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Zambelli D, Cunto M. Artificial Insemination in Queens in the Clinical Practice Setting: Protocols and challenges. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:871-880. [PMID: 36002144 PMCID: PMC10812221 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Despite substantial advances in assisted reproductive techniques having been recently reported in cats, the use of these is limited and routine application is still far from being a reality in veterinary clinics. Nevertheless, there is an increasing demand from domestic cat breeders for artificial insemination (AI) techniques that are already commonly used in dogs. Where natural breeding is not possible in tom cats and queens of high breeding value, AI could offer a solution. Clinical challenges: AI in cats is more difficult than in other species - both in terms of semen collection/handling and oestrous cycle management given that ovulation must be induced. AIM For practitioners wishing to perform AI in queens, there are challenges to overcome, and a good understanding of the techniques and procedures involved is pivotal. This review aims to contribute to improved knowledge by providing an overview of AI protocols, encompassing choice of breeding animals, procedures for semen collection, oestrus and ovulation induction, AI techniques and equipment. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Depending on the animals involved and the specific AI technique chosen, essential equipment may include an artificial vagina, electroejaculator, endoscope (sialendoscope, which can be fairly expensive) and special catheters for transcervical insemination. Other instrumentation and materials needed are typically readily available in a veterinary clinic. In general, no particular skills are needed to perform the procedures described in this review, with the exception of endoscopic transcervical catheterisation, where the ability to use an endoscope is required. EVIDENCE BASE The information and advice/recommendations provided are based on specific feline research and reviews published in scientific peer-reviewed journals, animal reproduction textbooks, and presentations at national and international congresses. The authors also drew on their own clinical experience with regard to the choice of protocols and procedures presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zambelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, 50 – 40064 – Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Marco Cunto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, 50 – 40064 – Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
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2
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Tiptanavattana N, Pakdeesanaeha T, Thongsima T, Techarungchaikul S, Tharasanit T. Expression of oxytocin receptors and oxytocin assisted electroejaculation in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:489-497. [PMID: 35044000 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that mainly functions to control the contractility of smooth muscles and sex related steroidogenesis in male reproductive tracts. However, specific information concerning this hormone in controlling the reproductive organs of cats is limited. This study aimed to investigate the expression of oxytocin receptors (OTRs) and their signal mediator via prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) in reproductive structures following oxytocin assisted electroejaculation. In Experiment 1, the testis, cauda epididymis and vas deferens from five cats were examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to study the responses of OTR and PTGIS mRNA to oxytocin injection. Experiment 2 examined the effect of oxytocin administration prior to electroejaculation on ejaculate characteristics and sperm quality in terms of motility, viability and fertilising ability. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of OTRs in Leydig's, peritubular myoid cells and some spermatogenic cells. The expression was found in the epithelium and smooth muscle of the epididymis and vas deferens. After oxytocin administration, the OTR mRNA was upregulated in the epididymis (p > 0.05) and vas deferens (p = 0.01). The expression level of PTGIS mRNA increased in the response to oxytocin treatment only for the vas deferens (p > 0.05). Oxytocin treatment before electroejaculation resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in sperm concentration and total sperm output/ejaculate, while this intervention did not significantly affect ejaculate volume, sperm quality or fertilising ability. This study concluded that the oxytocin cascade is locally present in the reproductive structures and plays a role in promoting sperm delivery during electroejaculation in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Tiptanavattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Thitida Pakdeesanaeha
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Thongsima
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirichai Techarungchaikul
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University
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3
