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Asahina R, Ueda K, Oshima Y, Kanei T, Kato M, Furue M, Tsukui T, Nagata M, Maeda S. Serum canine thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) concentrations correlate with disease severity and therapeutic responses in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:446-455. [PMID: 32945018 PMCID: PMC7756442 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Serum TARC concentrations are a reliable biomarker for human atopic dermatitis; however, their potential as a biomarker for cAD has not been investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives To investigate whether serum TARC concentrations correlate with disease severity and therapeutic responses for cAD. Animals Thirty‐nine dogs with cAD and 42 healthy dogs were recruited. Methods and materials Serum TARC concentrations in dogs with cAD and healthy dogs were measured by sandwich ELISA with anti‐canine TARC antibodies. The clinical severity of cAD was scored using the validated Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04). Serum TARC concentrations were compared between dogs with cAD and healthy controls, and their relationship with CADESI‐04 was examined. Serum TARC concentrations also were measured in 20 dogs with cAD treated with prednisolone or oclacitinib for four weeks. Results Serum TARC concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with cAD than in healthy dogs (P < 0.001). In dogs with cAD, serum TARC concentrations correlated with CADESI‐04 scores (ρ = 0.457, P < 0.01). Furthermore, serum TARC concentrations significantly decreased in treated dogs with the attenuation of clinical signs (P < 0.001). Changes in serum TARC concentrations before and after treatment correlated with those in CADESI‐04 scores (ρ = 0.746, P < 0.001). Conclusions and clinical relevance Serum TARC concentrations have potential as a clinical and research tool for the objective evaluation of disease severity and therapeutic responses for cAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Asahina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ueda
- Yokohama Yamate Dog and Cat Medical Center, 27-4 Kashiwaba Naka-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa, 231-0866, Japan
| | - Yuri Oshima
- Dermatology Services for Dogs and Cats, TANDEM Hirano Bld. 1F 2-11-14 Hirano Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-0023, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Kanei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kato
- Animal Life Science Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Tairanoue Sasagawa Asaka-machi Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tsukui
- Animal Life Science Laboratories, Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Tairanoue Sasagawa Asaka-machi Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-0196, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nagata
- Dermatology Service, Veterinary Specialists Emergency Center, 815 Ishigami Kawaguchi, Saitama, 333-0823, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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Laporte CM, Cruz-Espindola C, Thungrat K, Schick AE, Lewis TP, Boothe DM. Quality assessment of fluconazole capsules and oral suspensions compounded by pharmacies located in the United States. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:421-432. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pieper JB, Dirikolu L, Campbell KL, Li Z, Mitchell MA. Evaluation of the effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in healthy dogs after a single dose and at steady-state. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:304-308. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - L. Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - K. L. Campbell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - Z. Li
- Metabolomics Center of Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - M. A. Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
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Hilligas J, Van Wie E, Barr J, Russell KE, Perry AL, Weeks BR, Zhang S. Vertebral osteomyelitis and multiple cutaneous lesions in a dog caused by Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1621-5. [PMID: 25103815 PMCID: PMC4895579 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Hilligas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX
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Abstract
Ciclosporin is a lipophilic cyclic polypeptide with powerful immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties that has been used in veterinary medicine for two decades. It is a calcineurin inhibitor whose principal mode of action is to inhibit T cell activation. The drug is principally absorbed from the small intestine and is metabolised in the intestine and liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Ciclosporin is known to interact with a wide range of pharmacological agents. Numerous studies have demonstrated good efficacy for the management of canine atopic dermatitis and this has been a licensed indication since 2003. In addition to the treatment of atopic dermatitis, it has been used as an aid in the management of numerous other dermatological conditions in animals including perianal fistulation, sebaceous adenitis, pododermatitis, chronic otitis externa and pemphigus foliaceus. This article reviews the mode of action, pharmacokinetics, indications for use and efficacy of ciclosporin in veterinary dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Forsythe
- The Dermatology Referral Service, 528 Paisley Road West, Glasgow G51 1RN, UK
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Nuttall T, Reece D, Roberts E. Life-long diseases need life-long treatment: long-term safety of ciclosporin in canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Rec 2014; 174 Suppl 2:3-12. [PMID: 24682696 PMCID: PMC3995266 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciclosporin (Atopica; Novartis Animal Health) has been licensed for canine atopic dermatitis (AD) since 2002. Adverse events (AEs) have been reported in 55 per cent of 759 dogs in 15 clinical trials, but are rare in pharmacovigilance data (71.81 AEs/million capsules sold). Gastrointestinal reactions were most common, but were mild and rarely required intervention. Other AEs were rare (≤1 per cent in clinical trials; <10/million capsules sold). Hirsutism, gingival hyperplasia and hyperplastic dermatitis were rarely significant and resolved on dose reduction. Ciclosporin decreases staphylococcal and Malassezia infections in AD, and at the recommended dose is not a risk factor for other infections, neoplasia, renal failure or hypertension. The impact on glucose and calcium metabolism is not clinically significant for normal dogs. Concomitant treatment with most drugs is safe. Effects on cytochrome P450 and MDR1 P-glycoprotein activity may elevate plasma ciclosporin concentrations, but short-term changes are not clinically significant. Monitoring of complete blood counts, urinalysis or ciclosporin levels is not justified except with higher than recommended doses and/or long-term concurrent immunosuppressive drugs. Ciclosporin is not a contraindication for killed (including rabies) vaccines, but the licensed recommendation is that live vaccination is avoided during treatment. In conclusion, ciclosporin has a positive risk-benefit profile for the long-term management of canine AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, UK
