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Endo H, Nguyen TS, Nguyen DD, Sasaki M, Kimura J, Oshida T, Yago M, Ly NT, Nguyen TT, Motokawa M. Zoogeographical barriers causing discontinuous osteometrical variations in the northern treeshrew skulls. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1534-1544. [PMID: 34380913 PMCID: PMC8569870 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation of the skull was examined in the northern treeshrew
(Tupaia belangeri) from various localities across Southeast Asia.
Through a multivariate analysis, the treeshrews from South Vietnam exhibited distinct
morphological characteristics compared to other populations from Thailand and Laos, and
Malaysia. The plots of the specimens of North Vietnam are not randomly mixed with Thailand
plots segregation in the scatteregrams of canonical discriminant analysis. Since the
skulls of the population from North Vietnam were morphologically similar to those form
central Laos and northern and northeastern Thailand, the zoogeographical barrier effect of
Mekong River was not clearly confirmed. The population of the Kanchanaburi in western
Thailand is clearly smaller in size compared to the other populations. The southern border
of the distribution of this species is determined by the Isthmus of Kra or Kangar-Pattani
Line. In the northern treeshrew, which is distributed from southern China to Bangladesh
and southern Thailand, we have detected osteometrical geographical variation driven by
geography. These results indicate that the skull morphology in the Tupaia
glis-belangeri complex distinctively differs in South Vietnam, western
Thailand, and southern Thailand. The zoogeographical barrier and factor separating these
districts are expected to clarify in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
| | - Truong Son Nguyen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Dinh Duy Nguyen
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Motoki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Junpei Kimura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
| | - Tatsuo Oshida
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Masaya Yago
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ngoc Tu Ly
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
| | - Thi Tham Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University.,Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University
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Ito T, Koyabu D. Biogeographic variation in skull morphology across the Kra Isthmus in dusky leaf monkeys. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ito
- Department of Evolution and Phylogeny; Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- The University Museum; The University of Tokyo; Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
- Department of Humanities and Sciences; Musashino Art University
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Sargis EJ, Woodman N, Morningstar NC, Bell TN, Olson LE. Skeletal variation and taxonomic boundaries among mainland and island populations of the common treeshrew (Mammalia: Scandentia: Tupaiidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Sargis
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; P.O. Box 208277 New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; P.O. Box 208106 New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology; Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History; New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Neal Woodman
- United States Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013 USA
| | | | - Tiffany N. Bell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; P.O. Box 208106 New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Link E. Olson
- University of Alaska Museum; University of Alaska Fairbanks; Fairbanks AK 99775 USA
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Sargis EJ, Woodman N, Reese AT, Olson LE. Using hand proportions to test taxonomic boundaries within theTupaia glisspecies complex (Scandentia, Tupaiidae). J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/11-mamm-a-343.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Esser D, Schehka S, Zimmermann E. Species-Specificity in Communication Calls of Tree Shrews (Tupaia: Scandentia). J Mammal 2008. [DOI: 10.1644/07-mamm-a-360.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Endo H, Hayashida A, Fukuta K. Multivariate analyses of the skull size and shape in the five geographical populations of the lesser false vampire. MAMMAL STUDY 2007. [DOI: 10.3106/1348-6160(2007)32[23:maotss]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Endo H, Kimura J, Oshida T, Stafford BJ, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Nishida T, Sasaki M, Hayashida A, Hayashi Y. Geographical variation of skull morphology and its functional significances in the red-cheeked squirrel. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 65:1179-83. [PMID: 14665745 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skulls of the red-cheeked squirrel (Dremomys rufigenis) from various geographical locations: Malaysia (peninsular area), Vietnam (south district)-Laos, and Thailand (north district) were osteometrically examined. The skull size of the squirrels in the southern (Malaysia) population was fundamentally larger than that in the northern (Vietnam, Laos and Thailand) populations. The proportion indices indicated that the splanchnocranium was relatively longer in the Malaysia population, and that the interorbital space was narrower in Vietnam-Laos, and Thailand populations. We suggest that the long nose and laterally-oriented orbits in the skull may be better adapted for terrestrial-insectivorous life in the Malaysia population and the binocular sense facilitated by rostrally-oriented eyes contributes to the arboreal-fruit eating behavior in the two northern populations. The Malaysia population was clearly distinguished from the other populations by the principal component analysis. We suggest that the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Kra influences the morphological variation of the skull among the squirrel populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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Endo H, Fukuta K, Kimura J, Sasaki M, Hayashi Y, Oshida T. Phylogenetic relationships among populations of the mouse deer in the Southeast Asian Region from the nucleotide sequence of cytochrome b gene. MAMMAL STUDY 2004. [DOI: 10.3106/mammalstudy.29.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Endo H, Kimura J, Oshida T, Stafford BJ, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Nishida T, Sasaki M, Hayashida A, Hayashi Y. Geographical and Functional-Morphological Variations of the Skull in the Gray-Bellied Squirrel. