humans. Methods: Six adult/aged marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were intracranial injected with amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils at three cortical locations in the right hemisphere. Additionally, in half of the monkeys, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was co-injected with the Aβ fibrils and injected in the other hemisphere without Aβ fibrils. The other three monkeys received phosphate buffered saline instead of LPS, as a control for the inflammatory state. The effect of inflammation on amyloidopathy was also investigated in an additional monkey that suffered from chronic inflammatory wasting syndrome. Mirror histology sections were analyzed to assess amyloidopathy and immune reaction, and peripheral blood for AD biomarker expression. Results: All LPS-injected monkeys showed an early AD immune blood cell expression profile on CD95 and CD45RA. Two out of three monkeys injected with Aβ and LPS and the additional monkey, suffering from chronic inflammation, developed plaques. None of the controls, injected with Aβ only, developed any plaques. Conclusion: This study shows the importance of immune modulation on the susceptibility for amyloidosis, a hallmark of AD, which offers new perspectives for disease modifying approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Guus Baarends
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Maja Johansson
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ed J Remarque
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Doverskog
- Umecrine Cognition AB, Karolinska Institute Science Park, Solna, Sweden
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11
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Yoshimoto T, Niimi K, Takahashi E. Tranexamic Acid and Supportive Measures to Treat Wasting Marmoset Syndrome. Comp Med 2016; 66:468-473. [PMID: 28304250 PMCID: PMC5157962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) has high incidence and mortality rates and is one of the most important problems in captive common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) colonies. Despite several reports on WMS, little information is available regarding its reliable treatment. We previously reported that marmosets with WMS had high serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). MMP9 is thought to be a key enzyme in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, the main disease state of WMS, and is activated by plasmin, a fibrinolytic factor. In a previous study, treating mice with an antibody to inhibit plasmin prevented the progression of inflammatory bowel disease. Here we examined the efficacy of tranexamic acid, a commonly used plasmin inhibitor, for the treatment of WMS, with supportive measures including amino acid and iron formulations. Six colony marmosets with WMS received tranexamic acid therapy with supportive measures for 8 wk. The body weight, Hct, and serum albumin levels of these 6 marmosets were increased and serum MMP9 levels decreased after this regimen. Therefore, tranexamic acid therapy may be a new and useful treatment for WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Yoshimoto
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan;,
| | - Kimie Niimi
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan;,
| | - Eiki Takahashi
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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12
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YOSHIMOTO T, NIIMI K, TAKAHASHI E. Serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) as a biochemical marker for wasting marmoset syndrome. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:837-43. [PMID: 26876041 PMCID: PMC4905840 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a non-human primate experimental animal has increased in recent years. Although wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS) is one of the biggest problems in captive marmoset colonies, the molecular mechanisms, biochemical markers for accurate diagnosis and a reliable treatment remain unknown. In this study, as a first step to finding biochemical marker(s) for the accurate diagnosis of WMS, we conducted blood cell counts, including hematocrit, hemoglobin and platelets, and examined serum chemistry values, including albumin, calcium and levels of serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), using a colony of marmosets with and without weight loss. MMP9 is thought to be an enzyme responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix components and participates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions, such as human and murine inflammatory bowel disease, which, like WMS, are characterized histologically by inflammatory cell infiltrations in the intestines. The values of hematocrit and hemoglobin and levels of serum albumin and calcium in the WMS group were significantly decreased versus the control group. The platelet values and serum MMP9 concentrations were increased significantly in the WMS group compared with the control group. MMP9 could be a new and useful marker for the diagnosis of WMS in addition to hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum albumin and calcium. Our results also indicate that MMP9 could be a useful molecular candidate for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro YOSHIMOTO
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute,
2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Kimie NIIMI
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute,
2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Eiki TAKAHASHI
- Research Resources Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute,
2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
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13
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Jiang CZ, Yan XZ. Fecal calprotectin for diagnosis of digestive system diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4069-4074. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i25.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin is a 36 kDa calcium- and zinc-binding protein that belongs to the S100 family. Calprotectin shows an excellent stability in feces and appears to be superior to conventional fecal markers. Fecal calprotectin concentrations closely correlate with the fecal excretion of in-labelled leukocytes. In addition, fecal calprotectin has an overall high specificity. Therefore, it could be a useful marker for diagnosis of intestinal diseases. In this review we summarize the structure, physical and chemical characteristics of fecal calprotectin and analyze the relationship between calprotectin and intestinal diseases.
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14
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The Human Antimicrobial Protein Calgranulin C Participates in Control of Helicobacter pylori Growth and Regulation of Virulence. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2944-56. [PMID: 25964473 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00544-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During infectious processes, antimicrobial proteins are produced by both epithelial cells and innate immune cells. Some of these antimicrobial molecules function by targeting transition metals and sequestering these metals in a process referred to as "nutritional immunity." This chelation strategy ultimately starves invading pathogens, limiting their growth within the vertebrate host. Recent evidence suggests that these metal-binding antimicrobial molecules have the capacity to affect bacterial virulence, including toxin secretion systems. Our previous work showed that the S100A8/S100A9 heterodimer (calprotectin, or calgranulin A/B) binds zinc and represses the elaboration of the H. pylori cag type IV secretion system (T4SS). However, there are several other S100 proteins that are produced in response to infection. We hypothesized that the zinc-binding protein S100A12 (calgranulin C) is induced in response to H. pylori infection and also plays a role in controlling H. pylori growth and virulence. To test this, we analyzed gastric biopsy specimens from H. pylori-positive and -negative patients for S100A12 expression. These assays showed that S100A12 is induced in response to H. pylori infection and inhibits bacterial growth and viability in vitro by binding nutrient zinc. Furthermore, the data establish that the zinc-binding activity of the S100A12 protein represses the activity of the cag T4SS, as evidenced by the gastric cell "hummingbird" phenotype, interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion, and CagA translocation assays. In addition, high-resolution field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) was used to demonstrate that S100A12 represses biogenesis of the cag T4SS. Together with our previous work, these data reveal that multiple S100 proteins can repress the elaboration of an oncogenic bacterial surface organelle.
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15
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Otovic P, Smith S, Hutchinson E. The use of glucocorticoids in marmoset wasting syndrome. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:53-9. [PMID: 25614344 PMCID: PMC4415595 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marmoset wasting syndrome (MWS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in captive marmosets, and thus far no reliable treatment has been found. Glucocorticoids are used widely to treat inflammatory conditions of the GI tract such as human and feline inflammatory bowel disease, which, such as MWS, are histologically characterized by chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in the intestines. Budesonide is a glucocorticoid with few reported side effects due to the majority of it being metabolized into inactive compounds by the liver before entering the systemic circulation. METHOD Eleven marmosets presented with antemortem signs consistent with MWS and were treated with oral prednisone or budesonide for 8 weeks. RESULTS The marmosets in our study demonstrated a significant increase in both weight and albumin levels (relative to pre-treatment values) after glucocorticoid therapy. CONCLUSIONS Glucocorticoids are an effective therapy to ameliorate the clinical signs associated with MWS with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Otovic
- Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shanequa Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Hutchinson
- Research Animal Resources, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, USA
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