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Vroman R, Malfait AM, Miller RE, Malfait F, Syx D. Animal Models of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: Phenotype, Pathogenesis, and Translational Potential. Front Genet 2021; 12:726474. [PMID: 34712265 PMCID: PMC8547655 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of heritable connective tissues disorders mainly characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility and generalized tissue fragility. Currently, 14 EDS subtypes each with particular phenotypic features are recognized and are caused by genetic defects in 20 different genes. All of these genes are involved in the biosynthesis and/or fibrillogenesis of collagens at some level. Although great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of different EDS subtypes, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypes remain poorly understood, and consequentially, adequate treatment and management options for these conditions remain scarce. To date, several animal models, mainly mice and zebrafish, have been described with defects in 14 of the 20 hitherto known EDS-associated genes. These models have been instrumental in discerning the functions and roles of the corresponding proteins during development, maturation and repair and in portraying their roles during collagen biosynthesis and/or fibrillogenesis, for some even before their contribution to an EDS phenotype was elucidated. Additionally, extensive phenotypical characterization of these models has shown that they largely phenocopy their human counterparts, with recapitulation of several clinical hallmarks of the corresponding EDS subtype, including dermatological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and ocular features, as well as biomechanical and ultrastructural similarities in tissues. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of animal models manifesting phenotypes that mimic EDS with a focus on engineered mouse and zebrafish models, and their relevance in past and future EDS research. Additionally, we briefly discuss domestic animals with naturally occurring EDS phenotypes. Collectively, these animal models have only started to reveal glimpses into the pathophysiological aspects associated with EDS and will undoubtably continue to play critical roles in EDS research due to their tremendous potential for pinpointing (common) signaling pathways, unveiling possible therapeutic targets and providing opportunities for preclinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vroman
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel E. Miller
- Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Syx
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Hirose T, Shimazaki T, Takahashi N, Fukada T, Watanabe T, Tangkawattana P, Takehana K. Morphometric analysis of thoracic aorta in Slc39a13/Zip13-KO mice. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:137-141. [PMID: 30610452 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a collection of inheritable diseases involving the musculoskeletal, integumentary and visual systems. Spondylodysplastic EDS-ZIP13 (spEDS-ZIP13: OMIM 612350) was recently defined as a new form of EDS. Although vasculitis has been found in many spEDS-ZIP13 patients, vascular pathology has not been included as a pathognomonic lesion of this type of EDS. We investigate the morphometry of the thoracic aorta in wild-type and Zip13-knockout (Zip13-KO) mice. Our assessment found abnormalities in the number and morphology of elastic and cellular components in the aortic wall, especially the tunica media, of Zip13-KO mice, indicating aortic fragility. Accordingly, our major findings (vascular smooth muscle cells with small nuclei, small percentage of elastic membrane area per tunica media, many large elastic flaps) should be considered vulnerable characteristics indicating fragility of the aorta in patients with spEDS-ZIP13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hirose
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takamasa Shimazaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8055, Japan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Prasarn Tangkawattana
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Kazushige Takehana
- Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
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Hirose T, Suzuki I, Takahashi N, Fukada T, Tangkawattana P, Takehana K. Morphometric analysis of cornea in the Slc39a13/Zip13-knockout mice. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:814-818. [PMID: 29563392 PMCID: PMC5989028 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of hereditary diseases caused by mutation of extracellular matrix-related genes. Recently, spondylodysplastic EDS-Zip13 (spEDS-Zip13: OMIM 612350) was recognized as a new EDS type. This current study could reveal various morphometric differences of collagenous population in the proper substance of cornea between the wild type and spEDS-Zip13-knockout (Zip13-KO) mice. Blockade of Smad-signaling pathway might initiate these alterations. Predilected dissimilarity in level of transcriptional activity probably dictated morphology of keratocyte and shape and electron density of its nucleus. In addition, the imbalance of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans would also affect the diameter and arrangement of collagen fibrils. These findings would be considered as vulnerable characteristics of corneal stroma of the Zip13-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hirose
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ippei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8055, Japan
| | - Prasarn Tangkawattana
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kazushige Takehana
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Dusanic M, Dekomien G, Lücke T, Vorgerd M, Weis J, Epplen JT, Köhler C, Hoffjan S. Novel Nonsense Mutation in SLC39A13 Initially Presenting as Myopathy: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:100-109. [PMID: 29593477 DOI: 10.1159/000485881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopathies comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by variable phenotypes. The increasing use of next-generation sequencing allows identification of the causative genes in a much higher percentage of patients with hereditary muscle disorders and also illustrates a considerable degree of overlap with other clinical entities, including connective tissue disorders. Here, we present a 14-year-old German patient who was initially suspected to suffer from myopathy based on his clinical, radiological, and muscle biopsy findings. Exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in the SLC39A13 gene, causative for spondylocheiro dysplastic Ehlers Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS), suggesting a connective tissue disorder. Including our patient, only 9 affected individuals from 4 families have been described for SCD-EDS so far. The previously reported patients did not show obvious evidence of myopathy, suggesting a broader clinical presentation than originally suspected. We summarize herein the current knowledge on clinical features as well as pathophysiological pathways for this rare connective tissue disease and discuss the high degree of clinical overlap between myopathic and connective tissue disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Dusanic
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany.,Faculty for Health, ZBAF, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Gabriele Dekomien
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joerg T Epplen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany.,Faculty for Health, ZBAF, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Cornelia Köhler
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Bochum, Germany
