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Sotillo S, Ward JL, Guillot E, Domenig O, Yuan L, Smith JS, Gabriel V, Iennarella-Servantez CA, Mochel JP. Dose-response of benazepril on biomarkers of the classical and alternative pathways of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2684. [PMID: 36792677 PMCID: PMC9932142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) such as benazepril are commonly prescribed in both humans and dogs with heart disease to mitigate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); however, the dose-dependent effects of benazepril on comprehensive RAAS components remain unknown. In this study, nine purpose-bred healthy dogs received three different dosages of oral benazepril (0.125 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg, or 0.5 mg/kg) in a randomized crossover design following induction of RAAS activation by consuming a low-sodium diet. Blood samples were collected at serial time intervals after benazepril dosing to measure plasma benazeprilat (active metabolite of benazepril) and serum RAAS biomarkers. Blood pressure and echocardiogram were performed at baseline and after each benazepril administration. Time-weighted averages for RAAS biomarkers for 12 h post-dose and hemodynamic variables were compared between dosing groups using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing. Compared to the lowest dosage of benazepril (0.125 mg/kg), the highest dosage (0.5 mg/kg) resulted in lower time-weighted average values of angiotensin (Ang) II (- 38%, P = 0.004), Ang1-5 (- 53%, P = 0.001), ACE-S (surrogate for ACE activity; - 59%, P = 0.0002), and ALT-S (surrogate for alternative RAAS activity; - 22%, P = 0.004), and higher values of AngI (+ 78%, P = 0.014) and PRA-S (surrogate for plasma renin activity; + 58%, P = 0.040). There were no relevant differences between dosing groups for blood pressure or echocardiographic variables. Knowledge of dose-dependent alterations in biomarkers of the classical and alternative RAAS pathways could help inform clinical trials for dosage optimization in both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sotillo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Emilie Guillot
- Ceva Santé Animale, Companion Animal Franchise, Libourne, France
| | | | - Lingnan Yuan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joseph S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Fink DM, Mans C. Use of Amlodipine in Psittacine Birds: 5 Cases (2010-2018). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:155-160. [PMID: 34256545 DOI: 10.1647/19-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure with minimal adverse effects in mammals. To provide a retrospective evaluation of amlodipine use in psittacine birds, medical records were reviewed for all avian patients prescribed amlodipine for treatment for the presumptive diagnosis of hypertension, based on clinical signs and indirect blood pressure measurements. Five birds were treated with amlodipine between 2010 and 2018. The median age was 33 years (range, 22-37 years) and 3/5 birds presented for ataxia or seizures. The median indirect systolic blood pressure at diagnosis was 243 mm Hg (range, 200-275 mm Hg). In 3/5 birds, amlodipine was the only drug prescribed, whereas, in 2/5 birds, enalapril was also prescribed in addition to amlodipine. In addition to the prescription of enalapril, blood pressure measurements were obtained indirectly, which are variables to be considered in this report. The initial median dose of amlodipine prescribed was 0.4 mg/kg (range, 0.1-0.4 mg/kg) PO q24h. In 3/5 birds, amlodipine administration was increased either in dose or frequency. Median follow-up time was 25 months (range, 2-55 months) after the initiation of amlodipine treatment. Owners in all 5 cases reported improvement of clinical signs by a median time of 2 months (range, 1-15 months). Three of 5 birds (60%) demonstrated a decreasing trend in blood pressure during the first 6 months after treatment with amlodipine was started (average, ≥20% decrease). Prospective, controlled studies are needed to investigate the efficacy of amlodipine in psittacine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M Fink
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christoph Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA,
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Dzaki N, Wahab W, Azlan A, Azzam G. CTP synthase knockdown during early development distorts the nascent vertebral column and causes fluid retention in multiple tissues in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ishikawa Y, Uechi M, Hori Y, Yamano S, Enomoto Y. Effects of enalapril in cats with pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 9:29-35. [PMID: 16934512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of enalapril on haemodynamics and renal function in a pressure overload model, we prepared eight feline models of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by banding of the aortic arch. The LVH cats were assigned to the placebo group or the enalapril group (0.5 mg/kg, PO, sid) 3 months following surgery, and each received its respective drug for 4 weeks. Each week, blood pressure, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in blood, and creatinine clearance were measured, and complete blood count (CBC), biochemical examination of the blood, echocardiography, and chest radiography were carried out. The interventricular