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Yip JLK, Balasuriya GK, Hill-Yardin EL, Spencer SJ. The gut-brain and gut-macrophage contribution to gastrointestinal dysfunction with systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:867-877. [PMID: 38750700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is one of the main organs affected during systemic inflammation and disrupted gastrointestinal motility is a major clinical manifestation. Many studies have investigated the involvement of neuroimmune interactions in regulating colonic motility during localized colonic inflammation, i.e., colitis. However, little is known about how the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages contribute to dysregulated motility during systemic inflammation. Given that systemic inflammation commonly results from the innate immune response against bacterial infection, we mimicked bacterial infection by administering lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rats and assessed colonic motility using ex vivo video imaging techniques. We utilized the Cx3cr1-Dtr rat model of transient depletion of macrophages to investigate the role of intestinal macrophages in regulating colonic motility during LPS infection. To investigate the role of inhibitory enteric neurotransmission on colonic motility following LPS, we applied the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA). Our results confirmed an increase in colonic contraction frequency during LPS-induced systemic inflammation. However, neither the depletion of intestinal macrophages, nor the suppression of inhibitory enteric nervous system activity impacted colonic motility disruption during inflammation. This implies that the interplay between the enteric nervous system and intestinal macrophages is nuanced, and complex, and further investigation is needed to clarify their joint roles in colonic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson L K Yip
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gayathri K Balasuriya
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Parkar N, Dalziel JE, Spencer NJ, Janssen P, McNabb WC, Young W. Slowed gastrointestinal transit is associated with an altered caecal microbiota in an aged rat model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1139152. [PMID: 36998634 PMCID: PMC10043340 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1139152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) motility is largely dependent upon activity within the enteric nervous system (ENS) and is an important part of the digestive process. Dysfunction of the ENS can impair GI motility as is seen in the case of constipation where gut transit time is prolonged. Animal models mimicking symptoms of constipation have been developed by way of pharmacological manipulations. Studies have reported an association between altered GI motility and gut microbial population. Little is known about the changes in gut microbiota profile resulting specifically from pharmacologically induced slowed GI motility in rats. Moreover, the relationship between gut microbiota and altered intestinal motility is based on studies using faecal samples, which are easier to obtain but do not accurately reflect the intestinal microbiome. The aim of this study was to examine how delayed GI transit due to opioid receptor agonism in the ENS modifies caecal microbiota composition. Differences in caecal microbial composition of loperamide-treated or control male Sprague Dawley rats were determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results revealed that significant differences were observed at both genus and family level between treatment groups. Bacteroides were relatively abundant in the loperamide-induced slowed GI transit group, compared to controls. Richness and diversity of the bacterial communities was significantly lower in the loperamide-treated group compared to the control group. Understanding the link between specific microbial species and varying transit times is crucial to design interventions targeting the microbiome and to treat intestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Parkar
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Smart, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Nabil Parkar,
| | - Julie E. Dalziel
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Smart, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick J. Spencer
- Discipline of Physiology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, School of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patrick Janssen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C. McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts, AgResearch Smart, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital organ that digests food, absorbs nutrients, and excretes waste. Normal GI motility is the basis for these functions. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the GI muscularis layer promote GI motility together with the enteric nervous system and smooth muscle cells. Since GI motility results from complex coordination of these heterogeneous cells, failure of any one of them can lead to GI dysmotility. Knowledge about ICC in physiological conditions has accumulated in recent decades, while the pathophysiology of ICC in GI inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the previous studies about the pathophysiological changes of ICC in inflammatory diseases and discuss the inflammatory mediators that induce ICC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kaji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa 252-5201,
Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of
Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-8657, Japan
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4
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Zheng Z, Tang J, Hu Y, Zhang W. Role of gut microbiota-derived signals in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:961703. [PMID: 35935766 PMCID: PMC9354785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.961703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors trillions of commensal microbes, called the gut microbiota, which plays a significant role in the regulation of GI physiology, particularly GI motility. The GI tract expresses an array of receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), G-protein coupled receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and ligand-gated ion channels, that sense different gut microbiota-derived bioactive substances. Specifically, microbial cell wall components and metabolites, including lipopeptides, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and tryptophan metabolites, mediate the effect of gut microbiota on GI motility through their close interactions with the enteroendocrine system, enteric nervous system, intestinal smooth muscle, and immune system. In turn, GI motility affects the colonization within the gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms by which gut microbiota interacts with GI motility remain to be elucidated. Deciphering the underlying mechanisms is greatly important for the prevention or treatment of GI dysmotility, which is a complication associated with many GI diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and constipation. In this perspective, we overview the current knowledge on the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in the regulation of GI motility, highlighting the potential mechanisms, in an attempt to provide valuable clues for the development of gut microbiota-dependent therapy to improve GI motility.
