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Cooper TK, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Delaney MA, Piersigilli A, Southard TL, Brayton CF. Research-Relevant Conditions and Pathology of Laboratory Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Naked Mole Rats, and Rabbits. ILAR J 2022; 62:77-132. [PMID: 34979559 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are valuable resources in biomedical research in investigations of biological processes, disease pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions, safety, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Interpretation of data from animals requires knowledge not only of the processes or diseases (pathophysiology) under study but also recognition of spontaneous conditions and background lesions (pathology) that can influence or confound the study results. Species, strain/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, spontaneous diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplasia impact experimental results and interpretation as well as animal welfare. This review and the references selected aim to provide a pathology resource for researchers, pathologists, and veterinary personnel who strive to achieve research rigor and validity and must understand the spectrum of "normal" and expected conditions to accurately identify research-relevant experimental phenotypes as well as unusual illness, pathology, or other conditions that can compromise studies involving laboratory mice, rats, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters, naked mole rats, and rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Alessandra Piersigilli
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology and the Genetically Modified Animal Phenotyping Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yamagiwa Y, Masatsugu M, Tahara H, Yamada K, Haranosono Y, Kurata M, Satoh H. Orbital malignant schwannoma and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in rats caused by leakage of locally injected nickel subsulfide to the orbit. J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:151-156. [PMID: 33976471 PMCID: PMC8100253 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) is known to induce intraocular neoplasms when injected intravitreally into the eyes of rats. Here, we found two extraocular orbital neoplasms in two different rat strains, presumably due to the leakage of locally injected Ni3S2 to the extraocular orbital tissues. In the F344/DuCrlCrlj rat, an orbital mass arose at 30 weeks after injection, and invaded into the cranium. Histologically, the orbital mass was composed of areas arranged in parallel bundles formed by densely packed elongated or spindle-shaped cells with indistinct cytoplasmic borders, and of areas of hypocellular arrangement consisting of round cells in eosinophilic myxoid-like substances. Metastases were observed in the right submandibular and cervical lymph nodes. The neoplastic cells were immunopositive for S-100 protein and vimentin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the neoplastic cells had cellular processes and pericytoplasmic basal laminae. In the RccHanTM:WIST rat, an orbital mass arose at 36 weeks after injection. Histologically, the mass consisted of rhabdoid-like large round cells with proliferation of small round-to-polygonal cells, and these neoplastic cells infiltrated into the extraocular muscles. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for desmin and vimentin. Transmission electron microscopy detected immature myofibrils with Z-band structures in the cytoplasm of these neoplastic cells. Consequently, the tumors were diagnosed as an orbital malignant schwannoma in an F344/DuCrlCrlj rat and an orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in a RccHanTM:WIST rat. The results of this case report suggest that leakage of Ni3S2 to the orbit caused the induction of orbital malignant schwannoma or rhabdomyosarcoma in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamagiwa
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-0066, Japan
| | - Miki Masatsugu
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Haruna Tahara
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamada
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Haranosono
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kurata
- Central Research Laboratories, Senju Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-4-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-0066, Japan
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Carcinogenesis as Side Effects of Iron and Oxygen Utilization: From the Unveiled Truth toward Ultimate Bioengineering. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113320. [PMID: 33182727 PMCID: PMC7698037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a major cause of human mortality worldwide. No life on earth can live without iron. Persistent oxidative stress resulting from continuous use of iron and oxygen may be a fundamental cause of carcinogenesis. Many animal models demonstrated that excess iron may lead to carcinogenesis. This is supported by a variety of human epidemiological data on cancer risk and prognosis. Cancer is basically a disease of the genome with persistently activated oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressor genes through which iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance is established. We predict that fine use of nanomaterials and non-thermal plasma may be able to reverse this situation. Abstract Evolution from the first life on earth to humans took ~3.8 billion years. During the time there have been countless struggles among the species. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the last major uncontrollable species against the human public health worldwide. After the victory with antibiotics, cancer has become the leading cause of death since 1981 in Japan. Considering that life inevitably depends on ceaseless electron transfers through iron and oxygen, we believe that carcinogenesis is intrinsically unavoidable side effects of using iron and oxygen. Many animal models unequivocally revealed that excess iron is a risk for carcinogenesis. This is supported by a variety of human epidemiological data on cancer risk and prognosis. Cancer is basically a disease of the genome with persistently activated oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressor genes through which iron addiction with ferroptosis-resistance is maintained. Engineering has made a great advance in the past 50 years. In particular, nanotechnology is distinct in that the size of the engineered molecules is similar to that of our biomolecules. While some nano-molecules are found carcinogenic, there are principles to avoid such carcinogenicity with a smart possibility to use nano-molecules to specifically kill cancer cells. Non-thermal plasma is another modality to fight against cancer.
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Doi T, Kanno T, Sato J. Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of proliferative lesions in the pituitary pars distalis of rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2020; 34:1-9. [PMID: 33627940 PMCID: PMC7890172 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary proliferative lesions derived from the endocrine cells of the pars distalis
are frequently encountered and adenomas/carcinomas are a common cause of death in standard
2-year carcinogenicity studies using various rat strains, especially Sprague-Dawley. This
report describes the immunohistochemical characteristics of pituitary tumors derived from
the pars distalis in rats. Prolactin (PRL)-containing tumors are the most common, with
PRL/growth hormone (GH) dual positive tumor masses (PRL/GH co-positive tumor masses) being
more prevalent than only PRL-positive tumor masses (PRL single-positive tumor masses).
GH-containing tumors are relatively numerous and many of these are also PRL/GH co-positive
tumor masses. TSH-containing tumors are common in females. PRL-containing tumors have been
shown to increase the incidence of hyperlactation in males and mammary
adenomas/adenocarcinomas in females, suggesting that these masses are functional
tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Doi
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Junko Sato
- Pathology Department, Kashima Laboratories, LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
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Tomonari Y, Sato J, Yamada N, Kurotaki T, Doi T, Kanno T, Tsuchitani M. Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Thymomas and Hyperplastic Lesions in Wistar Hannover Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:649-655. [PMID: 32508247 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320922849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we investigated the higher incidence of hyperplastic lesions and thymomas and histopathological resemblance of cortex-medullary structures between thymomas and normal thymuses in Wistar Hannover (WH) rats. Thymomas had pale-staining cell foci (PA) similar to medulla but without lymphocytes. Here, we focused on the differences in cytokeratin (CK) expression in the thymic epithelia of the cortex and medulla and compared the structures of thymomas and normal thymuses. Thymomas, hyperplastic lesions, and normal thymuses obtained from background studies of WH rats were stained with antibodies against CK14, CK18, and CD20. In normal thymuses, the epithelial cells were positive for CK14 in the medulla and subcapsular area and for CK18 in the cortex, B-cells were positive for CD20 in the medulla. In thymomas, the epithelial cells were positive for CK14 in the medullary differentiation (MD) areas and for CK18 in the cortex-like lymphocyte rich and PA, and B-cells were positive for CD20 in the MD areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tomonari
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Sato
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yamada
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kurotaki
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takuya Doi
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuchitani
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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