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Ackermann CL, Lopes MD. Training tom cats for semen collection using an artificial vagina: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1155-1159. [PMID: 32228276 PMCID: PMC10814366 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20913351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Owing to the lack of literature on training cats to use an artificial vagina (AV), we performed a retrospective study on the success of training tom cats for semen collection using an AV. METHODS Records from training 20 cats (2009 until 2019) for semen collection using AVs were analyzed. Sexual preferences, behavior towards humans, queens and other tom cats, as well as libido, number of training sessions and rate of success were observed. Data are presented as percentages and the results are described subjectively. RESULTS In 85% of tom cats, collection using an AV was performed successfully. Training was unsuccessful when libido was low or absent. Behavior towards humans did not interfere with the success rate, while libido did. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Most tom cats can be successfully trained to have semen collected using an AV; the number of training sessions required depends on the male's libido and the technician's experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Ackermann
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ / UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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4
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Carvalho JCD, Silva FED, Rizzoto G, Dadalto CR, Rolim LS, Mamprim MJ, Souza FFD, Teixeira CR, Kastelic JP, Ferreira JCP. Semen collection, sperm characteristics and ultrasonographic features of reproductive tissues in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Theriogenology 2020; 155:60-69. [PMID: 32622206 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to condition adult male crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) to allow semen collection by digital manipulation of the penis, assess sperm characteristics, and use ultrasonography to assess and measure testes and prostate and determine echotexture, as well as hemodynamics of testicular and spermatic cord arteries. Five captive C. thous (2-5 y, ∼7 kg) were used. After conditioning for digital sperm collection, 13 ejaculates were obtained from two males. Ejaculate characteristics (mean ± SD) were volume (393.2 ± 178.0 μL), concentration (463.7 ± 594.4 × 106 sperm/mL), total sperm number (217.4 ± 304.0 × 106 sperm), total motility (68.0 ± 6.1%), progressive motility (48.8 ± 5.1%) and rapid sperm (57.2 ± 6.8%). The most prevalent sperm morphological defects were abnormal acrosome, small abnormal head, and diadem defect. Under chemical restraint, testes and prostate were evaluated with B-mode and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Based on ultrasonography, testicular volumes were (2.2 ± 0.7 and 2.1 ± 0.7 cm3 for left and right testes, respectively), whereas prostate dimensions were 2.3 ± 0.4 cm long and 1.5 ± 0.3 cm thick. Lastly, using triplex Doppler, peak systolic velocity (PSV) was higher in testicular versus intratesticular arteries. In conclusion, adult male C. thous were conditioned to allow sperm collection by digital manipulation without urine contamination, enabling evaluation of sperm characteristics. Furthermore, B-mode ultrasound facilitated evaluation of testes and prostate morphometry and echotexture, whereas Doppler was used to characterize testicular blood flow. This was proof of concept for semen collection and baseline data for future male reproductive soundness examinations and development of assisted reproductive techniques in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Candido de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Evaristo da Silva
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rizzoto
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carmell Rezende Dadalto
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luna Scarpari Rolim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Jaqueline Mamprim
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira de Souza
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Teixeira
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - John Patrick Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Tajima H, Yoshizawa M, Sasaki S, Yamamoto F, Narushima E, Ogawa Y, Orima H, Tsutsui T, Toyonaga M, Kobayashi M, Kawakami E, Hori T. A trial of semen collection by transrectal electroejaculation method from Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus). J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1067-73. [PMID: 26935841 PMCID: PMC4937146 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected semen from a male Amur leopard cat using the transrectal electroejaculation method and
investigated the semen qualities for about four years. In addition, the influence of the season on the
spermatogenic function of the Amur leopard cat was investigated with regard to the semen qualities, testicular
volume and serum testosterone level. As a result, we could collect semen with good sperm qualities that would
be useable for artificial insemination. Some seasonality was noted in the testicular volume and serum
testosterone level. We clarified that the semen qualities were favorable before and during the female breeding
season compared with those after the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tajima
- Inokashira Park Zoo, 1-17-6, Gotenyama, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0005, Japan
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7
