Determination of sulphachloropyrazine-diaveridine residues by high performance liquid chromatography in broiler edible tissues

A high-throughput UPLC-MS-MS Bio-analytical method for the analysis of veterinary pharmaceutical residues in Chicken Tissues, Application of efficient-valid-green (EVG) Framework as a Competence Tool

Antibacterial medications are receiving the most attention due to hypersensitivity reactions and the emergence of bacterial mutants resistant to antibiotics. Treating Animals with uncontrolled amounts of antibiotics will extend beyond their lives and affect humans. This study aims to determine the concentration of the residues of sulfadimidine, sulfaquinoxaline, diaveridine, and vitamin K3 in the tissues of poultry (muscles and liver) after treatment with the combined veterinary formulation. A UPLC-MS-MS method was developed using Poroshell 120 ECC18 and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and distilled water, containing 0.1 % formic acid, in the ratio of (85:15 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Sample extraction solvent was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to be acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio (49.8: 50.2 v/v), and the method was validated according to the FDA bioanalytical method validation protocol over the range (50-1000 µg/Kg) for sulfaquinoxaline and (50-750 µg/Kg) for the other 3 drugs. The greenness of the sample preparation and analytical method was assessed by applying Analytical Eco-scale (AES) and AGREE coupled with AGREEprep. The Competence of the study was evaluated via the EVG framework known as Efficiency, validation, and greenness, to achieve a balance point represented by a radar chart. The method was applied to decide the time required for poultry products to be safe for human use after administration of the studied drugs. It was found that, after the administration of the last dose, minimally 7 days are required till the levels of the drugs drop to the maximum residue limit determined by the FDA/WHO in animal tissues.

Metabolism and Tissue Elimination of Diaveridine in Swine, Chickens, and Rats Using Radioactive Tracing Coupled with LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS

Diaveridine (DVD) has widespread use in food animals due to its antibacterial synergistic effects. This study revealed the metabolism, excretion, and tissue elimination of DVD in swine, chickens, and rats following oral gavage of 10 mg/kg b.w. tritium-labeled DVD using radioactive tracing coupled with liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-ion trap-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS). The metabolic pathways involved demethylation, α-hydroxylation, glucuronidation, and sulfonylation and produced four metabolites in swine (M0, DVD; M1, 3'/4'-demethyl-DVD; M2, 3'/4'-demethyl-DVD-O-glucuronide; M4, 2/4-glucuronidated-DVD) and five in chickens (M0∼M2; M3, α-hydroxy-DVD; M4) and rats (M0∼M3; M5, 3'/4'-demethyl-DVD-O-sulfation). M0 was dominant in the excreta of chicken and female and male rats, while M2 was mainly excreted in swine. Among the three species studied, M0 was the most persistent in the kidneys (t_1/2 3.15-3.89 d); therefore, M0 kidney levels are residue monitoring targets. This study enabled a thorough comprehension of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics of DVD in animals.

Rapid determination of 2,4-diaminopyrimidine residues through sample pretreatment using immunomagnetic bead purification along with HPLC-UV

To reduce matrix interference and realize simultaneous detection of multiple homologous compounds (trimethoprim (TMP), diaveridine (DVD), ormetoprim (OMP), baquiloprim (BQP), and aditoprim (ADP) in pig, cattle, chicken, and fish muscles), an immunomagnetic bead (IMB)-based sample purification pretreatment with HPLC-UV was developed. A broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (mAb, named 14C6) was prepared and conjugated with carboxylic-acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles using the active ester method to obtain IMBs for sample purification. The extraction solvent was optimized based on the extraction efficiency. Good linearity was observed for all the five analytes (10-200 μg/kg) with the LOD and LOQ of 5 and 10 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recoveries ranged from 62.5% to 76.9%, while the coefficient of variation was <12.2%. The IMB method afforded greater sample purification and enrichment than those achieved with the SPE column-based conventional method. Hence, the IMB-based sample purification is a useful tool to determine 2,4-diaminopyrimidine residues in edible animal tissues.

Metabolite Identification and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Diaveridine in the Plasma of Pigs and Chickens Based on Radioactive Tracing Coupled With LC/MS-IT-TOF Assay

Diaveridine (DVD) is widely used for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and leucocytozoonosis infections in food-producing animals. To gain a better understanding of DVD metabolism and pharmacokinetics in healthy Landrace/Doric Cross castrated male pigs and both female and male Cobb 500 broiler chickens, a method involving radioactive tracing coupled with LC/MS-IT-TOF was developed for the identification and quantitation of DVD and its metabolites in pig and chicken plasma, and then was applied to investigate DVD pharmacokinetics. A simple MCX solid phase extraction procedure was adopted for sample preparation. After a single oral administration of 3H-DVD (10 mg/kg BW), three radioactive compounds (D0: DVD; D1: 3'-desmethyl-DVD; and D2: monoglucuronide of 3'-desmethyl-DVD) were identified in pig plasma, while only two radioactive compounds (D0 and D2) were identified in chicken plasma. In both species, the C max values for all detected compounds were reached at 2 h after dosing. The C max order was D2 (1.38 μg/ml) > D0 (0.49 μg/ml) > D1 (0.24 μg/ml) in pigs and D0 (1.55 μg/ml) > D2 (0.27 μg/ml) in chickens. The longer t 1/2 (elimination half-life) of D0 contributed to the slow elimination of DVD-related compounds. The t 1/2β of D0 in pigs (66.41 h) was significantly longer than that in chickens (48.30 h), but the t 1/2 of total DVD-related metabolites in pigs (42.86 h) was lower than that in chickens (56.11 h). These findings suggested that the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of DVD in pigs and chickens were significantly different, and that this would affect its effectiveness, toxicology, and food safety in these animals.

