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Oladzad V, Nasrollahi Omran A, Haghani I, Nabili M, Guillot J, Seyedmousavi S, Hedayati MT. Asymptomatic colonization of stray dogs and domestic cats with Trichophyton mentagrophytes II* in Northern Iran. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101496. [PMID: 38986423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite changes in the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections, the incidence of fungal infections associated with Trichophyton species still remains high among dogs and cats. The objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize dermatophytes from dogs and cats in Iran. METHOD From December 2022 to May 2023, skin and hair samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic cats and dogs in Mazandaran, a northern province of Iran. The samples were then inoculated into Mycosel™ Agar. Dermatophyte isolates were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region. Antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI-M38-A3). RESULT Of the 250 samples collected (from 200 dogs and 50 cats), 20 (from 19 dogs and one cat) (8.0 %) were positive for dermatophyte growth. Based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis, all isolates belonged to T. mentagrophytes II*. Of these positive samples, 14 (70.0 %), 3 (15.0 %), 2 (10.0 %), and 1 (2.0 %) were isolated from asymptomatic stray dogs, symptomatic stray dogs, symptomatic domestic dogs, and symptomatic cats, respectively. Luliconazole and terbinafine displayed potent activity against all T. mentagrophytes isolates, with Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.016 µg/ml. Miconazole and griseofulvin demonstrated higher MIC (1 and 8 µg/ml). CONCLUSION The present study indicated that T. mentagrophytes II* asymptomatic carriage is frequent in stray dogs in Iran. The potential risk to public health needs to be evaluated However, T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII, considered as an endemic and emerging human pathogenic clone in several countries, was not detected during the present survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Oladzad
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Ayatollah Nasrollahi Omran
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran.
| | - Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Nabili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Oniris, Clinical Sciences Department, Nantes, France; Université d'Angers, Université de Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Bagra JK, Nair SS, Athira V, Suman Kumar M, Kumar M, Thomas P, Kumar B, Chaturvedi VK, Dandapat P, Abhishek. In vitro virulotyping, antifungal susceptibility testing and DNA fingerprinting of Microsporum canis strains of canine and feline origin. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 104:102100. [PMID: 38043450 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Microsporum canis is considered the common dermatophyte agent associated with ringworm in felines and canines. In the present study, we sampled n = 548 felines and canines for the probable isolation of M. canis. The rate of isolation from the cats and dogs was 70.27 % (52/74) and 1.68 % (8/474), respectively and Persian cats were found to be highly susceptible to M. canis infection. The strains were evaluated for their production of phospholipase, lipase, catalase, and hemolysis and their ability to grow at 35 ℃. All the strains were identified as low producers of catalase and n = 17 strains exhibited high thermotolerance ability. Terbinafine was found to be the most effective antifungal drug and fluconazole was the least effective, in vitro. AFLP analysis revealed three genotypes of M. canis with 15 sub-clusters showing ≥ 90 % similarity and 7 sub-clusters exhibiting 100 % similarity. However, the phenotypic characters cannot be attributed based on the AFLP profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Bagra
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonu S Nair
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Athira
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Suman Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prasad Thomas
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bablu Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Santana AE, Sellera FP. Drug resistance in fungi of dermatological interest: A clinical challenge on the horizon? Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:634-635. [PMID: 37919098 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline E Santana
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
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Dreger M, Adamczak A, Foksowicz-Flaczyk J. Antibacterial and Antimycotic Activity of Epilobium angustifolium L. Extracts: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1419. [PMID: 37895890 PMCID: PMC10609845 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to provide an overview of available information on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of Epilobium angustifolium extracts. A literature search of Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and June 2023 was undertaken. A total of 23 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Significant variation of antimicrobial activity depending on the tested species and strains, type of extract solvent, or plant organs utilized for the extract preparation was found. E. angustifolium extracts were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and showed antimycotic effects against the fungi of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton tonsurans and the dermatophytes Arthroderma spp. Greater susceptibility of Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria to fireweed extracts was found. A strong antibacterial effect was recorded for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii including multi-drug resistant strains. E. angustifolium extract might find practical application as an antimicrobial in wound healing, components of cosmetic products for human and animals, or as food preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Dreger
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Adamczak
- Department of Breeding and Botany of Useful Plants, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska, Poland;
