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Song B, Zeb J, Hussain S, Aziz MU, Circella E, Casalino G, Camarda A, Yang G, Buchon N, Sparagano O. A Review on the Marek's Disease Outbreak and Its Virulence-Related meq Genovariation in Asia between 2011 and 2021. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050540. [PMID: 35268107 PMCID: PMC8908813 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Marek’s disease is continuously causing an economic loss in Asia, despite the wide use of vaccines in the last decade. This review aims at summarizing the outbreak, the virulence-related meq gene variation, and the pathological information of Marek’s disease in the last decade in Asia. We found that a total of 132 viral strains emerged in 12 countries with different meq sequences. Among the evidence we have collected, 12 strains found in China were vaccine-resistant, reaching a mortality rate of 30% and above. This evidence requires the related region in China to consider the renewal of its vaccination type; however, more studies regarding the vaccination efficiency in other Asian countries are recommended, as the current information is not enough. The visceral tumor is the most common pathological type (13 in 16 studies) in Asia, while it is possible that a neural type may exist. We suggest that farmers monitor the behavioral changes of chickens to identify this harmful disease at the early stage. The phylogenetic analysis shows interconnection between Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian countries that are geologically connected—poultry trading managers should consider the potential of viral transmitting. Abstract Marek’s disease is an infectious disease in poultry that usually appears in neural and visceral tumors. This disease is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 infection in lymphocytes, and its meq gene is commonly used in virulent studies for coding the key protein functional in oncogenic transformation of the lymphocytes. Although vaccines have been introduced in many countries to control its spread and are proven to be efficient, recent records show a decline of such efficiency due to viral evolution. In this study, we reviewed the outbreak of Marek’s disease in Asia for the last 10 years, together with associated meq sequences, finding a total of 36 studies recording outbreaks with 132 viral strains in 12 countries. The visceral type is the most common (13 in 16 studies) form of Marek’s disease, but additional unobserved neural changes may exist. MD induces liver lymphoma most frequently (11 in 14 studies), and tumors were also found in spleen, kidney, heart, gizzard, skin, intestine, lung, and sciatic nerve. Twelve viral strains distributed in China have been reported to escape the CVI988 vaccine, reaching a mortality rate of more than 30%. Phylogenetic analyses show the internal connection between the Middle East (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia), South Asia (India, Indonesia), and East Asia (China and Japan), while external viral communications might occasionally occur. In 18 strains with both sequential and mortality data, amino acid alignment showed several point substitutions that may be related to its virulence. We suggest more behavioral monitoring in Marek’s disease-endemic regions and further studies on strain virulence, together with its Meq protein structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (B.S.); (J.Z.); (S.H.); (M.U.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Jehan Zeb
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (B.S.); (J.Z.); (S.H.); (M.U.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (B.S.); (J.Z.); (S.H.); (M.U.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Umair Aziz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (B.S.); (J.Z.); (S.H.); (M.U.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Elena Circella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, S.P. Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Gaia Casalino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, S.P. Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Camarda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, S.P. Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (B.S.); (J.Z.); (S.H.); (M.U.A.); (G.Y.)
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Olivier Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China; (B.S.); (J.Z.); (S.H.); (M.U.A.); (G.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Murata S, Machida Y, Isezaki M, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Genetic characterization of a Marek's disease virus strain isolated in Japan. Virol J 2020; 17:186. [PMID: 33228722 PMCID: PMC7684920 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Marek’s disease virus (MDV) causes malignant lymphomas in chickens (Marek’s disease, MD). MD is currently controlled by vaccination; however, MDV strains have a tendency to develop increased virulence. Distinct diversity and point mutations are present in the Meq proteins, the oncoproteins of MDV, suggesting that changes in protein function induced by amino acid substitutions might affect MDV virulence. We previously reported that recent MDV isolates in Japan display distinct mutations in Meq proteins from those observed in traditional MDV isolates in Japan, but similar to those in MDV strains isolated from other countries. Methods To further investigate the genetic characteristics in Japanese field strains, we sequenced the whole genome of an MDV strain that was successfully isolated from a chicken with MD in Japan. A phylogenetic analysis of the meq gene was also performed. Results Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Meq proteins in most of the Japanese isolates were similar to those of Chinese and European strains, and the genomic sequence of the Japanese strain was classified into the Eurasian cluster. Comparison of coding region sequences among the Japanese strain and MDV strains from other countries revealed that the genetic characteristics of the Japanese strain were similar to those of Chinese and European strains. Conclusions The MDV strains distributed in Asian and European countries including Japan seem to be genetically closer to each other than to MDV strains from North America. These findings indicate that the genetic diversities of MDV strains that emerged may have been dependent on the different vaccination-based control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Yuka Machida
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Isezaki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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Yang F, Feng C, Yao Y, Qin A, Shao H, Qian K. Antiviral effect of baicalin on Marek's disease virus in CEF cells. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:371. [PMID: 33008383 PMCID: PMC7532598 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baicalin, the main metabolic component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has various pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-bactericidal and anti-viral. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-Marek's disease virus (MDV) activities of baicalin in CEF cells. RESULTS Here, we showed that baicalin could inhibit viral mRNA, protein levels and overall plaque formation in a time-dependent manner. We also found that baicalin could consistently inhibit MDV replication and directly affect the virus infectivity. Moreover, baicalin treatment has no effect on expression level of antiviral cytokine and inflammatory cytokines in MDV infected CEFs. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that baicalin could be a potential drug against MDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Chun Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China. .,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P.R. China. .,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China. .,, Yangzhou, P. R. China.
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