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Sánchez-Calabuig MJ, López-Fernández C, Johnston SD, Blyde D, Cooper J, Harrison K, de la Fuente J, Gosálvez J. Effect of cryopreservation on the sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:227-235. [PMID: 25604784 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sperm DNA fragmentation is one of the major causes of infertility; the sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCDt) evaluates this parameter and offers the advantage of species-specific validated protocol and ease of use under field conditions. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics in both fresh and post-thaw bottlenose dolphin sperm using the SCDt following different cryopreservation protocols to gain new information about the post-thaw differential sperm DNA longevity in this species. Fresh and cryopreserved semen samples from five bottlenose dolphins were examined for sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics using the SCDt (Halomax(®)). Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed immediately at collection and following cryopreservation (T0) and then after 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h incubation at 37°C. Serially collected ejaculates from four dolphins were frozen using different cryopreservation protocols in a TES-TRIS-fructose buffer (TTF), an egg-yolk-free vegetable lipid LP1 buffer (LP1) and human sperm preservation medium (HSPM). Fresh ejaculated spermatozoa initially showed low levels of DNA fragmentation for up to 48 h. Lower Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) was found in the second fresh ejaculate compared to the first when more than one sample was collected on the same day (p < 0.05); this difference was not apparent in any other seminal characteristic. While there was no difference observed in SDF between fresh and frozen-thawed sperm using the different cryopreservation protocols immediately after thawing (T0), frozen-thawed spermatozoa incubated at 37°C showed an increase in the rate of SDF after 24 h. Sperm frozen in the LP1(℗) buffer had higher levels (p < 0.05) of DNA fragmentation after 24- and 48-h incubation than those frozen in TTF or HSPM. No correlation was found between any seminal characteristic and DNA fragmentation in either fresh and/or frozen-thawed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sánchez-Calabuig
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - C López-Fernández
- Department of Genetics, Autonomous University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - S D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - D Blyde
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia.,Sea World, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - J Cooper
- Just Genes Artificial Breeding Service, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - K Harrison
- Queensland Fertility Group, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - J de la Fuente
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gosálvez
- Department of Genetics, Autonomous University of Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
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8
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Tsutsui T, Oba H, Fujimoto S, Toyonaga M. Spermatogenic function in cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 6:247-9. [PMID: 23279511 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There are limited data on feline sperm production. We exhausted epididymal spermatozoa (i.e. the number of ejaculated spermatozoa <5 × 10(6)) by frequent semen collections using the artificial vagina method in five tomcats and determined the number of spermatozoa stored in the epididymis. We investigated the time (days) required for the number of epididymal spermatozoa to return to the pre-exhaustion level and determined the number of spermatozoa produced per day. After spermatozoa were exhausted by frequent semen collection, 6 or more days were required to return to the pre-exhaustion level. Based on the duration of resting (days) and total number of spermatozoa, the mean number of spermatozoa produced per day was 30 × 10(6).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsutsui
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB Inc, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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TOYONAGA M, TSUTSUI T. The Quality of Cryopreserved Sperm Collected from Feline Caudal Epididymides Using Seminal Plasma. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1349-53. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari TOYONAGA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB Inc
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1–7–1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180–8602, Japan
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB Inc., 2–7–2 Sumiyoshi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135–0002, Japan
| | - Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB Inc
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1–7–1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180–8602, Japan
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB Inc., 2–7–2 Sumiyoshi, Koutou-ku, Tokyo 135–0002, Japan
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10
