1
|
Kansman KJ, Sadar MJ, Daniels JB, Klaphake E, de Linde Henriksen M. Ophthalmic findings and parameters in Western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) from northern Colorado. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38575836 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to document ophthalmic examination findings and provide reference values for ocular examinations and diagnostics in clinically normal Western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) and to evaluate the mydriatic effect of a topical rocuronium bromide and identify any adverse effects. ANIMALS STUDIED Sixteen Western tiger salamanders. PROCEDURE A complete ophthalmic examination, including intraocular pressure via rebound tonometry [iCare® TonoVet (dog-setting) or iCare® TonoVet Plus (dog-setting)], and fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains, was performed. Ocular surface flora culture swabs were collected for microbiology in four salamanders. Rocuronium bromide (50 μL; 0.01 mg) was administered into each eye in three salamanders. Pupil size and constriction ability were evaluated up to 60 min following administration of rocuronium bromide. Distant visual examination and Doppler heart rate were used to monitor for potential adverse effects of rocuronium bromide. RESULTS Observed ocular abnormalities included lipid keratopathy/keratitis (19%; 3/16), parasitic ophthalmitis (19%; 3/16), and cataracts (6.3%; 1/16). A significant difference was found between tonometry with iCare® TonoVet (11.5 ± 2.7 mmHg) versus TonoVet Plus (15.4 ± 3.7 mmHg) (p = .025). Fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains were negative in all salamanders. Ocular surface microbiology revealed a high incidence of contamination from environmental flora, with the most common isolate being unidentified as Gram-negative nonfermenters (75%; 3/4). No significant change in pupil size or constriction ability was observed with rocuronium bromide. CONCLUSION This is the first study to document ocular examination findings and diagnostics in captive and wild urodeles and may serve as a reference for clinical assessment and future studies of the Western tiger salamander.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Kansman
- James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Miranda J Sadar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua B Daniels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric Klaphake
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rhim H, Jung S, Kim N, Han JI. Application of topical rocuronium bromide dosing by ocular size in four species of wild birds. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e59. [PMID: 37532302 PMCID: PMC10404711 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rocuronium bromide has been evaluated as a mydriatic agent in birds, but the species applied were limited and the dose and effect were variable. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical rocuronium bromide as mydriatics in 4 species according to horizontal palpebral fissure length: Feral pigeon (Columba livia), Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Northern boobook (Ninox japonica), and Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). METHODS A total of 32 birds (8 for each species) were included as pre-releasing examination. Rocuronium bromide was instilled in one randomly selected eye of each bird based on palpebral fissure length criteria (0.5 mg/50 µL for pigeons, 1 mg/100 µL for kestrels and boobook owls, and 2 mg/200 µL for eagle owls). The contralateral eye was used as control and treated with normal saline. After instillation of the drug, pupil diameter, pupillary light reflex, intraocular pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 10 min intervals up to 180 min and at 30 min intervals up to 360 min. RESULTS Statistically significant mydriasis was obtained in all birds (p < 0.001). However, in boobook and eagle owls, marked mydriasis persisted until 360 min. Side effects including corneal erosion and lower eyelid paralysis were common, which was observed in 26/32 birds. Blepharospasm was also noted during this study. No systemic adverse signs were observed. CONCLUSIONS Rocuronium bromide could be a good mydriatics option for 4 species of birds, however, further studies are needed to find lowest effective dose to reduce drug-related side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haerin Rhim
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Sunjun Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Jae-Ik Han
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Jeonbuk Wildlife Center, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Use of a Smartphone-Based Device for Fundus Examination in Birds: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182429. [PMID: 36139289 PMCID: PMC9495092 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Eye examination is crucial for therapeutic plans and rehabilitation of birds in wildlife rehabilitation centers. However, fundus examination using classical direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy techniques can be challenging in those species. The aim of the study was to assess the use of a smartphone-based retinal imaging system in birds. Fundus examination was feasible in most bird species examined in this study. The difficulties of carrying out the examination seem to be related to the form of the globe, the color of the iris, and the quality of pupil dilation. Further investigations are necessary to confirm these findings. Abstract Ophthalmic examination is essential in the avian triage process in order to apply prompt therapeutic plans and evaluate rehabilitation potential. Fundoscopy is traditionally performed by direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. Recent technological developments have enabled the design of a small-sized