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Dolka I, Czopowicz M, Stopka D, Wojtkowska A, Kaszak I, Sapierzyński R. Risk factor analysis and clinicopathological characteristics of female dogs with mammary tumours from a single-center retrospective study in Poland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5569. [PMID: 38448646 PMCID: PMC10917774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
This is a comprehensive retrospective study to characterize female dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs) using a dataset retrieved from the archives of the Division of Animal Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine in Warsaw, and to identify prognostic factors. Clinical and histopathological data of 1447 dogs with CMTs were included. Malignant tumours were found in 83.3% (n = 1206), benign tumours in 11.7% (n = 169), and non-neoplastic lesions in 5.0% (n = 72) of dogs. Dogs most often had grade II carcinomas (38.2%, 215/562) of a single histological subtype (88.5%, 1281/1447), mostly simple carcinoma (35.3%, 510/1447). Dogs with a median age of 10 years significantly often had larger (≥ 3 cm) and malignant CMTs, whereas intact females had smaller tumours (median size 2.0 cm). However, the threshold value for the age of the dog in the differentiation of malignant and non-neoplastic/benign masses could not be determined. Most females were hormonally active (76.4%, 372/487). Hormonally active dogs significantly more often had multiple tumours. Multiple tumours were significantly smaller (median 2.5 cm) than single ones. Among pedigree dogs, small-breed dogs were mostly recorded (43%, 428/1006). Twelve breeds had an increased risk of CMTs, regardless of tumour behaviour, compared with the theoretical distribution of pedigree dogs in Poland. Four breeds were often affected only by malignant and other four breeds only by non-neoplastic/benign CMT. Large-breed dogs were significantly younger and affected by larger CMT (median 4 cm) compared with small- and medium-breed dogs. Ninety dogs with a malignant CMT and complete records were included in the full analysis of CMT-specific survival (CMT-SS) with a median follow-up time of 20.0 months. We showed that the timing of ovariohysterectomy in relation to mastectomy was significantly associated with grade, CMT-SS, and CMT-related death. We indicated the low diagnostic accuracy of palpation of regional lymph nodes (RLN) in the prediction of their metastatic involvement. By multivariable analysis, dogs with neoplastic emboli, tumour ulceration, and simple or complex carcinoma had a significantly higher risk of local recurrence. Tumour size > 3 cm was as a strong independent predictor of lung metastases. Compared with dogs with an easily separated localized tumour, dogs with a multiple/diffuse malignant CMT pattern had a fivefold higher risk of death. The risk of death was significantly higher in the presence of neoplastic emboli (~ fivefold) and tumour ulceration (~ fourfold). Furthermore, the presence of neoplastic emboli and large tumour size were independent predictors of CMT-related death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Stopka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wojtkowska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kaszak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases With Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Carvalho PT, Niza-Ribeiro J, Amorim I, Queiroga F, Severo M, Ribeiro AI, Pinello K. Comparative epidemiological study of breast cancer in humans and canine mammary tumors: insights from Portugal. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271097. [PMID: 38098996 PMCID: PMC10720630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs spontaneously develop mammary gland tumors (MGT) and exhibit striking similarities in clinical and epidemiological characteristics to human breast cancer (HBC). Descriptive and comparative analysis of HBC and canine MGT with a focus on evaluating similarities and geographical distribution were the aims of this study. HBC cases were obtained from North Regional Oncological Registry (RORENO) (2010-2015) and canine MGT cases from Vet-OncoNet (2019-2022). Analyses were performed based on published and well accepted classification systems (ICD-O-3.2 for humans and Vet-ICD-O-canine-1). Age-standardized incidence risks (ASIR) of Porto district municipalities were calculated using 2021 Portuguese census (INE) and data from the Portuguese animal registration system (SIAC). Among 7,674 HBC cases and 1,140 MGT cases, a similar age and sex distribution pattern was observed. Approximately 69.2% of HBC cases were between 40 and 69 years old, while 66.9% of MGT cases were diagnosed between 7 and 12 years old (mean age of 9.6 years, SD = 2.6). In women, Invasive breast carcinoma (8500/3) was the most common histological type (n = 5,679, 74%) while in dogs it was the Complex Carcinoma (8983.1/3) (n = 205, 39%). Cocker and Yorkshire Terriers exhibited the highest relative risks (3.2 and 1.6, p < 0.05, respectively) when compared to cross breed dogs. The municipalities' ASIR of the two species exhibited a high correlation (R = 0.85, p < 0.01) and the spatial cluster analysis revealed similar geographic hotspots. Also, higher ASIR values both in women and dogs were more frequently found in urbanized areas compared to rural areas. This research sheds light on the shared features and geographical correlation between HBC and canine MGT, highlighting the potential of cross-species environmental oncology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Tiago Carvalho