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Amstislavsky S, Lindeberg H, Luvoni GC. Reproductive Technologies Relevant to the Genome Resource Bank in Carnivora. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:164-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Artificial insemination with cryopreserved sperm from feline epididymides stored at 4 °C. Theriogenology 2011; 76:532-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Miyazaki M, Miyazaki T, Toyonaga M, Tsutsui T, Taira H, Yamashita T, Suzuki A. Characterisation of the carboxylesterase enzyme cauxin in the seminal fluid of the cat. Vet J 2011; 190:378-82. [PMID: 21277238 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The carboxylesterase cauxin is a major urinary protein in cats that is also found in seminal fluid (SF). This study investigated cauxin in feline SF including biochemical features, concentration, distribution and gene expression in epididymal tissue, and its reaction with acylglycerol substrates. Monomeric, dimeric, and/or multimeric forms of cauxin carrying N-glycosylations were detected on Western blots of feline SF but most were monomeric. Cauxin concentrations were markedly lower in SF (0.042±0.020 mg/mL) than in urine (∼0.5 mg/mL) and cauxin gene expression was 60-fold lower in the epididymis than in the kidney. Immunohistochemical examination localised cauxin within the stereocilia and cytoplasm of epithelial cells lining the caput and corpus epididymis. Cauxin-positive spermatozoa were detected in the lumen of the cauda epididymis but not in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cell lining. Using an in vitro assay, cauxin hydrolysed saturated 1-mono- but not di- and tri-acylglycerols. The results suggest that cauxin secreted from the caput and corpus epididymis acts as an esterase on lipid within feline SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Miyazaki
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
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13
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TOYONAGA M, KAIHARA A, TSUTSUI T. The Quality of Cryopreserved Sperm Collected from Feline Caudal Epididymides Stored at Room Temperature. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1395-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari TOYONAGA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB International Inc
| | - Aya KAIHARA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine, Bio Plus, AHB International Inc
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14
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TOYONAGA M, MORITA M, HORI T, TSUTSUI T. Distribution of Glycoproteins on Feline Testicular Sperm, Epididymal Sperm and Ejaculated Sperm. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:827-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari TOYONAGA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine (BioPlus), AHB International Inc
| | - Miki MORITA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuya HORI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
- International Institute of Small Animal Medicine (BioPlus), AHB International Inc
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15
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TSUTSUI T, MIZUTANI T, MATSUBARA Y, TOYONAGA M, OBA H, HORI T. Surgical Intrauterine Insemination with Cat Semen Cryopreserved with Orvus ES Paste or Sodium Lauryl Sulfate. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:259-62. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuji MIZUTANI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yuka MATSUBARA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Mari TOYONAGA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hiromichi OBA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuya HORI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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16
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Tsutsui T, Onodera F, Oba H, Mizutani T, Hori T. Plasma hormone levels and semen quality in male cats during non-breeding and breeding seasons. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 44 Suppl 2:291-3. [PMID: 19754589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Female cats are known to be seasonal breeders and male cats annual breeders. Despite this, there are limited data on the influence of breeding season (BS) on hormone concentration and semen quality in the male cat. This study compared plasma concentrations of LH and testosterone (T), and semen quality during the non-breeding season (NBS) and BS in five male cats subject to natural hours of daylight but a constant environmental temperature. Plasma LH and T concentrations were higher during the BS in 2/35 and 3/5 cats, respectively, although when comparing both hormones combined, values were higher during the BS than the NBS in all cats (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the percentage of abnormal sperm between the cats. Overall, semen quality was superior during the BS with larger semen volume in 2/5, sperm motility in 2/5 and sperm viability in 3/5 cats. Although there was a clear seasonal effect on hormone secretion and semen quality, during the NBS all cats were likely to have been fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsutsui
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Yu X, Cho S, Bang J, Lee H, Lee Y, Kwon T, Deb G, Kong I. Effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin on the efficiency of superovulation induction for in vivo and in vitro embryo production in the cat. Theriogenology 2010; 73:413-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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MIZUTANI T, SUMIGAMA S, NAGAKUBO K, SHIMIZU N, OBA H, HORI T, TSUTSUI T. Usefulness of Addition of Orvus ES Paste and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate to Frozen Feline Semen. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:23-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.08-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuji MIZUTANI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Shiho SUMIGAMA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California