| | - Joanna Foksowicz-Flaczyk
- Department of Bioproducts Engineering, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants—National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland;
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Abastabar M, Babaei M, Mohammadi R, Valadan R, Javidnia J, Zaedi A, Aghili SR, Haghani I, Khojasteh S, Reazaei-Matehkolaei A, Kiasat N, Hesari KK, Ghasemi Z, Azish M, Zarrinfar H, Taghizadeh-Armaki M, Keikha N, Kharazi M, Khodadadi H, Hedayati MT, Shokohi T. Iranian National Survey on Tinea Capitis: Antifungal Susceptibility Profile, Epidemiological Characteristics, and Report of Two Strains with a Novel Mutation in SQLE Gene with Homology Modeling. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:449-460. [PMID: 35980496 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data on the epidemiological and antifungal susceptibility profile of tinea capitis (TC) in Iran has not been updated in recent decades. This report presents the Iranian epidemiological and drug susceptibility data regarding the distribution of dermatophytes species isolated by six national mycology centers for a period of one year (2020-2021). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 2100 clinical samples from individuals suspeted to TC were subjected to mycological analysis of direct microscopy and culture. For definite species identification, the culture isolates were additionally subjected to PCR-RFLP and PCR-sequencing of the ITS ribosomal DNA (ITS-rDNA) region. Antifungal susceptibility profiles for eight common antifungal drugs were determined by CLSI M38-A3 guidelines. The SQLE gene was partially amplified and sequenced in two terbinafine-resistant and two susceptible T. mentagrophytes isolates to elucidate probable substitutions involved in resistance. RESULTS TC (n = 94) was diagnosed in 75 children (79.8%) and 19 adults (20.2%) by direct microscopy and culture. Frequency of TC was significantly more among males (66 males = 70.2% vs 28 females = 29.8%). The prevalent age group affected was 5-9 years (39.36%). Thirty-two (34.04%) T. mentagrophytes, 27 (28.7%) T. tonsurans, 14 (14.9%) M. canis, 13 (13.8%) T. violaceum, 5 (5.32%) T. indotineae, 2 (2.1%) T. benhamiae, and 1 (1.1%) T. schoenleinii were identified as the causative agents. MIC values of isolates showed susceptibility to all antifungal agents, except for fluconazole and griseofulvin with GM MIC of 11.91 μg/ml and 2.01 μg/ml, respectively. Terbinafine exhibited more activity against isolates, with GM MIC 0.084 μg/ml followed by ketoconazole (0.100 μg/ml), econazole (0.107 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.133 μg/ml), butenafine (0.142 μg/ml), and miconazole (0.325 μg/ml). Two resistant T. mentagrophytes isolates harbored missense mutations in SQLE gene, corresponding to amino acid substitution F397L. Remarkably, one unique mutation, C1255T, in the SQLE sequence of two terbinafine-susceptible T. mentagrophytes strains leading to a change of leucine at the 419th position to phenylalanine (L419F) was detected. CONCLUSIONS T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, and M. canis remained the main agents of TC in Iran, however less known species such as T. indotinea and T. benhamiae are emerging as new ones. Terbinafine could still be the appropriate choice for the treatment of diverse forms of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Babaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Valadan
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Arezoo Zaedi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Aghili
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khojasteh
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Reazaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neda Kiasat
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Kamyab Hesari
- Department of Dermatopathology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azish
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Hossein Zarrinfar
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Taghizadeh-Armaki
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Center, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Naser Keikha
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Kharazi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Khodadadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Effects of Coleus amboinicus L. Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extracts on Planktonic Cells and Biofilm Formation of Microsporum canis Isolated from Feline Dermatophytosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121734. [PMID: 36551390 PMCID: PMC9774219 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporum canis is an important zoonotic fungus that causes dermatophytosis in domestic animals and their owners. Domestic cats are the primary reservoir for M. canis. Antifungal drugs frequently produce adverse effects on the host animal, increasing the demand for novel alternative treatments derived from nature. We evaluated the antifungal activity of Coleus amboinicus essential oil (CEO) and ethanolic extracts (CEE) against M. canis in planktonic and biofilm growth. Twelve clinical isolates of M. canis were identified in feline dermatophyte samples. Using GC-MS, 18 compounds were identified in CEO, with carvacrol being the major constituent. HPLC analysis of CEE revealed that it contained rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and caffeic acid. The planktonic growth of all M. canis isolates was inhibited by C. amboinicus extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration at which ≥50% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC50) was 128 µg/mL (32-256 µg/mL) for both CEO and CEE. The MIC90 values of CEO and CEE were 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively. CEO at MIC (128 µg/mL) and 2× MIC (256 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of weak, moderate, and strong biofilm-producing M. canis. CEE at 2× MIC (256 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of all isolates. Overall, C. amboinicus extracts inhibited planktonic growth and exhibited a significant antibiofilm effect against M. canis. Thus, C. amboinicus is a potential source of natural antifungal compounds.