septum thickness (IVSd, IVSs), fractional shortening (FS), and ejection fraction (EF) increased significantly in the LVH cats following surgery ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the placebo group and the enalapril group with respect to general physical parameters, CBC, biochemical parameters and renal function. In the enalapril group, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and ACE activity in blood decreased significantly following administration ( P<0.05). In addition, the left ventricular free wall thickness in diastole and IVSd decreased significantly following administration ( P<0.05). These results suggest that, in a pressure overload model, enalapril (0.5 mg/kg, sid) inhibits cardiac hypertrophy, reduces blood pressure, and does not adversely affect renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ishikawa
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kitasato University, 23-35-1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
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Muñoz A, Esgueva M, Gómez-Díez M, Serrano-Caballero JM, Castejón-Riber C, Serrano-Rodríguez JM. Modulation of acute transient exercise-induced hypertension after oral administration of four angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in normotensive horses. Vet J 2016; 208:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril and its active metabolite, enalaprilat, at four different doses in healthy horses. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:105-10. [PMID: 24972864 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of IV enalapril at 0.50 mg/kg, PO placebo and PO enalapril at three different doses (0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg) were analyzed in 7 healthy horses. Serum concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilat were determined for pharmacokinetic analysis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, serum ureic nitrogen (SUN), creatinine and electrolytes were measured, and blood pressure was monitored for pharmacodynamic analysis. The elimination half-lives of enalapril and enalaprilat were 0.67 and 2.76 h respectively after IV enalapril. Enalapril concentrations after PO administrations were below the limit of quantification (10 ng/ml) in all horses and enalaprilat concentrations were below the limit of quantification in 4 of the 7 horses. Maximum mean ACE inhibitions from baseline were 88.38, 3.24, 21.69, 26.11 and 30.19% for IV enalapril at 0.50 mg/kg, placebo and PO enalapril at 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg, respectively. Blood pressures, SUN, creatinine and electrolytes remained unchanged during the experiments.
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Ishikawa Y, Uechi M, Ishikawa R, Wakao Y, Higuchi SI. Effect of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Hemodynamics Following the Administration of an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in Cats. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:869-71. [PMID: 17827900 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamics of the anesthetic isoflurane in healthy cats given angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI). The 7 healthy young cats and 3 old cats were received placebo or enalapril 0.5 mg/kg orally. The change in systolic arterial pressure from the baseline to 30 min postanesthesia in the ACEI group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (mean +/- SD: -39 +/- 13% vs. -17 +/- 12%, respectively). The present study indicated that general anesthesia may induce hypotension after the administration of an ACEI.
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Lefebvre HP, Toutain PL. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the therapy of renal diseases. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2004; 27:265-81. [PMID: 15500563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal diseases, especially chronic renal failure (CRF), are common in canine and feline medicine. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a pivotal role in these conditions in the development of renal lesions and the progression of kidney dysfunction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are currently considered as the most efficient agents in therapeutic strategies. The benefit of an ACEI treatment can be explained by at least three mechanisms: ACEI limit systemic and glomerular capillary hypertension, have an antiproteinuric effect, and retard the development of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial lesions. These effects have been studied in dogs and cats, and there is now some evidence to support the recommendation of ACEI therapy in dogs and cats with CRF. Nevertheless the prescription of ACEI in such patients should take into account the potential influence of renal impairment on ACEI disposition, and adverse effects on the renal function itself (especially hypotension and acute reductions in glomerular filtration rate). The risk of drug interaction with diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anesthetics, should not be overestimated. Furthermore, hypotension may occur in patients on a low sodium diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Lefebvre
- UMR 181 Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Experimentales INRA-ENVT, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France.
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