Development of radioactive tracing coupled with LC/MS-IT-TOF methodology for the discovery and identification of diaveridine metabolites in pigs

We developed a sensitive and reliable method by coupling radiotracing with LC/MS-IT-TOF to identify diaveridine metabolites. Tritium-labeled diaveridine was orally administered to pigs and their organs, blood, bile, and excreta were collected. Under optimized conditions, radioactive recovery was >90% and the highest numbers of metabolites were detected. MCX-based solid-phase extraction was conducted for urine, plasma, and bile purification. Methanol-chloroform 1:1 (v/v), methanol-chloroform 6:1 (v/v), methanol, methanol-chloroform 1:1 (v/v), and methanol were used as solvents to extract feces, liver, kidney, fat and muscle, respectively. The method validation confirmed satisfactory ³H-H exchange efficiency (<5%), chromatographic column efficiency (≥97.5%), LOQ (10.73 μg/kg), and analytical accuracy (97.6-107.8%) and precision (RSD < 5%). Moreover, novel in vivo metabolites were detected in the pigs, including D2 (3'-desmethyl-diaveridine monoglucuronide), D3 (diaveridine monoglucuronide). Hence, the analytical method developed herein lays an empirical foundation for further systematic studies of the diaveridine metabolism.

A Thorough HPLC Assay of Quaternary Veterinary Formulation coupled with Environmental Assessment Tool

A new and accurate reversed phase HPLC method with UV detection has been established for any veterinarian analyst for simultaneous determination of a veterinary quaternary mixture of sulphadimidine sodium (SDS), sulphaquinoxaline sodium (SQS), diaveridine (DVD) and vitamin K3 (VTK3) in their formulation. The stationary phase was SEA C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) at 25°C with an isocratic mode, using a mobile phase containing a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:distilled water in the ratio of (20:20:60, by volume). The flow rate was 0.8 mL min-1, and UV detection was performed at 230 nm. The HPLC assay was coupled with Environmental Assessment Tool (EAT), which represents a simple and proficient approach for profiling the greenness of the method. This takes into consideration the environmental, health and safety issues for all solvents that involved in the chromatographic method and calculates a total score that can be used for comparison of the greenness of different methods. The method was found to be linear over (0.5-30) μg/mL for all cited drugs with mean percentage recoveries (99.56 ± 1.141) for VTK3, (99.56 ± 1.056) for DVD, (99.62 ± 1.482) for SDS and (99.52 ± 1.205) for SQS. The results were statistically compared with those of the official and reported methods; using Student's t-test and F-test, showing no significant difference with respect to accuracy. Specificity of the applied method was assessed by analyzing the laboratory-prepared mixtures. The developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The proposed methodology can be applied for rapid routine assay of this combination.

Comprehensive comparative study of eco-friendly Univariate and multivariate methodological approaches on processing multi-component formulation quality

This study presents comprehensive comparative study of different eco-friendly spectrophotometric approaches without any sample treatment on processing quaternary mixture of sulphadimidine sodium (SDS), sulphaquinoxaline sodium (SQS), diaveridine (DVD) and vitamin K₃ (VTK₃). The different univariate complementary resolutions according to the response used for the assay of the cited drugs after applying the processing steps were implemented using successive ratio subtraction coupled with constant multiplication (SRS-CM), absorbance subtraction (AS) and amplitude modulation (AM). On the other hand, multivariate spectrophotometric models were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of the cited mixture. Resolution was accomplished by using two multivariate calibration greener models, including principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS). The proposed approaches are considered environmentally friendly since they use only water as reagent, which is cheap and safe for the operator. The calibration graphs are linear over the range of (4.0-13.0) μg/mL for (SDS), (1.0-10.0) μg/mL for (SQS), (1.0-11.0) μg/mL for (DVD) and (1.0-8.0) μg/mL for (VTK₃). Specificity of the applied procedures was assessed by analyzing the laboratory-prepared mixtures and their combined dosage form. The outcomes of the developed methods were statistically compared with those of the official and reported methods; using Student's t-test and F-test, showing no significant difference. The proposed methodologies can be used for the routine analysis of the cited drugs in quality control laboratories.

Determination of sulfachloropyridazine residue levels in feathers from broiler chickens after oral administration using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Several antimicrobials are routinely used by the poultry farming industry on their daily operations, however, researchers have found for some antimicrobials that their residues persist for longer periods in feathers than they do in edible tissues, and at higher concentrations, as well. But this information is not known for other classes of antimicrobials, such as the sulfonamides. Therefore, this work presents an accurate and reliable analytical method for the detection of sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) in feathers and edible tissues from broiler chickens. This method was also validated in-house and then used to study the depletion of sulfachloropyridazine in those matrices. The experimental group comprised 54 broiler chickens, who were raised under controlled conditions and then treated with a commercial formulation of 10% sulfachloropyridazine for 5 days. Samples were analyzed via LC-MS/MS, using ¹³C₆-sulfamethazine (SMZ-¹³C₆) as an internal standard. Aromatic sulfonic acid solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges were used to clean up the samples. The Limit of Detection (LOD) for this method was set at 10 μg kg^-1 on feathers and liver; and at 5 μg kg^-1 on muscle. Within the range of 10–100 μg kg^-1, the calibration curves for all matrices presented a determination coefficient greater than 0.96. Our results show, with a 95% confidence level, that sulfachloropyridazine persisted in feathers for up to 55 days after ceasing treatment, and its concentrations were higher than in edible tissues. In consequence, to avoid re-entry of antimicrobial residues into the food-chain, we recommend monitoring and inspecting animal diets that contain feather derivatives, such as feathers meals, because they could be sourced from birds that might have been medicated with sulfachloropyridazine.