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Langfeldt A, Gold JAW, Chiller T. Emerging Fungal Infections: from the Fields to the Clinic, Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and Dermatophyte Species: a One Health Perspective on an Urgent Public Health Problem. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 9:46-51. [PMID: 36188157 PMCID: PMC9512973 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-022-00181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review For this review, we use a One Health approach to examine two globally emerging public health threats related to antifungal drug resistance: triazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus infections, which can cause a life-threatening illness in immunocompromised hosts, and antifungal-resistant dermatophytosis, which is an aggressive skin infection caused by dermatophyte molds. We describe the state of current scientific knowledge and outline necessary public health actions to address each issue. Recent Findings Recent evidence has identified the agricultural use of triazole fungicides as an important driver of triazole-resistant A. fumigatus infections. Antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections are likely driven by the inappropriate use of antifungal drugs and antibacterial and corticosteroid creams. Summary This review highlights the need for a One Health approach to address emerging antifungal resistant infections, emphasizing judicious antifungal use to preserve available treatments; strengthened laboratory capacity to identify antifungal resistance; and improved human, animal, and environmental surveillance to detect emerging resistance, monitor trends, and evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to decrease spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Langfeldt
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jeremy A. W. Gold
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Tom Chiller
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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New Insights in Dermatophytes: Microsporum spp. and Nannizzia spp. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Rogers TR, Verweij PE, Castanheira M, Dannaoui E, White PL, Arendrup MC. OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2053-2073. [PMID: 35703391 PMCID: PMC9333407 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence and changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections continue to present many challenges to their effective management. The repertoire of antifungal drugs available for treatment is still limited although there are new antifungals on the horizon. Successful treatment of invasive mycoses is dependent on a mix of pathogen-, host- and antifungal drug-related factors. Laboratories need to be adept at detection of fungal pathogens in clinical samples in order to effectively guide treatment by identifying isolates with acquired drug resistance. While there are international guidelines on how to conduct in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing, these are not performed as widely as for bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, fungi generally are recovered in cultures more slowly than bacteria, and often cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Therefore, non-culture-based methods, including molecular tests, to detect fungi in clinical specimens are increasingly important in patient management and are becoming more reliable as technology improves. Molecular methods can also be used for detection of target gene mutations or other mechanisms that predict antifungal drug resistance. This review addresses acquired antifungal drug resistance in the principal human fungal pathogens and describes known resistance mechanisms and what in-house and commercial tools are available for their detection. It is emphasized that this approach should be complementary to culture-based susceptibility testing, given the range of mutations, resistance mechanisms and target genes that may be present in clinical isolates, but may not be included in current molecular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maiken Cavling Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Zhou YB, Xiao YY, Chao JJ, Ma L. In vitro Activity of Allicin Alone and in Combination With Antifungal Drugs Against Microsporum canis Isolated From Patients With Tinea Capitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:783086. [PMID: 34901093 PMCID: PMC8660966 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.783086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The checkerboard broth method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A3 document was used in this study to evaluate the in vitro activity of allicin alone and in combination with the antifungal drugs (griseofulvin, fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine) against Microsporum canis isolated from patients with tinea capitis. When allicin was used alone, only weak anti-M. canis effects were found. The MIC50, MIC90 and geometric mean (GM) of terbinafine were the lowest among the compounds tested. Synergism was observed for the combinations of allicin with itraconazole and terbinafine. Only indifference was observed for the combinations of allicin with griseofulvin and fluconazole. Our study illustrated the synergism of allicin in combination with itraconazole and terbinafine, which could be a reference for the treatment of tinea capitis due to M. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Bin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jing Chao
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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Hariu M, Watanabe Y, Shimada D, Imai H, Takano K, Kamioka Y, Seki M. A Household Microsporum canis Dermatophytosis Suggested by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2021; 22:e930713. [PMID: 33813588 PMCID: PMC8033217 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.930713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Case series Patients: Female, 4-year-old • her family (father, mother, sister) Final Diagnosis: Microsporum canis dermatophytosis Symptoms: Itiching Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) Specialty: Infectious Diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Hariu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan.,Laboratory for Clinical Microbiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuji Watanabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan.,Laboratory for Clinical Microbiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daishi Shimada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Haruka Imai
