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Vekariya MK, Vekariya RH, Brahmkshatriya PS, Shah NK. Pyrimidine-based pyrazoles as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 92:1683-1691. [PMID: 29767460 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new pyrimidine-pyrazole hybrid molecules were designed as inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. Designed compounds were docked using Glide and the compounds showing good score values and encouraging interactions with the residues were selected for synthesis. They were then evaluated using CDK2-CyclinA2 enzyme inhibition by a luminescent ADP detection assay. We show that of the 26 compounds synthesized and evaluated, at least 5 compounds were found to be highly potent (IC50 < 20 nm); which can be further optimized to have selectivity over other kinase isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pathik S Brahmkshatriya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nisha K Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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Vinken M, Maes M, Crespo Yanguas S, Willebrords J, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Establishment and Characterization of an In Vitro Model of Fas-Mediated Hepatocyte Cell Death. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1250:95-103. [PMID: 26272136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2074-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fas-mediated apoptosis underlies a plethora of liver pathologies and toxicities. As a consequence, this process is a major research topic in the field of experimental and clinical hepatology. The present chapter describes the setup of an in vitro model of hepatocellular apoptotic cell death. In essence, this system consists of freshly isolated hepatocytes cultured in a monolayer configuration, which are exposed to a combination of Fas ligand and cycloheximide. This in vitro model has been characterized by using a set of well-acknowledged cell death markers. This experimental system allows the study of the entire course of Fas-mediated hepatocellular cell death, going from early apoptosis to secondary necrosis, and hence can serve a broad range of in vitro pharmaco-toxicological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium,
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Primary hepatocytes and their cultures in liver apoptosis research. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:199-212. [PMID: 24013573 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis not only plays a key role in physiological demise of defunct hepatocytes, but is also associated with a plethora of acute and chronic liver diseases as well as with hepatotoxicity. The present paper focuses on the modelling of this mode of programmed cell death in primary hepatocyte cultures. Particular attention is paid to the activation of spontaneous apoptosis during the isolation of hepatocytes from the liver, its progressive manifestation upon the subsequent establishment of cell cultures and simultaneously to strategies to counteract this deleterious process. In addition, currently applied approaches to experimentally induce controlled apoptosis in this in vitro setting for mechanistic research purposes and thereby its detection using relevant biomarkers are reviewed.
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Majeed J, Shaharyar M. Synthesis and in vivo diuretic activity of some novel pyrimidine derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:819-26. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.557022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaseela Majeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - M. Shaharyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi-110062, India
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Vinken M, Decrock E, De Vuyst E, Leybaert L, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Biochemical characterisation of an in vitro model of hepatocellular apoptotic cell death. Altern Lab Anim 2009; 37:209-18. [PMID: 19453217 DOI: 10.1177/026119290903700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was set up to critically evaluate a commonly-used in vitro model of hepatocellular apoptotic cell death, in which freshly isolated hepatocytes, cultured in a monolayer configuration, are exposed to a combination of Fas ligand and cycloheximide for six hours. A set of well-acknowledged cell death markers was addressed: a) cell morphology was studied by light microscopy; b) apoptotic and necrotic cell populations were quantified by in situ staining with Annexin-V, Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI); c) apoptotic and necrotic activities were monitored by probing caspase 3-like activity and measuring the extracellular leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), respectively; and d) the expression of apoptosis regulators was investigated by immunoblotting. The initiation of apoptosis was evidenced by the activation of caspase 8 and caspase 9, and increased Annexin-V reactivity. Progression through the apoptotic process was confirmed by the activation of caspase 3 and Bid, the enhanced expression of Bax, and the occurrence of nuclear fragmentation. Late transition to a necrotic appearance was demonstrated by an increased number of PI-positive cells and augmented extracellular release of LDH. Thus, the in vitro model allows the study of the entire course of Fas-mediated hepatocellular apoptotic cell death, which is not possible in vivo. This experimental system can serve a broad range of in vitro pharmaco-toxicological purposes, thereby directly assisting in the reduction of animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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Yamada T, Uwagawa S, Okuno Y, Cohen SM, Kaneko H. Case Study: An Evaluation of the Human Relevance of the Synthetic Pyrethroid Metofluthrin-Induced Liver Tumors in Rats Based on Mode of Action. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:59-68. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Deguchi Y, Yamada T, Hirose Y, Nagahori H, Kushida M, Sumida K, Sukata T, Tomigahara Y, Nishioka K, Uwagawa S, Kawamura S, Okuno Y. Mode of Action Analysis for the Synthetic Pyrethroid Metofluthrin-Induced Rat Liver Tumors: Evidence for Hepatic CYP2B Induction and Hepatocyte Proliferation. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:69-80. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chilakapati J, Korrapati MC, Shankar K, Hill RA, Warbritton A, Latendresse JR, Mehendale HM. Role of CYP2E1 and saturation kinetics in the bioactivation of thioacetamide: Effects of diet restriction and phenobarbital. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 219:72-84. [PMID: 17234228 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 11/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TA) undergoes saturation toxicokinetics in ad libitum (AL) fed rats. Diet restriction (DR) protects rats from lethal dose of TA despite increased bioactivation-mediated liver injury via CYP2E1 induction. While a low dose (50 mg TA/kg) produces 6-fold higher initial injury, a 12-fold higher dose produces delayed and mere 2.5-fold higher injury. The primary objective was to determine if this less-than-expected increase in injury is due to saturation toxicokinetics. Rats on AL and DR for 21 days received either 50 or 600 mg TA/kg i.p. T(1/2) and AUCs for TA and TA-S-oxide were consistent with saturable kinetics. Covalent binding of (14)C-TA-derived-radiolabel to liver macromolecules after low dose was 2-fold higher in DR than AL rats. However, following lethal dose, no differences were found between AL and DR. This lack of dose-dependent response appears to be due to saturation of bioactivation at the higher dose. The second objective was to investigate the effect of phenobarbital pretreatment (PB) on TA-initiated injury following a sub-lethal dose (500 mg/kg). PB induced CYP2B1/2 approximately 350-fold, but did not increase covalent binding of (14)C-TA, TA-induced liver injury and mortality, suggesting that CYP2B1/2 has no major role in TA bioactivation. The third objective was to investigate the role of CYP2E1 using cyp2e1 knockout mice (KO). Injury was assessed over time (0-48 h) in wild type (WT) and KO mice after LD(100) dose (500 mg/kg) in WT. While WT mice exhibited robust injury which progressed to death, KO mice exhibited neither initiation nor progression of injury. These findings confirm that CYP2E1 is responsible for TA bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Chilakapati
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Sugar Hall # 306, Monroe, LA 71209-0470, USA
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Herweijer H, Zhang G, Subbotin VM, Budker V, Williams P, Wolff JA. Time course of gene expression after plasmid DNA gene transfer to the liver. J Gene Med 2001; 3:280-91. [PMID: 11437333 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of expression in hepatocytes can be achieved after intraportal delivery of plasmid DNA vectors with up to 10% of all liver cells transfected. CMV promoter-driven expression is very high on Day 1 after injection, but is diminished strongly by Day 2. Expression slowly declines after 1 week. We describe experiments aimed at elucidating the reasons for this rapid decline in transgene expression. METHODS Histological methods were used to determine the presence and extent of liver damage and hepatocyte proliferation. Viral and liver-specific promoters were tested to study promoter shut-off, Southern blotting was performed to determine the loss of the pDNA vector over time, and several mouse models were used to study the host immunological response. RESULTS pDNA is lost rapidly early after injection, but remains at a relatively stable copy number after Day 4. Southern blotting experiments showed that plasmid DNA could be detected for at least 12 weeks after injection (0.2 copies per genome). The early rapid decline of expression is promoter dependent. A liver-specific albumin promoter resulted in similar levels of expression on Days 1 and 7, suggesting that promoter inactivation may be responsible for the instability of CMV promoter-driven expression. The slow decline in expression levels after 1 week appears to be the result of an immune response directed against the expressed transgene. Expression was much prolonged in immunosuppressed, immunodeficient, or antigen-tolerized mice. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that if promoter inactivation can be overcome, intravascular delivery of plasmid DNA could be a highly efficient, simple and non-toxic liver gene therapy approach. Intravascular delivery of pDNA allows for the rapid screening of novel expression vectors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Herweijer
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705, USA
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Furukawa S, Usuda K, Tamura T, Kubota R, Ikeyama S, Goryo M, Masegi T, Okada K. Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene on Cell Population in Rat Hepatocytes. J Toxicol Pathol 2001. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Koji Usuda
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Toru Tamura
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Rie Kubota
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd
| | - Seiichi Ikeyama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Masanobu Goryo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Toshiaki Masegi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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Furukawa S, Usuda K, Kaneko I, Miyamoto Y, Ikeyama S, Goryo M, Okada K. Effect of Clofibrate on Cell Population in Rat Hepatocytes. J Toxicol Pathol 2000. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.13.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama Saitama, 349-0294, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Usuda
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama Saitama, 349-0294, Japan
| | - Iwao Kaneko
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama Saitama, 349-0294, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miyamoto
- Shiraoka Research Station of Biological Science, Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd., 1470 Shiraoka, Minamisaitama Saitama, 349-0294, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ikeyama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masanobu Goryo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
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