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Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviate Acute Lung Injury Caused by Severe Burn via Secreting TSG-6 and Inhibiting Inflammatory Response. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:8661689. [PMID: 35222649 PMCID: PMC8881119 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8661689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate whether hUC-MSCs attenuated severe burn-induced ALI and the effects were based on TSG-6 secreted from hUC-MSCs. Method A rat model was established and evaluated as follows: cytokine expression was measured by ELISA, and both inflammatory cell infiltration and lung injury were assessed by immunohistochemistry assay. Results In vitro, TSG-6 levels in serum from the burn group were significantly increased compared with those from the sham group. In vivo, TSG-6 levels of lung tissues and serum in the burn+hUC-MSC group were significantly increased compared with those in the burn group. Both in lung tissues and in serum, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were remarkably decreased, but the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased after hUC-MSC administration (p < 0.05). These significant positive effects after hUC-MSC transplantation did not occur in the burn+siTSG-6 group. Conclusion The intratracheal implantation of hUC-MSCs has been an effective treatment for severe burn-induced ALI via promoting TSG-6 secretion and inhibiting inflammatory reaction in lung tissue.
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Bennett K, Lewis K. Sedation and Anesthesia in Rodents. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 25:211-255. [PMID: 34823692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sedation and anesthesia in rodent species are complex due to their wide species variation, small size, and metabolism. This review article covers recent advances in sedation and anesthesia as well as an updated drug formulary for sedation protocols. Setup, equipment, monitoring, maintenance, and recovery are reviewed as well as species-specific anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Bennett
- Avian & Exotics Service, Bluepearl Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 7414 S Tamiami Trl. Sarasota, FL 34231, USA.
| | - Kerrie Lewis
- Pebble Creek Animal Hospital, 19440 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33647, USA
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Park SH, Lu Y, Shao Y, Prophete C, Horton L, Sisco M, Lee HW, Kluz T, Sun H, Costa M, Zelikoff J, Chen LC, Cohen MD. Longitudinal impact on rat cardiac tissue transcriptomic profiles due to acute intratracheal inhalation exposures to isoflurane. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257241. [PMID: 34648499 PMCID: PMC8516213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane (ISO) is a widely used inhalation anesthetic in experiments with rodents and humans during surgery. Though ISO has not been reported to impart long-lasting side effects, it is unknown if ISO can influence gene regulation in certain tissues, including the heart. Such changes could have important implications for use of this anesthetic in patients susceptible to heart failure/other cardiac abnormalities. To test if ISO could alter gene regulation/expression in heart tissues, and if such changes were reversible, prolonged, or late onset with time, SHR (spontaneously hypertensive) rats were exposed by intratracheal inhalation to a 97.5% air/2.5% ISO mixture on two consecutive days (2 hr/d). Control rats breathed filtered air only. On Days 1, 30, 240, and 360 post-exposure, rat hearts were collected and total RNA was extracted from the left ventricle for global gene expression analysis. The data revealed differentially-expressed genes (DEG) in response to ISO (compared to naïve control) at all post-exposure timepoints. The data showed acute ISO exposures led to DEG associated with wounding, local immune function, inflammation, and circadian rhythm regulation at Days 1 and 30; these effects dissipated by Day 240. There were other significantly-increased DEG induced by ISO at Day 360; these included changes in expression of genes associated with cell signaling, differentiation, and migration, extracellular matrix organization, cell-substrate adhesion, heart development, and blood pressure regulation. Examination of consistent DEG at Days 240 and 360 indicated late onset DEG reflecting potential long-lasting effects from ISO; these included DEG associated with oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, angiogenesis, mitochondrial translation elongation, and focal adhesion. Together, the data show acute repeated ISO exposures could impart variable effects on gene expression/regulation in the heart. While some alterations self-resolved, others appeared to be long-lasting or late onset. Whether such changes occur in all rat models or in humans remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuting Lu
- Departments of Population Health & Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Departments of Population Health & Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Colette Prophete
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lori Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Maureen Sisco
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kluz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Judith Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mitchell D. Cohen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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Cicero L, Fazzotta S, Palumbo VD, Cassata G, Lo Monte AI. Anesthesia protocols in laboratory animals used for scientific purposes. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2018; 89:337-342. [PMID: 30333456 PMCID: PMC6502126 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i3.5824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A suitable, effective and free of complications anesthetic protocol is very important in experimental studies on animal models since it could bias the outcome of a trial. To date there is no universally accepted protocol for induction, maintenance and recovery from anesthesia. The endotracheal intubation with the use of inhalation anesthesia is used very especially in the from of large size laboratory animals, because it is a secure and easy control mode. However, it is not common for small laboratory animals because of the high technical skills required. AIM The aim of this paper is a review of the main methods of induction of anesthesia in laboratory animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an electronic search of MEDLINE (PubMed interface), ISI Web of Science and Scopus using the keywords "anesthesia" and "animal (s)" or "protocol (s)" or "surgery", without the data or the language restriction. We consider only the most common laboratory animals (rats, mice, rabbits, pigs). We identify all the scientific articles that refer to the use of anesthetics for studies on laboratory animals in all areas: experimental surgery, CT, MRI, PET. All documents identified the search criteria are subject to review only by identifying relevant studies. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong need for application of existing guidelines for research on experimental animals; specific guidelines for anesthesia and euthanasia should be considered and reported in future studies to ensure comparability and quality of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cicero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri" Palermo.