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kauki Takano
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan.,Laboratory for Clinical Microbiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamioka
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan.,Division of Pharmacy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Seki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai City, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Aneke CI, Rhimi W, Hubka V, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Virulence and Antifungal Susceptibility of Microsporum canis Strains from Animals and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:296. [PMID: 33809233 PMCID: PMC8000290 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic and antifungal profiles of dermatophytes play an important role in causing infections in humans and animals. This study aimed to assess the virulence factors produced by Microsporum canis strains, in vitro antifungal profile and the relationship between virulence, antifungal profile and occurrence of lesions in animals and humans. A total of 100 M. canis strains from humans with tinea corporis (n = 10) and from animals presenting (n = 64) or not (n = 26) skin lesions was employed to evaluate phospholipase (Pz), hemolytic (Hz), lipase (Lz), catalase (Ca), and thermotolerance (GI) activities. In addition, in vitro antifungal profile was conducted using the CLSI broth microdilution method. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in Lz and Ca values was revealed among strains from hosts with and without lesions. Voriconazole, terbinafine, and posaconazole were the most active drugs followed by ketoconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, and fluconazole in decreasing activity order. The significant positive correlation between azole susceptibility profile of M. canis and virulence factors (i.e., hemolysin and catalase) suggest that both enzyme patterns and antifungal susceptibility play a role in the appearance of skin lesions in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, 410001 Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
| | - Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi “Aldo Moro”, 70010 Bari, Italy; (C.I.A.); (W.R.); (D.O.)
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M, Osińska M. Complementary effect of mechanism of multidrug resistance in Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolated from human dermatophytoses of animal origin. Mycoses 2021; 64:537-549. [PMID: 33448025 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytoses have gained interest worldwide due to the increased resistance to terbinafine and azoles and difficulty in management of these refractory diseases. OBJECTIVES In this study, we identified and analysed Trichophyton mentagrophytes clinical isolates obtained from humans with infections of animal origin. METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to examine the transcriptional modulation of three MDR genes (PDR1, MDR2 and MDR4) and analysed squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene sequences from multidrug-resistant Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates. RESULTS The expression profile revealed a 2- to 12-fold increase in mRNA accumulation in the presence of any of the antifungals, compared to cells incubated without drugs. A statistically significant relationship between the isolates exposed to itraconazole and increased expression of the tested genes was revealed. Substantially lower transcription levels were noted for cells exposed to luliconazole, that is, a third-generation azole. Additionally, in the case of 50% of terbinafine-resistant strains, Leu397Phe substitution in the SQLE gene was detected. Furthermore, the reduced susceptibility to itraconazole and voriconazole was overcome by milbemycin oxime. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study shed more light on the role of the ABC transporter family in T. mentagrophytes, which, if overexpressed, can confer resistance to single azole drugs and even cross-resistance. Finally, milbemycin oxime could be an interesting compound supporting treatment with azole drugs in the case of refractory dermatomycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Belgian National Survey on Tinea Capitis: Epidemiological Considerations and Highlight of Terbinafine-Resistant T. mentagrophytes with a Mutation on SQLE Gene. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040195. [PMID: 33003309 PMCID: PMC7712443 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In this last decade, a huge increase in African anthropophilic strains causing tinea capitis has been observed in Europe. The Belgian National Reference Center for Mycosis (NRC) conducted a surveillance study on tinea capitis in 2018 to learn the profile of circulating dermatophytes. Methods: Belgian laboratories were invited to send all dermatophyte strains isolated from the scalp with epidemiological information. Strain identification was confirmed by ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequencing. Mutation in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene was screened by PCR. Results: The main population affected by tinea capitis was children from 5–9 years. Males were more affected than females. The majority of the strains were collected in the Brussels area followed by the Liege area. Among known ethnic origins, African people were more affected by tinea capitis than European people. The major aetiological agent was Microsporum audouinii, followed by Trichophyton soudanense. One strain of Trichophyton mentagrophytes has been characterized to have a mutation on the squalene epoxidase gene and to be resistant to terbinafine. Conclusions: African anthropophilic dermatophytes are mainly responsible for tinea capitis in Belgium. People of African origin are most affected by tinea capitis. The monitoring of terbinafine resistance among dermatophytes seems necessary as we have demonstrated the emergence of resistance in T. mentagrophytes.
