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Hu Y, Wu G, Jia Q, Zhang B, Sun W, Sa R, Zhang S, Cai W, Jarhen, Ran D, Liu J. Development of a live attenuated vaccine candidate for equid alphaherpesvirus 1 control: a step towards efficient protection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1408510. [PMID: 39021566 PMCID: PMC11252532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1408510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1) is a viral pathogen known to cause respiratory disease, neurologic syndromes, and abortion storms in horses. Currently, there are no vaccines that provide complete protection against EqAHV1. Marker vaccines and the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy are effective for preventing and controlling outbreaks but have not been used for the prevention of EqAHV1 infection. Glycoprotein 2 (gp2), located on the envelope of viruses (EqAHV1), exhibits high antigenicity and functions as a molecular marker for DIVA. In this study, a series of EqAHV1 mutants with deletion of gp2 along with other virulence genes (TK, UL24/TK, gI/gE) were engineered. The mutant viruses were studied in vitro and then in an in vivo experiment using Golden Syrian hamsters to assess the extent of viral attenuation and the immune response elicited by the mutant viruses in comparison to the wild-type (WT) virus. Compared with the WT strain, the YM2019 Δgp2, ΔTK/gp2, and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strains exhibited reduced growth in RK-13 cells, while the ΔgI/gE/gp2 strain exhibited significantly impaired proliferation. The YM2019 Δgp2 strain induced clinical signs and mortality in hamsters. In contrast, the YM2019 ΔTK/gp2 and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 variants displayed diminished pathogenicity, causing no observable clinical signs or fatalities. Immunization with nasal vaccines containing YM2019 ΔTK/gp2 and ΔUL24/TK/gp2 elicited a robust immune response in hamsters. In particular, compared with the vaccine containing the ΔTK/gp2 strain, the vaccine containing the ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strain demonstrated enhanced immune protection upon challenge with the WT virus. Furthermore, an ELISA for gp2 was established and refined to accurately differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals. These results confirm that the ΔUL24/TK/gp2 strain is a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine candidate for controlling EqAHV1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiling Wu
- Preventive Control Section, Aksu Regional Animal Disease Control and Diagnostic Center, Aksu, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qinrui Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Baozhong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wencheng Sun
- Food, Agricultural and Health Products Division, Centre Testing International Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruixue Sa
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Weifan Cai
- Product Manufacturing Sector, GemPharmatech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jarhen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Duoliang Ran
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Mahmoud HYAH, Andoh K, Hattori S, Terada Y, Noguchi K, Shimoda H, Maeda K. Characterization of glycoproteins in equine herpesvirus-1. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1317-21. [PMID: 23748975 PMCID: PMC3942931 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to express twelve glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus-1
(EHV-1) in 293T cells and to characterize these using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and
horse sera against EHV-1. Expression of glycoprotein B (gB), gC, gD, gG, gI and gp2 was
recognized by immunoblot analysis using horse sera, but that of gE, gH, gK, gL, gM and gN
was not. Four MAbs recognized gB, four recognized gC and one recognized gp2. Two MAbs
against gB cross-reacted with EHV-4. Interestingly, coexpression of gE and gI and gM and
gN enhanced their antigenicity. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis of gp2 showed that
different molecular masses of gp2 were recognized by the MAb against gp2 and horse sera
against EHV-1. In this study, it was demonstrated that at least six glycoproteins were
immunogenic to horses, and coexpression of gE and gI and gM and gN was important for
enhancement of antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y A H Mahmoud
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Damiani AM, Matsumura T, Yokoyama N, Mikami T, Takahashi E. A deletion in the gI and gE genes of equine herpesvirus type 4 reduces viral virulence in the natural host and affects virus transmission during cell-to-cell spread. Virus Res 2000; 67:189-202. [PMID: 10867198 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify the role of the equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) glycoprotein I (gI) and E (gE) genes in determining viral virulence and their affect on the infection cycle, we constructed an EHV-4 recombinant strain containing a deletion in both gI and gE genes and its revertant. The recombinant was assayed in vitro in order to compare its growth kinetics with the parent and revertant viruses. Our results indicated that a deletion in the genes encoding gI and gE affected cell-to-cell spread of the virus in vitro. In order to assess the pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of the recombinant in a natural host, colostrum-deprived foals were inoculated intranasally with the recombinant. Clinical signs obtained in foals upon the inoculation with the recombinant were milder than that for the revertant. This suggests that intact gI and/or gE genes are important factors in the expression of virulence in EHV-4 as in seen in the case of other herpesviruses. In addition, full protection against challenge infection was observed in foals, which had undergone a previous inoculation of the recombinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Damiani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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