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Miranda A, Pêgo JM, Correia-Pinto J. Animal facility videoendoscopic intubation station: tips and tricks from mice to rabbits. Lab Anim 2016; 51:204-207. [PMID: 27230409 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216652342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endotracheal intubation of laboratory animals is a common procedure shared by several research fields for different purposes, such as mechanical ventilation of anaesthetized animals, instillation of cytotoxic nanoparticles, infectious agents or tumour cells for induction of disease models, and even for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These different research purposes, achieved in different animal models, require technical expertise and equipment that suits every research need from animal facilities. In this short report we propose a videoendoscopic intubation station that could be shared among the most common laboratory animals, namely the mouse, rat, guinea pig and rabbit, from neonates to adult animals. This report aims to contribute to the reduction of animals excluded from experiments due to false paths during direct and blind intubations and to the refinement of procedures by replacing surgical approaches such as tracheotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Miranda
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,2 ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José M Pêgo
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,2 ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia-Pinto
- 1 Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,2 ICVS/3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,3 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
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Kato K, Wakai J, Ozawa K, Sekiguchi M, Katahira K. Different sensitivity to the suppressive effects of isoflurane anesthesia on cardiorespiratory function in SHR/Izm, WKY/Izm, and Crl:CD (SD) rats. Exp Anim 2016; 65:393-402. [PMID: 27301719 PMCID: PMC5111842 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is a widely used anesthetic, but its effects with increase in inspired concentration on cardiovascular function have not yet been clarified in rodents. Additionally, there are only a few studies comparing isoflurane-induced cardiorespiratory effects between rat strains. Thus, we investigated the differences in cardiorespiratory responsiveness to increasing concentration of inspired isoflurane in SHR/Izm, WKY/Izm and Crl:CD (SD) rats, by increasing the setting values of vaporizer's dial indicator. The rats were anesthetized with 1.5% isoflurane, and electrocardiograms, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were recorded simultaneously. Thereafter, the inspired concentration was increased stepwise to 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%, and cardiorespiratory parameters were obtained at each concentration. Under anesthesia at more than 4%, although prolongation of the RR and PR intervals was observed in all strains, shortening of the QTC interval was found only in SHR/Izm rats. From frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability, an increase in LF/HF ratio and a decrease of HF components were observed in SHR/Izm and WKY/Izm rats, respectively, with 5% isoflurane anesthesia. Blood pressure and heart rate were remarkably reduced in SHR/Izm rats at higher concentrations, whereas the reduction was smallest in WKY/Izm rats among the three strains examined. Respiratory rate was inspired concentration-dependently decreased in all strains. These results suggested that SHR/Izm rats are more sensitive to suppressive effects of isoflurane anesthesia on cardiovascular function among these rat strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Kato
- Center for Laboratory Animal Science, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Kobayashi Y, Saito Y, Takeuchi T. Effects of an anesthetic mixture of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in rats-strain difference and antagonism by atipamezole. Exp Anim 2015; 65:27-36. [PMID: 26424468 PMCID: PMC4783648 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An anesthetic mixture of medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID), and butorphanol (BUT) has
been used in laboratory animals. We previously reported that this anesthetic mixture
produced closely similar anesthetic effects in BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains. We also
demonstrated the efficacy of atipamezole (ATI), an antagonist of MED that produced quick
recovery from anesthesia in mice. Anesthetics have various anesthetic effects among animal
strains. However, the differences in the effects of anesthetic mixtures in rats are
unclear. In the present study, we first examined effects of the abovementioned anesthetic
mixture using three different rat strains: Wistar (WST), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer
344 (F344). Second, we examined how different dosages and optimum injection timing of ATI
affected recovery from anesthesia in rats. We used the anesthetic score to measure
anesthetic duration and a pulse oximeter to monitor vital signs. We found no significant
differences in anesthetic duration among the three different strains. However, recovery
from anesthesia in the SD strain took significantly longer than in the other strains. The
antagonistic effects of ATI (0.15 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg) were equivalent when administered
at 30 min after anesthetic mixture administration. The antagonistic effects of ATI 0.75
mg/kg were stronger than those of ATI 0.15 mg/kg at 10 min after anesthetic mixture
administration. This anesthetic mixture is a useful drug that can induce similar
anesthetic effects in three different strains and has an antagonist, ATI, that makes rats
quickly recover from anesthesia. These results may contribute to the welfare of laboratory
animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kirihara
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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Tsukamoto A, Iimuro M, Sato R, Yamazaki J, Inomata T. Effect of midazolam and butorphanol premedication on inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in mice. Exp Anim 2015; 64:139-45. [PMID: 25736585 PMCID: PMC4427728 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is a representative inhalant anesthesia used in laboratory animals. However, isoflurane mediates respiratory depression and adverse clinical reactions during induction. In the present study, we established a novel balanced anesthesia method in mice that combined isoflurane anesthesia with midazolam and butorphanol (MB). Thirty-four male C57BL/6J mice received either isoflurane alone or isoflurane with an intra-peritoneal MB premedication (3 mg/kg midazolam and 4 mg/kg butorphanol). The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in each group was evaluated. Induction time and adverse clinical reactions were recorded in each group. Core body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation (SPO(2)) were assessed before and for 1 h after induction. Premedication with MB achieved a significant reduction in MAC compared with isoflurane monoanesthesia (isoflurane, 1.38 ± 0.15%; isoflurane with MB, 0.78 ± 0.10%; P<0.05). Induction time was significantly shortened with MB premedication, and adverse reactions such as excitement or incontinence were observed less frequently. Furthermore, isoflurane anesthesia with MB premedication caused increase of respiratory rates compared to isoflurane monoanesthesia. No significant decrease of SPO(2) was observed in MBI anesthesia, while a decrease in SPO(2) was apparent with isoflurane monoanesthesia (baseline, 98.3% ± 1.1; 10 min after induction, 91.8 ± 6.4%; P<0.05). In conclusion, premedication with MB was effective for the mitigation of respiratory depression induced by isoflurane in mice, with rapid induction and fewer adverse clinical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Azabu University, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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