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Arendrup MC, Kahlmeter G, Guinea J, Meletiadis J. How to: perform antifungal susceptibility testing of microconidia-forming dermatophytes following the new reference EUCAST method E.Def 11.0, exemplified by Trichophyton. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:55-60. [PMID: 32916260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antifungal drug resistance in dermatophytes was first reported shortly after the turn of the millennium and has today been reported in Trichophyton and occasionally in Microsporum, but not in Epidermophyton species. Although drug resistance in dermatophytes is not routinely investigated, resistance in Trichophyton spp. is increasingly reported worldwide. The highest rates are observed in India (36% and 68% for terbinafine (MIC ≥4 mg/L) and fluconazole (MICs ≥16 mg/L), respectively), and apparently involve the spread of a unique clade related to the Trichophyton mentagrophytes/Trichophyton interdigitale complex. OBJECTIVES The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST) has released a new method (E.Def 11.0) for antifungal susceptibility testing against microconidia-forming dermatophytes including tentative MIC ranges for quality control strains and tentative breakpoints against Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitale. Here, the details of the new procedure E.Def 11.0 are described. SOURCES This technical note is based on the multicentre validation of the EUCAST dermatophyte antifungal susceptibility testing method, the mould testing method (E.Def 9.3.2) and the updated quality control tables for antifungal susceptibility testing document, v 5.0 (available on the EUCAST website). CONTENTS The method is based on the EUCAST microdilution method for moulds but significant differences include: (a) an altered test medium selective for dermatophytes; (b) an altered incubation time and temperature; and (c) a different end-point criterion (spectrophotometric determination) of fungal growth. It can easily be implemented in laboratories already performing EUCAST microdilution methods and has been validated for terbinafine, voriconazole, itraconazole and amorolfine against T. rubrum and T. interdigitale. IMPLICATIONS This standardized procedure with automated end-point reading will allow broader implementation of susceptibility testing of dermatophytes and so facilitate earlier appropriate therapy. This is important, as resistance is rapidly emerging and largely underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiken C Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gunnar Kahlmeter
- The EUCAST Development Laboratory, Clinical Microbiology, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Jesus Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias-CIBERES (CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Aguiar LD, Araújo GDS, Lopes RGP, Sales JDA, Pereira-Neto WA, Pinheiro ADQ, Paixão GC, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Brilhante RSN, Rocha MFG. In vitro and ex vivo biofilms of dermatophytes: a new panorama for the study of antifungal drugs. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:783-791. [PMID: 32842796 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1811856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study describes an ex vivo model that creates an environment for dermatophyte biofilm growth, with features that resemble those of in vivo conditions, designing a new panorama for the study of antifungal susceptibility. Regarding planktonic susceptibility, MIC ranges were 0.125-1 µg ml-1 for griseofulvin and 0.000097-0.25 µg ml-1 for itraconazole and terbinafine. sMIC50 ranges were 2->512 µg ml-1 for griseofulvin and 0.25->64 µg ml-1 for itraconazole and terbinafine. CLSM images demonstrated a reduction in the amount of cells within the biofilm, but hyphae and conidia were still observed and biofilm biomass was maintained. SEM analysis demonstrated a retraction in the biofilm matrix, but fungal structures and water channels were preserved. These results show that ex vivo biofilms are more tolerant to antifungal drugs than in vitro biofilms, suggesting that environmental and nutritional conditions created by this ex vivo model favor biofilm growth and robustness, and hence drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara de Aguiar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Géssica Dos Santos Araújo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raissa Geovanna Pereira Lopes
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jamile de Alencar Sales
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Queiroz Pinheiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Germana Costa Paixão
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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17