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Yamauchi T, Hirose T, Sato K, Iwai K, Takahashi N, Minaguchi J, Ueno T, Tangkawattana P, Takehana K. Changes in skin structure of the Zip13-KO mouse by Makomo (Zizania latifolia) feeding. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1563-1568. [PMID: 28781296 PMCID: PMC5627329 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of disorders caused by abnormalities in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a crucial role in formation of the ECM by the SMAD (Sma-and Mad-related protein, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog) pathway. It has been reported that loss of function of zinc transporter ZRT/IRT-like protein 13 (ZIP13) is the cause of the spondylocheiro dysplastic form of EDS (SCD-EDS: OMIM 612350). Our previous study suggested that TGF-β1 has a relationship with the skin pathological condition in the Zip13-Knockout (KO) mouse, which is a model of SCD-EDS. Thus far, effective treatment based on modern medicine for this syndrome has not yet been established. According to an approach of traditional Chinese medicine, the present study investigates the medicinal effects of Makomo (Zizania latifolia) on certain aspects of SCD-EDS, such as skin morphology and plasma TGF-β1, in Zip13-KO mice. Increases in densities of collagen fibers and fibrils without a significant change in thickness of the dermal layer were observed in the group of mice fed a Makomo-containing diet. No change in the amount of collagen suggests that Makomo feed does not elevate collagen synthesis, but changes the length of glycosaminoglycan chains and decreases the distance between collagen fibrils. In conclusion, the changes of the skin structure suggest that Makomo can increase the mechanical strength of skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.,The Maple Foundation, Chuou-ku, Tokyo 103-0014, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirose
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kaho Sato
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Iwai
- Japan Institute of Leather Research, Toride, Ibaraki 302-0017, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Minaguchi
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueno
- Laboratory of Mathematics, School of Food Science and Human Wellness, Rakuno Gakuen University Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Prasarn Tangkawattana
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kazushige Takehana
- Laboratory of Microanatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Fukunaka A, Fukada T, Bhin J, Suzuki L, Tsuzuki T, Takamine Y, Bin BH, Yoshihara T, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Naito H, Miyatsuka T, Takamiya S, Sasaki T, Inagaki T, Kitamura T, Kajimura S, Watada H, Fujitani Y. Zinc transporter ZIP13 suppresses beige adipocyte biogenesis and energy expenditure by regulating C/EBP-β expression. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006950. [PMID: 28854265 PMCID: PMC5576661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the relevance of beige adipocytes in adult humans, a better understanding of the molecular circuits involved in beige adipocyte biogenesis has provided new insight into human brown adipocyte biology. Genetic mutations in SLC39A13/ZIP13, a member of zinc transporter family, are known to reduce adipose tissue mass in humans; however, the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the Zip13-deficient mouse shows enhanced beige adipocyte biogenesis and energy expenditure, and shows ameliorated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Both gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that an accumulation of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) protein, which cooperates with dominant transcriptional co-regulator PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) to determine brown/beige adipocyte lineage, is essential for the enhanced adipocyte browning caused by the loss of ZIP13. Furthermore, ZIP13-mediated zinc transport is a prerequisite for degrading the C/EBP-β protein to inhibit adipocyte browning. Thus, our data reveal an unexpected association between zinc homeostasis and beige adipocyte biogenesis, which may contribute significantly to the development of new therapies for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Inducible brown fat-like cells, named beige adipocytes have recently been a topic of great interest, mainly because they are induced in response to external cues, and are closely associated with adult human brown adipocyte. Therefore, the identification of selective molecular circuits involved in beige adipocyte biogenesis and thermogenesis will enable the selective induction of white adipocyte browning as a therapy for obesity. Here, we show that zinc homeostasis, which is controlled by ZIP13, a protein associated with human disease, is essential for the accurate regulation of beige adipocyte differentiation. Inhibition of ZIP13 function enhances beige adipocyte biogenesis and thermogenesis, highlighting the potential of ZIP13 as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Fukunaka
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- AMED-JST-CREST Program, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luka Suzuki
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Tsuzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Takamine
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hisashi Naito
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Takamiya
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inagaki
- Laboratory of Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
- PRESTO-JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- AMED-JST-CREST Program, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bin BH, Bhin J, Seo J, Kim SY, Lee E, Park K, Choi DH, Takagishi T, Hara T, Hwang D, Koseki H, Asada Y, Shimoda S, Mishima K, Fukada T. Requirement of Zinc Transporter SLC39A7/ZIP7 for Dermal Development to Fine-Tune Endoplasmic Reticulum Function by Regulating Protein Disulfide Isomerase. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1682-1691. [PMID: 28545780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the first area that manifests zinc deficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms by which zinc homeostasis affects skin development remain largely unknown. Here, we show that zinc-regulation transporter-/iron-regulation transporter-like protein 7 (ZIP7) localized to the endoplasmic reticulum plays critical roles in connective tissue development. Mice lacking the Slc39a7/Zip7 gene in collagen 1-expressing tissue exhibited dermal dysplasia. Ablation of ZIP7 in mesenchymal stem cells inhibited cell proliferation thereby preventing proper dermis formation, indicating that ZIP7 is required for dermal development. We also found that mesenchymal stem cells lacking ZIP7 accumulated zinc in the endoplasmic reticulum, which triggered zinc-dependent aggregation and inhibition of protein disulfide isomerase, leading to endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction. These results suggest that ZIP7 is necessary for endoplasmic reticulum function in mesenchymal stem cells and, as such, is essential for dermal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Ho Bin
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Seo
- Amorepacific R&D Unit, Beauty in Longevity Science Research Division, Beauty Food Research Team, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhee Park
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Choi
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Teruhisa Takagishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Asada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Oral Anatomy-1, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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