- Vet-OncoNet, Population Studies Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Niza-Ribeiro
- Vet-OncoNet, Population Studies Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Felisbina Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for Animal Science Studies, Institute of Sciences, Technologies and Agroenvironment (CECA-ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- Epidemiology Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- Epidemiology Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Katia Pinello
- Vet-OncoNet, Population Studies Department, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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3
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Ferreira T, Gama A, Seixas F, Faustino-Rocha AI, Lopes C, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA. Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:379. [PMID: 37368765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a "One Health" approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Hörnfeldt MB, Mortensen JK. Surgical dose and the clinical outcome in the treatment of mammary gland tumours in female dogs: a literature review. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:12. [PMID: 36906609 PMCID: PMC10008593 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland tumours are the most frequent tumours in intact female dogs and surgery remains the main treatment modality. Surgery is traditionally performed according to the lymphatic drainage of the mammary glands, but robust evidence is still lacking on what surgical dose is the smallest and results in the best outcome. The objective of the study was to investigate whether choice of surgical dose influences treatment outcome in dogs with mammary tumours and to identify current gaps in research that need to be filled in future studies for identifying the smallest surgical dose with the best possible outcome. Articles for entrance into the study were identified in online databases. Information regarding outcome following use of different surgical doses was extracted for analysis. Also, known prognostic factors were mapped for each study to discuss their impact on treatment outcome. Twelve articles were identified and included. Surgical dose applied ranged from lumpectomy to radical mastectomy. Radical mastectomy was most often analysed [11/12 (92%) articles]. Less invasive surgical doses were used less often in decreasing order of invasiveness. Outcomes analysed were most often survival time [7/12 (58%) articles], frequency of recurrences [5/12 (50%) studies] and time to recurrence [5/12 (42%) studies)]. No studies demonstrated any significant association between surgical dose and outcome. Gaps in the research could be categorised as data that was not available for extraction, for example known prognostic factors. Other factors related to study design were also identified, for example small groups of dogs included into the study. No studies showed a clear benefit of choosing one surgical dose over the other. Choice of surgical dose should be based on known prognostic factors and risks for complications rather than on lymphatic drainage. In future studies all prognostic factors should be included when investigating how choice of surgical dose influences treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bennet Hörnfeldt
- Gothenburg Animal Hospital Evidensia/Göteborgs Djursjukhus Evidensia, Produktvägen 5, 435 33 Mölnlycke, Sweden
| | - Jacob Kvesel Mortensen
- Gothenburg Animal Hospital Evidensia/Göteborgs Djursjukhus Evidensia, Produktvägen 5, 435 33 Mölnlycke, Sweden
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Gedon J, Wehrend A, Kessler M. Ovariectomy reduces the risk of tumour development and influences the histologic continuum in canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:476-483. [PMID: 34913241 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influence of neutering on canine mammary tumorigenesis has been a source of vivid discussion over the last decades. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the association between neuter status, tumour size and degree of malignancy in a large population of 625 female dogs with altogether 1459 removed mammary tumours (MTs). MT-bearing dogs were predominantly intact (80.3%) and intact dogs were overrepresented in the tumour population compared to the control group of >19 000 females (p < .0001). Multiple MT occurred in 340 patients (54.4%) and were significantly more common in intact dogs (57.8% vs. 40.7% spayed). Neutered dogs were not only significantly more likely to have a malignant MT (p < .0001) but were significantly more often affected by more aggressive tumour subtypes (p < .0001). Positive correlation between increasing tumour size and increasingly malignant phenotype was slightly stronger in spayed (rs = .217; p = .021) compared to intact (rs = .179; p = .0003) patients. After ovariectomy, progression from benign to malignant occurs in smaller size tumours, as MT ≥2 cm