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Aneke CI, Rhimi W, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Comparative evaluation of E-test and CLSI methods for Itraconazole, Fluconazole and Ketoconazole susceptibilities of Microsporum canis strains. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:495-502. [PMID: 32468154 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of resistance to antifungal agents for dermatophytes is increasing, but most of the methods currently available to test the antifungal susceptibility of Microsporum canis still require standardization. The aims of this study were: (i) to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of M. canis strains recovered from animals to ketoconazole (KTZ), fluconazole (FLZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) using a modified CLSI broth microdilution (CLSI M38-A2-BMD) and the E-test® protocols and (ii) to estimate the agreement between the methods. Tentative azole epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) were also proposed in order to interpret the results of in vitro susceptibility tests and to establish the agreement between the E-test and CLSI BMD methods. A total of forty clinical M. canis strains from animals with skin lesions were tested, and the essential (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) between the two methods were determined. KTZ displayed the lowest MIC values, while ITZ and FLZ the highest. The ECV for KTZ and ITZ were 4 μg/ml, while those of FLZ was 64 μg/ml. Based on ECVs, about 88% of M. canis strains were susceptible to all azoles being a cross-resistance with ITZ-FLZ registered for one strain. A total of five M. canis strains showed MIC > ECV for FLZ using CLSI, while one strain showed MIC > ECV for ITZ using both tests. KTZ, ITZ and FLZ showed EA ranging from 92.5 to 95%, for all azoles and CA > 97% except for FLZ (87.5%). The good CA between the E-test and the CLSI BMD provides evidence of the reliability of the former method to test the antifungal susceptibility of M. canis for ITZ and KTZ and not for FLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
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18
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Aneke CI, Rhimi W, Pellicoro C, Cantacessi C, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. The best type of inoculum for testing the antifungal drug susceptibility of Microsporum canis: In vivo and in vitro results. Mycoses 2020; 63:711-716. [PMID: 32299129 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data correlating in vitro drug susceptibility of Microsporum canis with clinical outcomes of its infections are lacking as well as the most suitable inoculum and incubation time in broth microdilution assays. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS Microsporum canis strains were collected from animal hosts that tested positive (Group I; n = 13) and negative (Group II; n = 14) to this pathogen following itraconazole (ITC) therapy. In vitro ITC susceptibility was assessed according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI M38-A2) methodology using conidia, hypha-conidia and arthroconidia at 3 and 7 days of incubation in order to assess the most suitable inoculum and incubation time. Successively, ketoconazole (KTC), voriconazole (VRC), terbinafine (TRB), posaconazole (PSZ), fluconazole (FLC) and griseofulvin (GRI) susceptibilities were assessed using the chosen inoculum. RESULTS The MIC values of ITC after three-day incubation were equal than those recorded after 7-day incubation. Itraconazole MICs were ≤1 μg/mL for strains from Group II and >1 μg/mL for those of Group II only when conidia were used. All strains showed high susceptibility to VRC, POS, TEB and low susceptibility to ITC, KTC, GRI and FLC regardless of the source and incubation time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Results suggest that correlation between the in vitro results and clinical outcome was observed only by incubating conidia for 3 days at 30 ± 2°C. These conditions might be most suitable to assess in vitro susceptibility of M. canis and assist in determining the occurrence of drug resistance and cross-resistance phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (Bari), Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", Valenzano (Bari), Italy
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Aneke CI, Rhimi W, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Synergistic Effects of Efflux Pump Modulators on the Azole Antifungal Susceptibility of Microsporum canis. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:279-288. [PMID: 31894500 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiologic and clinical resistance of dermatophytes is seldom reported, and the mechanisms associated with resistance are not well known. This study investigated the effect of efflux pump modulators (EPMs) (i.e., haloperidol HAL and promethazine PTZ) and their inhibiting activity on the minimum inhibitory concentrations of itraconazole (ITZ) and fluconazole (FLZ) against selected M. canis strains. M. canis strains with low (≤ 1 μg/ml itraconazole and < 64 μg/ml fluconazole) and high (> 1 μg/ml itraconazole and ≥ 64 μg/ml fluconazole) azole MIC values were tested using Checkerboard microdilution assay. The disk diffusion assay, the minimum fungicidal concentration and the time-kill assay were also performed in order to confirm the results of checkerboard microdilution assay. The MIC values of ITZ and FLZ of M. canis decreased in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of HAL and PTZ, the latter being more effective with a greater increased susceptibility. Synergism was observed in all strains with high azole MICs (FICI < 0.5) and no synergism in the strains with low azole MICs. A fungicidal activity was observed after 48 h of incubation when ITZ and FLZ were tested in combination with HAL or PTZ. These results suggest that the drug efflux pumps are involved in the defense mechanisms to azole drugs in M. canis strains. The synergism might be related to an increased expression of efflux pump genes, eventually resulting in azole resistance phenomena. Complementary studies on M. canis resistance are advocated in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma Inyang Aneke
