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Lindauer K, Bartels T, Scherer P, Kabiri M. Development and Validation of an Image Analysis System for the Measurement of Cell Proliferation in Mammary Glands of Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 47:634-644. [PMID: 31409263 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319863129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reliable detection and measurement of cell proliferation are essential in the preclinical assessment of carcinogenic risk of therapeutics. In this context, the assessment of mitogenic potential on mammary glands is crucial in the preclinical safety evaluation of novel insulins. The existing manual counting is time-consuming and subject to operator bias. To standardize the processes, make it faster, and resistant to errors, we developed a semiautomated image analysis system (CEPA software, which is open-source) for counting of proliferating cells in photomicrographs of mammary gland sections of rats labeled with Ki-67. We validated the software and met the predefined targets for specificity, accuracy, and reproducibility. In comparison to manual counting, the respective mean differences in absolute labeling indices (LIs) for CEPA software were 3.12% for user 1 and 3.05% for user 2. The respective regression analysis revealed a good correlation between the CEPA software user and manual counting. Moreover, the CEPA software showed enhanced reproducibility between independent users. The interuser variability is centered around 0 and the absolute difference was about 0.53% LI. Based on validation data, our software has superiority to the manual counting and is a valid and reliable tool for the routine analysis of cell proliferation in mammary glands from rats exposed to insulin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Lindauer
- 1 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D TMED PKDM, Frankfurt, Germany.,The first two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Thomas Bartels
- 2 Sanofi France, R&D Preclinical Safety, Pathology, Paris, France.,The first two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Petra Scherer
- 3 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D TIM Global Discovery Pathology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mostafa Kabiri
- 4 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D TIM Transgenic Models and Technology, Frankfurt, Germany
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Lafuente Ibáñez de Mendoza I, Maritxalar Mendia X, García de la Fuente AM, Quindós Andrés G, Aguirre Urizar JM. Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in oral squamous cell carcinoma development: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2019; 55:13-22. [PMID: 31529626 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The target of the current systematic review is to gather and synthesize the most recent scientific information about the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the molecular pathways of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, with a poor prognosis and a low survival rate. Etiology is multifactorial but consumption of tobacco and alcohol is the most important risk factors. P gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in oral microbiota that has been linked to periodontal disease (PD), and recently to OSCC. However, its association with OSCC development is not well defined. MATERIAL AND METHODS A bibliographic research was carried out selecting articles published until 2019, on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, with the keywords "Porphyromonas gingivalis," "oral cancer," "oral squamous cell carcinoma," and "periodontal pathogen." RESULTS Seventeen articles, 14 in vitro and three in animal models, were selected. Models mimicking OSCC were OSCC pre-established cell lines (11 studies), OSCC/ healthy human biopsies (three studies), and animals with OSCC (three studies). P gingivalis strains used to cause infection in these studies were ATCC 33277, 381, and W83. CONCLUSIONS Porphyromonas gingivalis could play an important role in OSCC development and could be involved in three different stages: epithelial-mesenchymal transition of malignant cells, neoplastic proliferation, and tumor invasion. Current findings emphasize the convenience of treatment and control approaches of PD as part of the primary prevention of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guillermo Quindós Andrés
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA. The “false-positive” conundrum in the NTP 2-year rodent cancer study database. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318772839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1990, Ames and Gold described a conundrum of “too many carcinogens” among chemicals tested in rodent bioassays. Their proposed nongenotoxic carcinogenic mechanism was amplification of the background mutation rate via cytotoxicity induced by high doses of the test chemicals, thereby leading to increases in reparative cellular proliferation rates. Recently, we have statistically and mechanistically analyzed the entire 594-study (470 final reports) NTP 2-year rodent cancer database to better understand the conundrum posed by Ames and Gold. Our analysis provides several lines of evidence that support the contention of Ames and Gold. First, across different routes of administration, relatively phylogenetically similar rats and mice are nonetheless discordant for the development of tumors at similar organ sites. Tumor site concordance across sex within species is higher than tumor site concordance across species. Second, many chemicals negative in the Ames test nonetheless induce tumors in either rats or mice. Third, 11 out of 58 chemicals tested by the inhalation route induce lung tumors in mice and not rats, are negative in the Ames test, and exhibit hyperplasia. In 2017, Tomasetti et al. provided evidence for the clinical relevance in humans of the Ames and Gold mechanism regarding amplification of the background mutation rate by demonstrating that the majority of human tumors result from accumulated mutations due to DNA replication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr J. Smith
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Panama City, FL, USA