in diameter were malignant in 86.9% of the spayed patients, compared to 62.0% in intact patients (p = .0002). Intact bitches have a higher risk for MTs and tumour multiplicity. MTs in neutered females are more often malignant and belong to more aggressive subtypes compared to MTs in intact dogs. In neutered bitches, histologic progression from benign to malignant and further along the cancer progression continuum occurs at smaller tumour sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Burrai GP, Gabrieli A, Moccia V, Zappulli V, Porcellato I, Brachelente C, Pirino S, Polinas M, Antuofermo E. A Statistical Analysis of Risk Factors and Biological Behavior in Canine Mammary Tumors: A Multicenter Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091687. [PMID: 32961915 PMCID: PMC7552647 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) represent a serious issue in worldwide veterinary practice and several risk factors are variably implicated in the biology of CMTs. The present study examines the relationship between risk factors and histological diagnosis of a large CMT dataset from three academic institutions by classical statistical analysis and supervised machine learning methods. Epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological data of 1866 CMTs were included. Dogs with malignant tumors were significantly older than dogs with benign tumors (9.6 versus 8.7 years, P < 0.001). Malignant tumors were significantly larger than benign counterparts (2.69 versus 1.7 cm, P < 0.001). Interestingly, 18% of malignant tumors were smaller than 1 cm in diameter, providing compelling evidence that the size of the tumor should be reconsidered during the assessment of the TNM-WHO clinical staging. The application of the logistic regression and the machine learning model identified the age and the tumor's size as the best predictors with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 0.63, suggesting that these risk factors are sufficient but not exhaustive indicators of the malignancy of CMTs. This multicenter study increases the general knowledge of the main epidemiologica-clinical risk factors involved in the onset of CMTs and paves the way for further investigations of these factors in association with CMTs and in the application of machine learning technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni P. Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Gabrieli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Valentina Moccia
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, AGRIPOLIS–Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro Padua, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, AGRIPOLIS–Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro Padua, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (I.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Salvatore Pirino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.P.B.); (A.G.); (S.P.); (M.P.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-440
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Gedon J, Wehrend A, Failing K, Kessler M. Canine mammary tumours: Size matters-a progression from low to highly malignant subtypes. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:707-713. [PMID: 32945086 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a possible association between mammary tumour size and increasing degree of malignancy. Data of 625 dogs with a total of 1459 mammary tumours were analysed retrospectively. 80.3% dogs were intact, mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 ± 2.5 years, 75.8% were pure breed dogs. Median body weight was 20.0 kg. Malignant tumours (n = 580) were significantly larger than their benign counterparts (1.94 cm vs 0.90 cm in mean, respectively; P ≤ .0001), resulting in a positive correlation between increasing tumour size and a change from benign to malignant (P ≤ .0001; rs = 0.214). When malignant tumours were grouped into four degrees of increasing malignancy (complex/simple/solid/anaplastic carcinomas) a significant positive correlation between increasing tumour size and more malignant tumour degree (P ≤ .0001; rs = 0.195) could be demonstrated. In a number of cases, highly malignant tumours were found to arise within less malignant lesions, supporting the concept of a further progression within the malignant tumour subtypes. In patients with multiple tumours, mean tumour sizes for malignant tumours were significantly smaller compared to patients with only one tumour (1.67 vs 2.71 cm in mean, respectively; P < .0001). These findings suggest that mammary tumours progress not only from benign to malignant but also from low to highly malignant. An increase in diameter of only a few millimetres may therefore have a big impact on the patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing of the Veterinary Faculty of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Pastor N, Ezquerra LJ, Santella M, Caballé NC, Tarazona R, Durán ME. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical markers and histological classification in malignant canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:753-762. [PMID: 32336005 PMCID: PMC7754150 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma represents a model for the study of human breast cancer, although the prognostic value of various clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters has shown contradictory results. A prospective study, through a 4‐year follow‐up, was performed in 77 patients with mammary carcinoma to analyse the association between histological diagnosis, grade of malignancy, peritumoral and vascular invasion. We have also performed immunohistochemistry for the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) that define human biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response. An association between histological diagnosis and clinical stage was observed with a high proportion of complex carcinoma classified as stage I. There was a higher proportion of ER+/PR+/HER2− tumours in stage I. In contrast, triple‐negative tumours (ER−/PR−/HER2−) were found mainly in advanced clinical stages and were associated with vascular and peritumoral invasion. The tumours included in group VII (carcinosarcoma/adenosquamous carcinoma/other special types of carcinoma) had a higher expression of COX‐2. The univariate analysis showed that those patients with complex carcinoma had the lowest incidence of metastases and the highest probability of survival. In contrast, a high proportion of patients with anaplastic/inflammatory carcinoma developed metastases and showed the lowest probability of survival. In addition, the estimated survival time was shorter for those patients with triple‐negative tumours and those with high COX‐2 expression. However, in the multivariate analysis, only the peritumoral invasion maintained its prognostic significance. In conclusion, in our study anaplastic/inflammatory carcinomas had the worst prognosis with a high proportion of triple‐negative tumours in this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pastor
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Ezquerra
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Massimo Santella
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nuria C Caballé
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, Science Faculty, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Esther Durán
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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9
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Neutering in dogs and cats: current scientific evidence and importance of adequate nutritional management. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:134-144. [PMID: 31931899 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422419000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neutering or spaying is a commonly recommended veterinary procedure. However, veterinarians are often confronted with conflicting findings and differences in concepts regarding practice and proper nutritional management after the procedure. The objective of the present review was to bring to light the most recent literature, summarise it and discuss the findings focusing on the risks and benefits of neutering in dogs and cats, and to determine the appropriate nutritional management for these animals.
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10
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Nguyen F, Peña L, Ibisch C, Loussouarn D, Gama A, Rieder N, Belousov A, Campone M, Abadie J. Canine invasive mammary carcinomas as models of human breast cancer. Part 1: natural history and prognostic factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 167:635-648. [PMID: 29086231 PMCID: PMC5807494 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Dogs have been proposed as spontaneous animal models of human breast cancer, based on clinicopathologic similarities between canine and human mammary carcinomas. We hypothesized that a better knowledge of the natural history and prognostic factors of canine invasive mammary carcinomas would favor the design of preclinical trials using dogs as models of breast cancer. Methods The 2-year outcome of 350 female dogs with spontaneous invasive mammary carcinoma was studied. The investigated prognostic factors included age at diagnosis, pathologic tumor size, pathologic nodal stage, lymphovascular invasion, histological grade, and expression of Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα), Progesterone Receptor, Ki-67, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, basal cytokeratins 5/6, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Multivariate survival analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results The overall survival after mastectomy was 11 months. Within 1 year post mastectomy, 41.5% of dogs (145/350) died from their mammary carcinoma. By multivariate analysis, the significant prognostic factors for overall survival included a pathologic tumor size larger than 20 mm [HR 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.15–1.89)], a positive nodal stage [pN+, HR 1.89 (1.43–2.48)], a histological grade III [HR 1.32 (1.02–1.69)], ERα negativity [HR 1.39 (1.01–1.89)], a high Ki-67 proliferation index [HR 1.32 (1.04–1.67)], and EGFR absence [HR 1.33 (1.04–1.69)]. Conclusion The short natural history of spontaneous canine invasive mammary carcinomas and high rate of cancer-related death allow for rapid termination of preclinical investigations. The prognostic factors of invasive mammary carcinomas are remarkably similar in dogs and humans, highlighting the similarities in cancer biology between both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France. .,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine Food Science and Engineering, Animal Cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC) Research Unit, Site de La Chantrerie, 102 Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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11