| | - Keiichi NAGAKUBO
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Noriko SHIMIZU
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hiromichi OBA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuya HORI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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19
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OBA H, SAITO Y, MIZUTANI T, TOYONAGA M, TSUTSUI T. Changes in Qualities and Quantities of Consecutively Ejaculated Feline Semen. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 73:245-7. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi OBA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Youta SAITO
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuji MIZUTANI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Mari TOYONAGA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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TOYONAGA M, SATO Y, MORITA M, WATANABE M, OBA H, MIZUTANI T, HORI T, TSUTSUI T. The Qualities of Cryopreserved Epididymal Sperm Collected from Feline Epididymides Stored at Low Temperature. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:777-80. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari TOYONAGA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yuuka SATO
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Miki MORITA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Masashi WATANABE
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hiromichi OBA
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuji MIZUTANI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tatsuya HORI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshihiko TSUTSUI
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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21
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Choi EG, Lee YS, Cho SJ, Jeon JT, Cho KW, Kong IK. Semen characteristics of genetically identical male cats cloned via somatic cell nucleus transfer. Theriogenology 2009; 73:638-44. [PMID: 20005562 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the sperm characteristics of four cloned male cats (Felis catus) to assess their reproductive potential. Fresh and frozen-thawed sperm were assessed for motility, viability, and morphology, and their functional competence was evaluated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) of domestic cat oocytes. All fresh semen characteristics varied among cats and collection times. Sperm concentration (x 10(6)/mL) of Cat A (512+/-140, range 368 to 685) was significantly higher, whereas that of Cat C (335+/-92, range 274 to 469) was significantly lower than that of Cloned B (459+/-159, range 336 to 510) and control cats (680+/-452, range 360 to 479). After thawing, motility and progressive motility of sperm from Cat B were significantly lower than that of the other cloned and control cats. The curvilinear, straight line, and average path velocities of sperm from Cat B were significantly higher, whereas the straightness was lower, than that of the other cloned and control cats. Frozen sperm from Cats A, B, and C successfully fertilized oocytes (cleavage=74.4%, 71.4%, and 86.2%, respectively) and produced embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage after IVF/In vitro culture (IVC) (34.4%, 26.7%, and 48.0%) at frequencies similar to the cleavage rate (82.0%) and blastocyst rate (43.9%) obtained with sperm from the control male. In conclusion, seminal characteristics of cloned male cats did not differ markedly from those of our noncloned, control male cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Choi
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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22
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Tsutsui T, Higuchi C, Soeta M, Oba H, Mizutani T, Hori T. Plasma LH, Ovulation and Conception Rates in Cats Mated Once or Three Times on Different Days of Oestrus. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44 Suppl 2:76-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Zambelli D, Prati F, Cunto M, Iacono E, Merlo B. Quality and in vitro fertilizing ability of cryopreserved cat spermatozoa obtained by urethral catheterization after medetomidine administration. Theriogenology 2008; 69:485-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Zambelli D, Cunto M, Prati F, Merlo B. Effects of ketamine or medetomidine administration on quality of electroejaculated sperm and on sperm flow in the domestic cat. Theriogenology 2007; 68:796-803. [PMID: 17662381 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two commonly used drugs for anaesthesia in the domestic cat, ketamine and medetomidine, on features of electroejaculated semen and on sperm flow in this species were evaluated performing three experiments. This is the first study about these topics in the domestic cat. In Experiment 1, ketamine or medetomidine effects on cat sperm quality after collection by electroejaculation (E.E.) have been assessed in nine animals. Results showed that mean sperm concentration was significantly higher (p<0.01) after medetomidine than after ketamine administration. In Experiment 2, ketamine or medetomidine effects on sperm flow in 12 electroejaculated