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.,Faculté Des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
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20
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Abastabar M, Jedi A, Guillot J, Ilkit M, Eidi S, Hedayati MT, Shokohi T, Daie Ghazvini R, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Katiraee F, Javidnia J, Ahmadi B, Badali H. In vitro activities of 15 antifungal drugs against a large collection of clinical isolates of Microsporum canis. Mycoses 2019; 62:1069-1078. [PMID: 31408550 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsporum canis is a zoophilic species, found to be the most frequently isolated species in animals. M. canis causes sporadic outbreaks of infections in humans, such as the one that occurred in Canada, where more than 1000 human cases were detected over an 8-year period. Despite the medical importance of M. canis infections, there are limited in vitro data on the antifungal susceptibility to antifungal drugs, including new generation triazoles and imidazoles. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to comprehensively evaluate the in vitro activity of new azoles and comparator drugs against a large panel of M. canis isolates using a microdilution assay. METHODS The in vitro susceptibility to novel triazoles and imidazoles was compared to that of other antifungal drugs using a large collection of M. canis clinical isolates (n = 208) obtained from patients and animals with dermatophytosis in Iran, France and Turkey. RESULTS All isolates exhibited high susceptibility to the majority of the tested antifungal agents. However, luliconazole, lanoconazole and efinaconazole, as well as econazole, demonstrated superior activity against all strains in comparis on with the other drugs. CONCLUSION FDA-approved antifungal drugs, that is luliconazole, efinaconazole and lanoconazole, showed the highest antifungal activity and should be promising candidates for the treatment of dermatophytosis caused by M canis. However, their therapeutic effectiveness remains to be determined in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Ali Jedi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Mycology, Dermatology, EA Dynamyc, UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort
| | - Macit Ilkit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Çukurova
| | - Samaneh Eidi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Roshanak Daie Ghazvini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medicine/Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
| | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Bahram Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.,Department of Medical Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
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Kim SJ, Bang YJ. Incidence Trends of Dermatophytoses Isolated in Children. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.4.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Korea
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Aneke CI, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Therapy and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Microsporum canis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E107. [PMID: 30189676 PMCID: PMC6162526 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporum canis is a worldwide diffused zoophilic dermatophyte which causes clinical conditions often characterised by multifocal alopecia, scaling, and circular lesions in many animal species, including humans. A large variety of oral and topical antifungal protocols is available for treating M. canis infection. However, the efficacy of these drugs and treatment protocols is variable, with treatment failure up to 40% of patients possibly due to resistance phenomena. The lack of standardised reference methods for evaluating the antifungal susceptibility of M. canis represents a major hindrance in assessing microbiological resistance in unresponsive clinical cases. Therefore, data about conventional therapy against M. canis and the protocols employed to test the antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and griseofulvin) have been summarised herein. This article focuses on technical parameters used for antifungal susceptibility tests, their effects on the minimum inhibitory concentration value, as well as their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma I Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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