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Life course analysis of the impact of mammary cancer and pyometra on age-anchored life expectancy in female Rottweilers: Implications for envisioning ovary conservation as a strategy to promote healthy longevity in pet dogs. Vet J 2017; 224:25-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Swiss Canine Cancer Registry 1955–2008: Occurrence of the Most Common Tumour Diagnoses and Influence of Age, Breed, Body Size, Sex and Neutering Status on Tumour Development. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:156-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Komazawa S, Sakai H, Itoh Y, Kawabe M, Murakami M, Mori T, Maruo K. Canine tumor development and crude incidence of tumors by breed based on domestic dogs in Gifu prefecture. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1269-75. [PMID: 27150207 PMCID: PMC5053927 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the status of tumor development in dogs by breed based on tumor cases that
presented to the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Gifu University for diagnostic
examinations over eight years (2005–2012). We also calculated the crude incidence of
tumors in dogs by breed based on the results of a survey conducted in 2011 in Gifu
Prefecture. The most common sites of tumor development included the skin, digestive organs
and mammary glands. Smaller dogs showed a tendency to have a higher incidence of breast
tumors. We thus identified dog breeds with a higher crude incidence of tumors (Bernese
mountain dog, golden retriever, corgi, etc.) and those with a lower crude incidence of
tumors (Pomeranian, poodle, Chihuahua, etc.). Unlike the current trends for domestic dogs
in the US and Europe, Japan has a higher number of small dogs as pets; it is therefore
necessary to develop a policy for canine cancer specific to Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komazawa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yanaghido 1-1, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Diessler ME, Castellano MC, Portiansky EL, Burns S, Idiart JR. Canine mammary carcinomas: influence of histological grade, vascular invasion, proliferation, microvessel density and VEGFR2 expression on lymph node status and survival time. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:450-461. [PMID: 26833549 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous invasive non-inflammatory canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) and their regional lymph nodes (LN) were analysed (n = 136). Histological grade (HG) and vascular invasion (VI) in the tumours and lymph node status were recorded. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression were estimated using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-von Willebrand factor and anti-Flk-1, respectively. Eighteen months follow-up was performed (34 bitches). Tumours of different grades showed differences regarding PI, Flk-1/integrated optical density (Flk-1/IOD) and MVD. Every feature showed significant association with LN status through bivariate analyses. From multivariate analyses, VI and Flk-1/IOD were selected to predict LN status. Data revealed that the probability of a CMC-bearing bitch to remain alive at 1, 4, 5 and 14-18 months was 0.91, 0.87, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. Besides LN status, VI was the only feature positively correlated with survival time, although a trend to shorter survival of animal patients bearing high expressing VEGFR2 CMC was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Diessler
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C Castellano
- Clínica de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - E L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Burns
- LISEA (Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J R Idiart
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial "Dr. B. Epstein", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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15
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Bakirel T, Alkan FÜ, Üstüner O, Çinar S, Yildirim F, Erten G, Bakirel U. Synergistic growth inhibitory effect of deracoxib with doxorubicin against a canine mammary tumor cell line, CMT-U27. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:657-68. [PMID: 26822118 PMCID: PMC4873858 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have been shown to exert anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor
activities on many types of malignant tumors. These anticancer properties make it
worthwhile to examine the possible benefit of combining COX inhibitors with other
anti-cancer agents. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of deracoxib (DER) in
potentiating antitumor activity of doxorubicin (DOX) in canine mammary carcinoma cells
(CMT-U27). DER (50–250 µM) enhanced the antiproliferative activity of DOX