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Heeney A, Rogers AC, Mohan H, Mc Dermott F, Baird AW, Winter DC. Prostaglandin E 2 receptors and their role in gastrointestinal motility - Potential therapeutic targets. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106499. [PMID: 33035691 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a diverse variety of functions and roles. The recent discovery of four PGE2 receptor subtypes in intestinal muscle layers as well as in the enteric plexus has led to much interest in the study of their roles in gut motility. Gut dysmotility has been implicated in functional disease processes including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and slow transit constipation, and lubiprostone, a PGE2 derivative, has recently been licensed to treat both conditions. The diversity of actions of PGE2 in the intestinal tract is attributed to its differing effects on its downstream receptor types, as well as their varied distribution in the gut, in both health and disease. This review aims to identify the role and distribution of PGE2 receptors in the intestinal tract, and aims to elucidate their distinct role in gut motor function, with a specific focus on functional intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heeney
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - A C Rogers
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - H Mohan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Mc Dermott
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A W Baird
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D C Winter
- Institute for Clinical Outcomes, Research and Education (ICORE), St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Rytel L, Wojtkiewicz J, Snarska A, Mikołajczyk A. Changes in the Neurochemical Characterization of Enteric Neurons in the Porcine Duodenum After Administration of Low-Dose Salmonella Enteritidis Lipopolysaccharides. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1556-1566. [PMID: 31939106 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans or endotoxins, form part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Previous studies have described the various harmful impacts of LPS on humans and animals. Nevertheless, many aspects of these effects are still not fully explained. One of them is the influence of endotoxins on the neurochemical characterization of neurons within the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is found in the intestinal wall and plays important adaptive roles during pathological processes and exposures. In this study, the impact of a low single dose of Salmonella Enteritidis LPS on the duodenal enteric neurons immunoreactive to substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP-27), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) was studied using a double immunofluorescence technique. During the study, it was shown that even a low dose of LPS affects the number of enteric neurons containing the neuropeptides studied, and these changes were dependent on the type of the enteric plexus. The most visible changes concerned the SP-like immunoreactive (LI) neurons in the outer submucous plexus (LPS caused an increase in the percentage of these neurons from15.74 ± 0.61 to 21.72 ± 0.79%). Furthermore, the VIP-LI neurons in the inner submucous plexus were seen to decrease from 12.64 ± 0.83 to 5.96 ± 0.58%. The mechanisms behind these noted fluctuations are not clear, but it may be connected with the pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activity of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Snarska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Mihara T, Otsubo W, Horiguchi K, Mikawa S, Kaji N, Iino S, Ozaki H, Hori M. The anti-inflammatory pathway regulated via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat intestinal mesothelial cells. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:1795-1802. [PMID: 28931778 PMCID: PMC5709555 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of inflammation in intestinal mesothelial cells in the abdominal cavity is important for the pathogeny of clinical conditions, such as postoperative ileus, peritonitis and encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Here we have examined the inflammatory effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the anti-inflammatory effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation in rat intestinal mesothelial cells. LPS upregulated mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The α7, α9 and α10 subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor were detected in intestinal mesothelial cells. Nicotine (10 nM) significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-1β and iNOS, but not TNF-α and MCP-1. In addition, the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor selective agonist, PNU-282987 (10 nM), significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-1β but not TNF-α, iNOS and MCP-1. Finally, we found that enteric nerves adhered to intestinal mesothelial cells located under the ileal serosa. In conclusion, intestinal mesothelial cells react to LPS to induce the production of nitric oxide from iNOS. The anti-inflammatory action of intestinal mesothelial cells expressing α7nAChR may be mediated via their connectivity with enteric nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Mihara
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Wataru Otsubo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Shoma Mikawa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iino