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Rosenberg A, Rosenkrantz W, Griffin C, Angus J, Keys D. Evaluation of azithromycin in systemic and toothpaste forms for the treatment of ciclosporin-associated gingival overgrowth in dogs. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:337-45, e74-5. [PMID: 23668859 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gingival overgrowth is an adverse effect of ciclosporin therapy. Azithromycin (AZI) in capsule and toothpaste form is an effective treatment for ciclosporin-associated gingival overgrowth (CsAGO) in humans. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate AZI in a systemic and a toothpaste form for the treatment of CsAGO in dogs. The secondary objective was to determine which treatment is more effective. ANIMALS Thirty-six client-owned dogs with CsAGO. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to the following four groups: AZI capsule; AZI toothpaste; placebo capsule; and placebo toothpaste. Treatments were for 4 weeks, and measurements of gingival sulcus depth, tooth length and subjective global scores were taken at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8. The AZI dose was 10 mg/kg daily, and brushing (8.5% AZI) was once daily. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in gingival sulcus depth for the AZI capsule group at week 8 and for the AZI toothpaste group at weeks 2, 4 and 8. The mean decrease in gingival sulcus depth was significantly greater in active versus placebo groups (P = 0.0356). The tooth length and subjective global scores were not significantly different for any groups. Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in all groups, but more frequently in the AZI capsule group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Azithromycin improved CsAGO in only one measured parameter, gingival sulcus depth. Only one dog in the AZI capsule group had complete resolution of CsAGO. Further studies are warranted. Azithromycin capsules were associated with the most gastrointestinal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosenberg
- Animal Dermatology Clinic, 2965 Edinger Avenue, Tustin, CA 92780, USA.
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Archer TM, Boothe DM, Langston VC, Fellman CL, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. Oral cyclosporine treatment in dogs: a review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:1-20. [PMID: 24341787 PMCID: PMC4895546 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine is an immunomodulatory drug used to treat an increasing spectrum of diseases in dogs. Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor, ultimately exerting its inhibitory effects on T-lymphocytes by decreasing production of cytokines, such as interleukin-2. Although, in the United States, oral cyclosporine is approved in dogs only for treatment of atopic dermatitis, there are many other indications for its use. Cyclosporine is available in 2 oral formulations: the original oil-based formulation and the more commonly used ultramicronized emulsion that facilitates oral absorption. Ultramicronized cyclosporine is available as an approved animal product, and human proprietary and generic preparations are also available. Bioavailability of the different formulations in dogs is likely to vary among the preparations. Cyclosporine is associated with a large number of drug interactions that can also influence blood cyclosporine concentrations. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to assist in attaining consistent plasma cyclosporine concentrations despite the effects of varying bioavailability and drug interactions. TDM can facilitate therapeutic success by guiding dose adjustments on an individualized basis, and is recommended in cases that do not respond to initial oral dosing, or during treatment of severe, life-threatening diseases for which a trial-and-error approach to dose adjustment is too risky. Pharmacodynamic assays that evaluate individual patient immune responses to cyclosporine can be used to augment information provided by TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Abstract
Cyclosporine is an immunomodulatory medication that is efficacious and approved for atopic dermatitis in dogs and allergic dermatitis in cats; it has also been used to successfully manage a variety of immune-mediated dermatoses in dogs and cats. This article reviews the use of cyclosporine in veterinary dermatology including its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, side effects, and relevant clinical updates. Dermatologic indications including atopic/allergic dermatitis, perianal fistulas, sebaceous adenitis, and other immune-mediated skin diseases are discussed.
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Fukunaga K, Orito K. Time-course effects of St John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in dogs: interactions between herbal extracts and drugs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:446-51. [PMID: 22091645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the interaction between St John's wort (SJW) and cyclosporine (CsA) in dogs, the pharmacokinetics of CsA before and during the repeated administration of SJW were analyzed. In the SJW group, SJW (300 mg) was given orally to four dogs every 24 h for 14 days. A single dose of CsA (5 mg/kg) was given orally 7 days before and 7 and 14 days after the initiation of the repeated administration of SJW. In the Control group, a single dose of CsA (5 mg/kg) was given orally to four other dogs in accordance with that in the SJW group. Blood samples from both groups were collected, and whole-blood concentrations of CsA were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The maximum whole-blood concentration and AUC(0-∞) of the SJW group were significantly lower and the CL(tot) /F and V(d) /F were significantly higher than those in the Control group 7 and 14 days after the initiation of repeated SJW. Thus, repeated administrations of SJW affect the pharmacokinetic profiles of CsA in dogs. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between SJW and CsA in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukunaga
- Department of Physiology II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Katayama M, Igarashi H, Fukai K, Tani K, Momota Y, Kamishina H, Tagawa M. Fluconazole decreases cyclosporine dosage in renal transplanted dogs. Res Vet Sci 2010; 89:124-5. [PMID: 20137796 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of fluconazole (Fcz) on the cyclosporine (CsA) dosage was investigated in renal transplanted dogs receiving CsA-based immunosuppressive therapy. Initially, CsA was administered orally twice daily to raise the blood trough level between 400 and 600 ng/ml. After the addition of Fcz, the CsA dosage was adjusted to maintain its therapeutic blood concentration. Fcz significantly decreased CsA dosage in both normal and renal transplanted dogs, but a higher dosage of CsA was needed in renal transplanted dogs. In conclusion, Fcz decreases required CsA dosage and thereby reduces the cost of immunosuppressive therapy in canine renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Katayama
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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