cats were studied. Mean sperm concentration and mean total number of spermatozoa resulted significantly higher (p<0.01) in medetomidine than in ketamine treated animals. The number of spermatozoa displaced in urethra was significantly higher (p<0.01) using medetomidine. No significant differences were observed in percentages of retrograde flow. In Experiment 3, ketamine or medetomidine effects on urethral sperm flow, without any stimulation for sperm collection, were evaluated. Data obtained showed a significantly higher (p<0.05) number of spermatozoa displaced in urethra after medetomidine than after ketamine injection. In conclusion, E.E. in the cat after medetomidine administration determined a higher number of spermatozoa per ejaculate than after ketamine administration, with a good pharmacological restriction and without increasing sperm retrograde flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zambelli
- Veterinary Clinical Department, Obstetrical and Gynaecological Section, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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25
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Zambelli D, Cunto M. Semen collection in cats: Techniques and analysis. Theriogenology 2006; 66:159-65. [PMID: 16527340 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sperm collection permits to obtain material for artificial insemination, diagnostic purposes, and use in research. Collections via artificial vagina (AV) and electroejaculation (EE) are the most commonly used in the cat and permit to obtain ejaculates with good quality, but EE seems to be the method of choice. Other methods of semen collection, such as epididymal squeezing or slicing, to achieve material for research have been reported. Semen analysis is essential for the fertility evaluation of male felids, but some of the diagnostic procedures used in other species are difficult or impossible to duplicate, due to the small volume of the cat ejaculate. In practice, sperm motility and viability (using eosin-nigrosin staining), morphology and sperm concentration should be evaluated, even if determination of sperm membrane and acrosomal integrity (using transmission electromicroscopy or fluorescence microscopy), semen chemistries and other parameters can be important for testing both fresh and frozen-thawed sperm. This manuscript reviews the techniques for semen collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zambelli
- Veterinary Clinical Department, Obstetric-Gynecological Section, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
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26
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Pukazhenthi BS, Neubauer K, Jewgenow K, Howard J, Wildt DE. The impact and potential etiology of teratospermia in the domestic cat and its wild relatives. Theriogenology 2006; 66:112-21. [PMID: 16644003 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Teratospermia (production of >60% morphologically abnormal sperm/ejaculate) is relatively common among various species in the family Felidae, which is comprised of 37 species. Over two decades of research in this area have produced a significant understanding of the phenotypic expression, its impacts on sperm function and etiology. There is good evidence suggesting that a reduction in genetic diversity contributes to this phenomenon. Results to date demonstrate that spermatozoa from teratospermic donors are compromised in the ability to undergo capacitation and the acrosome reaction, penetrate the zona-pellucida, fertilize conspecific oocytes and survive cryopreservation. Recent studies also reveal abnormalities in chromatin integrity in sperm from teratospermic donors, which, interestingly, fails to impact fertilization or embryo development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Through planned inbreeding studies, we now have established that teratospermic cats also produce more spermatozoa by virtue of more sperm producing tissue, more germ cells per Sertoli cell and reduced germ cell loss during spermatogenesis. Overall, it now is clear that gain in sperm quantity is achieved at the expense of sperm quality, suggesting an extensive disruption of normal testicular function in teratospermic donors. Preliminary studies on testicular gene expression in teratospermic cats have also revealed abnormal expression patterns. These findings have markedly increased our understanding of testis biology in the teratospermic donor and reaffirm the value of cats, including wild species, as models for studying novel regulatory mechanisms controlling spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budhan S Pukazhenthi
- Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, Conservation and Research Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
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Abstract
Many studies have reported new reproductive techniques for reproduction in endangered non-domestic felids. Artificial insemination is an important tool for developing breeding programs. This manuscript reviews recent progress in feline artificial insemination, with particular emphasis on intrauterine sperm deposition. Intrauterine insemination of felids results in higher fertilization rates than intravaginal insemination, despite insemination with fewer sperm. Although surgical insemination was utilized historically, there are some reports of catheterization of the cervix of the queen. Recently, a new technique and catheter were proposed for transcervical insemination of fresh or frozen-thawed semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zambelli