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Kawanishi S, Ohnishi S, Ma N, Hiraku Y, Murata M. Crosstalk between DNA Damage and Inflammation in the Multiple Steps of Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1808. [PMID: 28825631 PMCID: PMC5578195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation can be induced by chronic infection, inflammatory diseases and physicochemical factors. Chronic inflammation is estimated to contribute to approximately 25% of human cancers. Under inflammatory conditions, inflammatory and epithelial cells release reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), which are capable of causing DNA damage, including the formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-nitroguanine. We reported that 8-nitroguanine was clearly formed at the sites of cancer induced by infectious agents including Helicobacter pylori, inflammatory diseases including Barrett's esophagus, and physicochemical factors including asbestos. DNA damage can lead to mutations and genomic instability if not properly repaired. Moreover, DNA damage response can also induce high mobility group box 1-generating inflammatory microenvironment, which is characterized by hypoxia. Hypoxia induces hypoxia-inducible factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which increases the levels of intracellular RNS and ROS, resulting DNA damage in progression with poor prognosis. Furthermore, tumor-producing inflammation can induce nuclear factor-κB, resulting in iNOS-dependent DNA damage. Therefore, crosstalk between DNA damage and inflammation may play important roles in cancer development. A proposed mechanism for the crosstalk may explain why aspirin decreases the long-term risk of cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Kawanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Shiho Ohnishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Ning Ma
- Division of Health Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Hiraku
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Erşan İ, Gürsoy S, Avcı O, Altun A, Bağcıvan İ, Düger C, Kol İÖ, Kaygusuz K, Mimaroğlu MC. Comparison of In Vitro Effects of Opioid Analgesics on Spontaneous Proximal and Distal Colon Contractions in Healthy Rats and Rats with Peritonitis. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2017; 46:191-196. [PMID: 30140514 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2018.87519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of opioids on proximal and distal colon contractions in normal rats and rats with peritonitis, with and without the presence of naloxone in the environment. Methods The study was approved by Cumhuriyet University Ethics committee. In this study, 16 Wistar Albino male rats were used. Rats were divided into two groups. Peritonitis was induced using a cecum ligation and perforation method, 24 h before the tissues of rats in the peritonitis group were collected, and sham surgery was performed 24 h before the tissues of rats in the control group were collected. Twenty-four hours after the surgery, rats' organs were harvested and hung in organ baths. Concentration-dependent inhibitory effects of morphine and meperidine on spontaneous intestinal movements were observed. Any differences between the groups were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and any differences between the groups were tested using the Tukey test. Results No significant difference was observed between the proximal and distal colon smooth muscle contraction responses in both groups after 80 mM Potassium Chloride (KCl) injection (p>0.005). In the peritonitis group, amplitudes and frequencies of spontaneous contractions in proximal and distal colon significantly increased (p<0.05). Drugs decreased the amplitude and frequency responses in the control group (p<0.05). In the peritonitis group, whereas morphine decreased the amplitude and frequency responses in comparison with the control group (p<0.05), meperidine did not cause any significant changes (p>0.05). In both groups, adding naloxone to the organ baths before adding opioids completely blocked the morphine's inhibitory effect on the amplitude and frequency (p<0.05), but it could not completely block the inhibition caused by meperidine. Conclusion Morphine and meperidine exhibit an inhibitory effect on the intestinal motility in both groups. This effect can be blocked by naloxone completely in morphine, and partially in meperidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- İdris Erşan
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Sinan Gürsoy
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Onur Avcı
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology, Sivas Numune Hospital, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altun
- Department of Pharmacology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - İhsan Bağcıvan
- Department of Pharmacology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Cevdet Düger
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - İclal Özdemir Kol
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Kenan Kaygusuz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
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Ameliorating effects of 1,8-cineole on LPS-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury by suppressing NF-κB signaling in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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