by reducing the IC50 (approximately 3- to 3.5 fold). Interaction analysis of
the data showed that combinations of DOX at 0.9 µM with DER (100–250
µM) produced synergism in the CMT-U27 cell line, with a ratio index
ranging from 1.98 to 2.33. In additional studies identifying the mechanism of observed
synergistic effect, we found that DER strongly potentiated DOX-caused
G0/G1 arrest in cell cycle progression. Also, DER (100–250
µM) augmented apoptosis induction with approximately 1.35- and 1.37-
fold increases in apoptotic response caused by DOX in the cells. DER enhanced the
antiproliferative effect of DOX in conjunction with induction of apoptosis by modulation
of Bcl-2 expression and changes in the cell cycle of the CMT-U27 cell line. Although the
exact molecular mechanism of the alterations in the cell cycle and apoptosis observed with
DER and DOX combinations require further investigations, the results suggest that the
synergistic effect of DOX and DER combinations in CMT therapy may be achieved at
relatively lower doses of DOX with lesser side effects. Therefore, combining DER with DOX
may prove beneficial in the clinical treatment of canine mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Bakirel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
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Aflatoxins ingestion and canine mammary tumors: There is an association? Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:74-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Howe LM. Current perspectives on the optimal age to spay/castrate dogs and cats. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:171-180. [PMID: 30101104 PMCID: PMC6070019 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s53264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spaying and castrating of dogs and cats has been considered for decades to be a routine standard of practice in veterinary medicine in the US for the prevention of numerous undesirable behaviors, medical conditions, and diseases. Additionally, the procedures have been promoted as a method of curbing the severe pet-overpopulation problem in the US. Recently, however, this routine practice has come under scrutiny and become a very controversial topic. The general wisdom and safety of the procedures have been questioned by those who are concerned that the procedures may have some unintended consequences that are only recently being recognized. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the scientific literature regarding elective spay/castration procedures and present both risks and benefits of elective gonadectomy. After the literature is examined, it becomes clear that there may not be a single absolute optimal age to spay or castrate all dogs and cats, but that the optimal age may be dependent upon several factors, including species, breed, body size, and breed-specific diseases, among others. Determining the optimal age to perform elective gonadectomy is much clearer in cats, and the literature demonstrates that the procedures can typically be safely performed at any age after 6–8 weeks of age. The optimal age to spay or castrate dogs of certain breeds (rottweiler, golden retriever, Labrador retriever, and vizsla) is becoming less clear as studies are being conducted as to the health benefits and risks in those breeds. This review will examine these controversies and make recommendations as to the optimal age to spay/castrate dogs based upon the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Howe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA,
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Muhammadnejad A, Keyhani E, Mortazavi P, Behjati F, Haghdoost IS. Overexpression of her-2/neu in malignant mammary tumors; translation of clinicopathological features from dog to human. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 13:6415-21. [PMID: 23464468 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.6415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary gland tumors (CMGTs) are the most common tumor found in bitches. Changes in HER-2/neu genes in human breast cancer (HBC) lead to decrease in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rate (OSR). Previous studies have demonstrated that the biological behavior of malignant mammary gland tumors (MMGTs) is similar to that of HBC. The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between overexpression of HER-2/neu and clinicopathological features in MMGTs to represent a model of prognostic factors for HBC. MATERIALS AND METHOD The clinicopathological data of 35 MMGTs were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining with HER-2, Ki-67 and CD34 markers was conducted with sections from paraffin-embedded blocks. According to standard protocols, histological type, grade, margin status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), HER-2/ neu score, proliferation rate and microvessel density (MVD) of tumors were determined and the association of HER-2/neu overexpression with these parameters was assessed statistically. RESULTS The IHC results showed that 12 (34.3%) cases were HER-2/neu positive. Statistical analyses indicated a significant relationship between HER-2 positivity and tumor grade (p=0.043), which also was demonstrated with cancer stage (p=0.035), tumor margin involvement (p=0.016), proliferation index (p=0.001) and MVD (p=0.001); however, there was no statistical relationship between LVI and tumor size. Overexpression of the HER-2/neu gene in MMGTs results in similar biological behavior as that of HBC; as a result, these tumors have can be considered to have important similarities in clinicopathological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS MMGTs can be regarded as an HBC animal model. Further studies in this field would result in new treatments that could be beneficial for both dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Muhammadnejad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Dolka I, Sapierzyński R, Król M. Retrospective study and immunohistochemical analysis of canine mammary sarcomas. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:248. [PMID: 24321325 PMCID: PMC4029385 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine mammary sarcomas (CMSs) are rarely diagnosed in female dogs, which explains the scarcity of immunohistochemical findings concerning those tumors. This paper presents the results of a retrospective study into CMSs and discusses the clinical features of the analyzed tumors, the expression of intermediate filaments CK, Vim, Des and α-SMA, and the expression of p63, Ki67, ERα, PR and p53 protein. RESULTS Four percent of all canine mammary tumors (CMTs) were classified as CMSs, and they represented 5.1% of malignant CMTs. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.1 ± 2.8 years. Large breed dogs were more frequently affected (38.7%). The majority of observed CMSs were fibrosarcomas (2.1%). All CMSs expressed vimentin, and higher levels of vimentin expression were noted in fibrosarcomas and osteosarcomas. Ki67 expression was significantly correlated with the grade of CMS. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that CMSs form a heterogeneous group, therefore, immunohistochemical examinations could support differential and final diagnosis. Although this study analyzed a limited number of samples, the reported results can expand our knowledge about CMSs. Further work is required in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Dolka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-WULS, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-WULS, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Magdalena Król
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-WULS, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
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Breed-predispositions to cancer in pedigree dogs. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013; 2013:941275. [PMID: 23738139 PMCID: PMC3658424 DOI: 10.1155/2013/941275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a common problem in dogs and although all breeds of dog and crossbred dogs may be affected, it is notable that some breeds of pedigree dogs appear to be at increased risk of certain types of cancer suggesting underlying genetic predisposition to cancer susceptibility. Although the aetiology of most cancers is likely to be multifactorial, the limited genetic diversity seen in purebred dogs facilitates genetic linkage or association studies on relatively small populations as compared to humans, and by using newly developed resources, genome-wide association studies in dog breeds are proving to be a powerful tool for unravelling complex disorders. This paper will review the literature on canine breed susceptibility to histiocytic sarcoma, osteosarcoma, haemangiosarcoma, mast cell tumours, lymphoma, melanoma, and mammary tumours including the recent advances in knowledge through molecular genetic, cytogenetic, and genome wide association studies.
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Peña L, Andrés PJD, Clemente M, Cuesta P, Pérez-Alenza MD. Prognostic Value of Histological Grading in Noninflammatory Canine Mammary Carcinomas in a Prospective Study With Two-Year Follow-Up. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:94-105. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812447830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this prospective study, a canine-adapted histological grading method was compared with histopathological and clinical characteristics and was evaluated as a prognostic indicator in canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs). Recruited dogs with at least 1 malignant mammary tumor ( n = 65) were clinically evaluated, surgically treated, and followed up (minimum follow-up 28 months, maximum 38 months). Histopathological diagnoses were performed according to Goldschmidt et al (2011). Tumors were graded as grade I (29/65), grade II (19/65), and grade III (17/65). The tumor size, clinical stage, histological diagnosis, presence/absence of myoepithelial proliferation, and regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis were significantly associated with histological grade. The histological grade, age, clinical stage, tumor subtype group, and lymph node metastases at time of diagnosis were significantly associated with the development of recurrences and/or metastases, cancer-associated death, and survival times (disease-free survival and overall survival) in univariate analyses. A subdivision of clinical stage I (T1N0M0) into stages IA