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Okuda Y, Kushida M, Sumida K, Nagahori H, Nakamura Y, Higuchi H, Kawamura S, Lake BG, Cohen SM, Yamada T. Editor’s Highlight: Mode of Action Analysis for Rat Hepatocellular Tumors Produced by the Synthetic Pyrethroid Momfluorothrin: Evidence for Activation of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Mitogenicity in Rat Hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:412-430. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Osimitz TG, Droege W, Boobis AR, Lake BG. Evaluation of the utility of the lifetime mouse bioassay in the identification of cancer hazards for humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:550-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Doi Y, Tamano S, Kawabe M, Sano M, Imai N, Nakashima H, Furukawa F, Hagiwara A, Otsuka M, Shirai T. Concordance between Results of Medium-term Liver Carcinogenesis Bioassays and Long-term Findings for Carcinogenic 2-Nitropropane and Non-carcinogenic1-Nitropropane in F344 Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2011; 24:207-13. [PMID: 22319232 PMCID: PMC3266355 DOI: 10.1293/tox.24.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the concordance of results for a pair of structural isomers, 2-nitropropane (2-NP) and 1-nitropropane (1-NP), using the rat medium-term liver carcinogenesis bioassay (Ito test) and previously published long-term carcinogenicity tests. Male F344 rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN (200 mg/kg b.w.) to initiate hepatocarcinogenesis. After 2 weeks, they received per os 0, 0.8, 4 or 20 mg/kg/day of 2-NP or 1-NP six times a week and were subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. Non-initiated groups receiving 0 or 20 mg/kg/day were also included. The animals were sacrificed for quantitative analysis of GST-P-positive foci at week 8. With the highest dose of 2-NP, significantly increased numbers and areas of GST-P-positive foci were demonstrated as compared with the respective control but were not noted with 1-NP. In the non-DEN-initiated groups, many small GST-P-positive foci of less than 0.2 mm in diameter were also induced in the rats treated with 2-NP at 20 mg/kg/day but were lacking with 1-NP. These results strongly support that 2-NP is a complete hepatocarcinogen with a potent initiation activity, whereas 1-NP is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Doi
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku,
Mizuho-cho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Seiko Tamano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kawabe
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
| | - Masashi Sano
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
| | - Norio Imai
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku,
Mizuho-cho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hironao Nakashima
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
| | - Fumio Furukawa
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hagiwara
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura,
Nishiazai, Azai-cho, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan
| | - Masanori Otsuka
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25
Kouraku, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
- Present: Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan,
3-2-7 Miyanojin, Kurume 839-0801, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shirai
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku,
Mizuho-cho, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings. J Toxicol Pathol 2010; 23:189-211. [PMID: 22272031 PMCID: PMC3234634 DOI: 10.1293/tox.23.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Ettlin
- Ettlin Consulting Ltd., 14 Mittelweg, 4142 Muenchenstein,
Switzerland
| | - Junji Kuroda
- KISSEI Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320–1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino,
Nagano 399-8305, Japan
| | - Stephanie Plassmann
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - David E. Prentice
- PreClinical Safety (PCS) Consultants Ltd., 7 Gartenstrasse, 4132
Muttenz, Switzerland
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Martin MT, Judson RS, Reif DM, Kavlock RJ, Dix DJ. Profiling chemicals based on chronic toxicity results from the U.S. EPA ToxRef Database. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:392-9. [PMID: 19337514 PMCID: PMC2661909 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirty years of pesticide registration toxicity data have been historically stored as hardcopy and scanned documents by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A significant portion of these data have now been processed into standardized and structured toxicity data within the EPA's Toxicity Reference Database (ToxRefDB), including chronic, cancer, developmental, and reproductive studies from laboratory animals. These data are now accessible and mineable within ToxRefDB and are serving as a primary source of validation for U.S. EPA's ToxCast research program in predictive toxicology. OBJECTIVES We profiled in vivo toxicities across 310 chemicals as a model application of ToxRefDB, meeting the need for detailed anchoring end points for development of ToxCast predictive signatures. METHODS Using query and structured data-mining approaches, we generated toxicity profiles from ToxRefDB based on long-term rodent bioassays. These chronic/cancer data were analyzed for suitability as anchoring end points based on incidence, target organ, severity, potency, and significance. RESULTS Under conditions of the bioassays, we observed pathologies for 273 of 310 chemicals, with greater preponderance (>90%) occurring in the liver, kidney, thyroid, lung, testis, and spleen. We observed proliferative lesions for 225 chemicals, and 167 chemicals caused progression to cancer-related pathologies. CONCLUSIONS Based on incidence, severity, and potency, we selected 26 primarily tissue-specific pathology end points to uniformly classify the 310 chemicals. The resulting toxicity profile classifications demonstrate the utility of structuring legacy toxicity information and facilitating the computation of these data within ToxRefDB for ToxCast and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Martin
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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