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:277-82. [PMID: 15107556 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical variations of the skulls were osteometrically examined in the gray-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps) from the populations of Korat, Ranong, southernmost Thailand, and Terutau Island. The skull size was larger in northern population than in the southern population in the continental mainland. The zoogeographical influences of the Isthmus of Kra remained unclear, since the plots from Korat population were intermingled with those from southernmost Thailand population in the principal component charts. Although Korat population has been thought to belong to north group, we suggest that Ranong and southernmost Thailand populations may contain individuals from both north and south groups separated by the ancient Kra barrier. Terutau Island population was similar to southernmost Thailand population in skull size, although Terutau population has been isolated in the island and separated from the south group of the Isthmus of Kra. In the proportional analysis the interorbital space was narrower and the binocular sense has been well-developed in Terutau population. It suggests that this population has been highly adapted to arboreal behavior. In contrast, the skull with larger interorbital space was more adaptive for terrestrial life in Korat population. The canonical discriminant analysis could clearly separate the four populations in the scattergrams of discriminant scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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Endo H, Kimura J, Oshida T, Stafford BJ, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Nishida T, Sasaki M, Hayashida A, Hayashi Y. Geographical Variation of Skull Size and Shape in Various Populations in the Black Giant Squirrel. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:1213-8. [PMID: 15528851 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We osteometrically examined the skulls of the black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) from three mainland populations (M. Malayan Peninsula, V. South Vietnam, and B. Burma, India and North Thailand) and from two island populations (T. Tioman, and S. Sumatra Islands). The skull in the Malayan peninsula population was significantly smaller than that of the two other mainland populations. It is consistent with Bergmann's rule as shown in the gray-bellied squirrel. The two island populations did not show obvious differences in comparison with the Malayan population in many measurements. In the proportion analysis eliminating the size factor, the differences among populations were not easily confirmed and we concluded that the osteological characters peculiar to each population could not be shown in this species. The first and second principal component scores of M, S, and T populations were intermingled, whereas the V and B populations of V and B were not separated in the chart. We pointed out that the morphological differences were demonstrated between northern and southern groups of the Isthmus of Kra in the mainland populations, and that the two island populations did not show the island-isolation effect in comparison with the M population. The adaptational variation related to feeding and locomotion could not be confirmed among populations of the black giant squirrel as shown in the proportion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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Endo H, Fukuta K, Kimura J, Sasaki M, Stafford BJ. Geographical Variation of the Skull of the Lesser Mouse Deer. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:1229-35. [PMID: 15528854 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the geographical variation of the skull size and shape of the lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) from Laos, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Langkawi and some Islands of Tenasserim in Myanmar. Although the influence of the climatic condition on skull size was not confirmed in the mainland populations, the skull became rostro-caudally longer in the populations of Tenasserim and Sumatra because of island isolation effect. The skull size was classified into the following three clusters of localities from the matrix of Q-mode correlation coefficients: 1) Langkawi and Tenasserim, 2) Laos and Thailand, 3) Sumatra and Borneo. The skulls in the population of Java belong to the cluster of Langkawi and Tenasserim in male, however were morphologically similar to those in the cluster of Borneo and Sumatra. The canonical discriminant analysis pointed out that the Laos and Tenasserim populations were separated from the other ones and that the populations of Sumatra, Java and Borneo were intermingled each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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Endo H, Hikida T, Motokawa M, Chou LM, Fukuta K, Stafford BJ. Morphological adaptation of the skull for various behaviors in the tree shrews. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:873-9. [PMID: 12951419 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skull size and shape were examined among 14 species of the tree shrews (Tupaia montana, T. picta, T. splendidula, T. mulleri, T. longipes, T. glis, T. javanica, T. minor, T. gracilis, T. dorsalis, T. tana, Dendrogale melanura, D. murina, and Ptilocercus lowii). The bones of face were rostro-caudally longer in T. tana and T. dorsalis, contrasting with T. minor and T. gracilis, D. melanura, D. murina and P. lowii which have smaller facial length ratios. The arbo-terrestrial species (T. longipes and T. glis) were similar to terrestrial species in length ratios of bones of face unlike the other arbo-terrestrial species (T. montana, T. picta, T. splendidula, and T. mulleri). We propose that T. longipes and T. glis have adapted to foraging for termites and ants as have T. tana and T. dorsalis. Additionally small body size in T. javanica may be the result of being isolated in Java. We separated the species into 5 groups from the measurment values of skulls: 1) Terrestrial species; T. tana and T. dorsalis, 2) Arboreal species; T. minor and T. gracilis, 3) Arbo-terrestrial species group 1: T. montana, T. splendidula, T. picta and T. mulleri, and T. javanica, 4) Arbo-terrestrial species group 2: T. glis and T. longipes, 5) Arboreal species of Dendrogale and Ptilocercus. Principal component analysis separated species into 8 clusters as follows: 1) T. tana, 2) T. dorsalis, 3) T. montana, T. splendidula, T. picta and T. mulleri, 4) T. glis and T. longipes, 5) T. javanica, 6) T. minor and T. gracilis, 7) D. melanura and D. murina, and 8) P. lowii. We suggest that these clusters correspond to behavioral strategies and peculiarities observed in foraging, feeding and locomotion in each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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Endo H, Hayashi Y, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Nadee N, Nabhitabhata J, Kawamoto Y, Hirai H, Kimura J, Nishida T, Yamada J. Sympatric distribution of the two morphological types of the common tree shrew in Hat-Yai districts (South Thailand). J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:759-61. [PMID: 10945296 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The two color types (grayish northern and reddish southern types) of the common tree shrew (Tupaia glis and Tupaia belangeri) were co-distributed in Hat-Yai region (South Thailand). Although the Isthmus of Kra in South Thailand has been considered as distribution barrier of the two types, the sympatric distribution of both types was confirmed in southern side of the Isthmus. In the principal component analysis, the skull measurement character from Hat-Yai region could also be separated into the northern and southern groups according to the skin color identification of corresponding individuals. We could generally distinguish the common tree shrew into two types by skull morphology as well as external skin color.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Endo
- Department of Zoology, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan
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