and affordable retinal imaging system to examine the fundus. We investigate the use of a smartphone-based device to realize fundus examination through a prospective cross-sectional observational study. Seventy-seven eyes of 39 birds of 15 different species were evaluated using the smartphone-based device in a rescue wildlife center. Pupil dilation was achieved prior to examination via rocuronium topical application. Assessment of fundus by the smartphone was classified as satisfactory, moderately satisfactory, and unsatisfactory. Fundus examination was also performed with a 20D, 30D, or 78D lens for comparison. Pupillary dilation was satisfactory, moderately satisfactory, or absent in 17, 32, and 28 eyes, respectively. Fundus examination with the smartphone-based device was satisfactory, moderately satisfactory, or unsatisfactory in 44, 15, and 18 eyes, respectively. The feasibility of the fundus examination was affected by the form of the globe; by the quality of pupil dilation; by the color of the iris (images could not be obtained from species with an orange, bright iris); and by the species, with owls (Strigiformes) being the easiest to observe. Based on these findings, fundus examination was feasible in most bird species examined in this study.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ungurean G, Martinez-Gonzalez D, Massot B, Libourel PA, Rattenborg NC. Pupillary behavior during wakefulness, non-REM sleep, and REM sleep in birds is opposite that of mammals. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5370-5376.e4. [PMID: 34670112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian pupils respond to light1,2 and dilate with arousal, attention, cognitive workload, and emotions,3 thus reflecting the state of the brain. Pupil size also varies during sleep, constricting during deep non-REM sleep4-7 and dilating slightly during REM sleep.4-6 Anecdotal reports suggest that, unlike mammals, birds constrict their pupils during aroused states, such as courtship and aggression,8-10 raising the possibility that pupillary behavior also differs between mammals and birds during sleep. Here, we measured pupil size in awake pigeons and used their translucent eyelid to investigate sleep-state-dependent changes in pupil size. Male pigeons constricted their pupils during courtship and other male-female interactions but not while engaging in other waking behaviors. Unlike mouse pupils, the pigeons' pupils were dilated during non-REM sleep, while over 1,000 bursts of constriction and relaxation, which we call rapid iris movements (RIMs), occurred primarily during REM sleep. Consistent with the avian iris being composed largely of striated muscles,11-15 rather than smooth muscles, as in mammals, pharmacological experiments revealed that RIMs are mediated by nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the iris muscles. Despite receiving input from a parasympathetic nucleus, but consistent with its striated nature, the avian iris sphincter muscle behaves like skeletal muscles controlled by the somatic nervous system, constricting during courtship displays, relaxing during non-REM sleep, and twitching during REM sleep. We speculate that during wakefulness, pupillary constrictions are involved in social communication, whereas RIMs occurring during REM sleep might maintain the efficacy of this motor system and/or reflect the processing of associated memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ungurean
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany; Sleep team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, University Saint-Etienne, 69366 Lyon, France.
| | | | - Bertrand Massot
- University Lyon, INSA Lyon, ECL, CNRS, UCBL, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- Sleep team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University Lyon 1, University Saint-Etienne, 69366 Lyon, France
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Susanti L, Kang S, Kim S, Park S, Lee S, Kim SA, Seo K. Effect of mydriasis with topical rocuronium bromide on electroretinography in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1395-1400. [PMID: 34261835 PMCID: PMC8498831 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of mydriasis using topical rocuronium bromide on electroretinography (ERG) in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). Scotopic mixed rod and cone, photopic cone, and photopic flicker ERG were performed on nine eyes of nine healthy adult pigeons under sedation. Each pigeon underwent two sets of ERG recordings. First, without the induction of mydriasis (control) and the second time with the induction of mydriasis using topical rocuronium bromide (treatment). The results were compared using either the Student's t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, where a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in the a- and b-wave implicit times and amplitudes during scotopic ERG between the two groups. The a- and b-wave amplitudes in the photopic cone were significantly higher in the treatment group (63.83 ± 32.33 and 191.75 ± 94.46 µV) compared to the control group (46.15 ± 27.60 and 116.76 ± 70.65 µV; P=0.045 and P=0.032, respectively). The photopic flicker amplitude was also significantly higher in the treatment group (76.23 ± 48.56 µV) than in the control group (42.18 ± 31.18 µV; P=0.044). No statistically significant differences were observed in the photopic cone and flicker implicit times between both groups. In conclusions, mydriasis induced by rocuronium bromide in pigeon resulting in higher amplitudes during the photopic ERG but not scotopic ERG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Susanti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunhyo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Songhui Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Su An Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|