- Veterinary Clinical Department, Obstetric-Gynecological Section, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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Tsutsui T, Nagakubo K, Hori T. Relationship between the Sperm Count and the Fertilization Rate of Ova Ovulated from the Contralateral Ovary in Intrauterine Horn Insemination in Cats. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:1143-5. [PMID: 15472482 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral intrauterine horn insemination (UIUI) was carried out in cats, and we investigated the fertilization rate of ova ovulated from the contralateral ovary. Various numbers of sperm were used to inseminate the uterine horn on the side where ovulation was inhibited. The rates of conception were 1/11 (9.1%), 2/11 (18.2%), and 5/7 (71.4%) in the 2 x 10(6), 4 x 10(6), and 8 x 10 (6) groups, respectively. Furthermore, the fertilization rate was 70.7% in the 8 x 10(6) group. Thus, ova ovulated from the contralateral ovary were not fertilized or the fertilization rate was low in some cats even when UIUI was performed with a large number of sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tsutsui
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsutsui T, Tanaka A, Takagi Y, Nakagawa K, Fujimoto Y, Murai M, Anzai M, Hori T. Unilateral intrauterine horn insemination of fresh semen in cats. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:1241-5. [PMID: 11193338 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm count required were investigated to obtain a conception rate of 80% by unilateral intrauterine insemination (UIUI) of fresh semen in cats. The conception rates obtained by insemination before and after ovulation were also examined. Thirty-six female cats aged 1-7 years were used in the experiments, and the number of experimental cases was 44. Seven male cats aged 2-12 years from which semen could be collected by the artificial vagina method were used. In artificial insemination, 100 iu x 2 or 250 iu of hCG was administered on days 2-4 of estrus, and sperm were introduced into the uterine horn with a greater number of ovulations (or mature follicles) 15, 20 and 30 hr after hCG administration by laparotomy. The inseminated sperm counts were 2 x 10(6) (Exp. 1). 4 x 10(6) (Exp. 2), and 8 x 10(6) (Exp. 3). As a result, ovulation was induced in 42 of 44 cases (induction rate: 95.5%) regardless of the dosage of hCG. Conception was obtained by UIUI in two of 16 animals (conception rate: 12.5%) in the Exp. 1, five of 16 animals (31.3%) in Exp. 2, and eight of 10 animals (80.0%) in Exp. 3. Regarding the relationship between the ovulation state at insemination and conception, the conception rate obtained by insemination before ovulation was clearly higher than that obtained by insemination after ovulation (p<0.05). Regarding the number of kits compared to the number of ovulations on the inseminated side, the percentages of cases in which the number of kits exceeded the number of ovulations on the inseminated side were similar in all groups inseminated with a different number of sperm. It is therefore necessary to investigate conception rates obtained by bilateral insemination to increase the fertility rate. Based on the above findings, it was shown that the sperm count required for fertilization by UIUI is 8 x 10(6).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsutsui
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Tanaka A, Takagi Y, Nakagawa K, Fujimoto Y, Hori T, Tsutsui T. Artificial intravaginal insemination using fresh semen in cats. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:1163-7. [PMID: 11129859 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the sperm count required for fertilization by artificial intravaginal insemination (AIVI), twenty-nine female cats were examined. Six male cats aged 2-12 years with normal semen quality, copulation capability, and fertility were used. In AIVI, animals received administration of 250 iu hCG once or 100 iu twice on days 2-4 of estrus to induce ovulation, and were inseminated 15, 20, or 30 hr after the initial hCG administration. The success of ovulation was judged by elevation of the peripheral progesterone level after hCG administration. AIVI was investigated at three sperm counts, 20 x 10(6) (Experiment 1), 40 x 10(6) (Experiment 2), and 80 x 10(6) (Experiment 3), with semen collected by the artificial vagina method. Semen was infused in the vagina under general anesthesia by advancing a 9 cm-long nylon probe with 1.5 mm diameter connected to a 1 ml syringe in the vagina for 3-4 cm. Ovulation was induced in 43 of 45 animals (95.6%). One of 16 animals was fertilized (conception rate: 6.6%) by AIVI in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, conception was obtained in six of 18 animals (33.3%) and seven of nine animals (77.8%), respectively, and the mean numbers of kits were 4.0 +/- 0.4 and 3.3 +/- 0.5, respectively, and the mean numbers of kits were 4.0 +/- 0.4 (SE) and 3.3 +/- 0.5, respectively, showing no significant difference. There were no differences in the time of insemination after hCG administration and the conception rate among these groups. Our findings showed that the number of sperm required for fertilization by AIVI of fresh semen in cats was 80 x 10(6).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanaka
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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