and IB was proposed in terms of prognosis. The clinical stage, histological grade, and spay status were selected as independent prognostic variables (multivariate analyses) with disease-free survival as the dependent variable. When overall survival was evaluated as a dependent variable, clinical stage and histological grade were selected as the independent covariates. This grading system is a useful prognostic tool, facilitates histological interpretation, and offers uniform criteria for veterinary pathologists. Comparative studies on CMCs performed in different countries should take into account possible changes in the prognoses due to different proportions of spayed females among the selected dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Service, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - P. J. De Andrés
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Service, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Clemente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Cuesta
- Computer Service Support for Teaching and Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M. D. Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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Souza D, Barros M, Silva J, Silva M, Coleto Z, Jimenez G, Adrião M, Wischral A. Detection of mutations within exons 4 to 8 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in canine mammary glands. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen female canines with mammary tumors and 6 normal females were used to study mutations in exons 4 to 8 of the p53 gene. DNA samples from the tumors, respective adjacent normal mammary tissue and mammary glands from healthy animals were sequenced and analyzed for the presence of mutations. Mutations were found in 71.8% of the samples and the most frequent were missense mutations. The most attacked exons in the mammary tumor were 5, 7 and 8, with 23.4, 31.6 and 23.4% mutations, respectively. Canine mammary tumors are related to mutations in gene p53 and mutations mostly occur in the region of the protein that is linked to the DNA in the cell nucleus, which can change the functionality of the cell and propitiate tumor growth. Despite being macroscopically normal, the mammary tissue adjacent to the tumors has mutations that can lead to recurrence if not removed together with the tumor.
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Matos AJF, Baptista CS, Gärtner MF, Rutteman GR. Prognostic studies of canine and feline mammary tumours: the need for standardized procedures. Vet J 2012; 193:24-31. [PMID: 22296767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
For several years, veterinary oncologists have been struggling with the prognosis of mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Translation of tumour characteristics into prognostic information is an invaluable tool for the use of the most appropriate therapies, as well as for planning innovative therapeutic trials. Moreover, canine and feline spontaneous mammary gland tumours are good models for the study of human breast cancer. Collecting and interpreting information regarding the prognosis of canine and feline mammary tumours is difficult due to the fact that different methods have been applied to study various components and characteristics. This review identifies some of the challenges of prognostic studies of spontaneous canine and feline mammary tumours and suggests standardized procedures to overcome these challenges and facilitate reproducibility and assessment of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J F Matos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Portugal.
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Oliveira Filho JC, Kommers GD, Masuda EK, Marques BM, Fighera RA, Irigoyen LF, Barros CS. Estudo retrospectivo de 1.647 tumores mamários em cães. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumores mamários são comuns em cães, e constituem o neoplasma mais frequente em cadelas. Este estudo tem como objetivos principais estabelecer a prevalência dos tumores mamários, e dos diferentes tipos histológicos (neoplásicos e não-neoplásicos), diagnosticados em cães no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM). Foram avaliados 1.304 protocolos de exames histopatológicos recebidos em 1990-2008 e 132 protocolos de necropsias realizadas em 2000-2008. Deles foram obtidos a raça, o sexo e a idade dos cães, a localização do tumor na cadeia mamária, o diagnóstico morfológico e a ocorrência de metástases. Nos protocolos de exame histopatológico, foram diagnosticados 1.495 tumores, considerando que alguns cães tinham mais de um tipo de tumor, sendo 1.465 neoplásicos e 30 não-neoplásicos. Dos neoplásicos, 390 (26,6%) eram benignos e 1.075 (73,3%) eram malignos, estabelecendo-se uma relação benigno: maligno de 1:2,75. Das 1.125 necropsias de cães realizadas em 2000-2008, 132 (11,6%) protocolos tinham descrições de tumor de mama, perfazendo 152 diagnósticos morfológicos, dos quais 150 eram neoplásicos e dois eram não-neoplásicos. Carcinoma simples foi o tipo histológico mais prevalente tanto em biópsias como em necropsias. Nas necropsias, foram observadas metástases para linfonodos em 39 casos (29,5%) e para órgãos distantes em 64 casos (53,3%).
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