Cyclic nigerosylnigerose ameliorates DSS-induced colitis with restoration of goblet cell number and increase in IgA reactivity against gut microbiota in mice

Cyclic Oligosaccharide-Induced Modulation of Immunoglobulin A Reactivity to Gut Bacteria Contributes to Alterations in the Bacterial Community Structure

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a major gut antibody that coats commensal gut bacteria and contributes to shaping a stable gut bacterial composition. Although previous studies have shown that cyclic oligosaccharides, including cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose (CNN) and cyclodextrins (CDs, including αCD, βCD, and γCD), alter the gut bacterial composition, it remains unclear whether cyclic oligosaccharides modify the IgA coating of gut bacteria, which relates to cyclic oligosaccharide-induced alteration of the gut bacterial composition. To address this issue, mice were maintained for 12 weeks on diets containing CNN, αCD, βCD, or γCD; the animals' feces were evaluated for their bacterial composition and the IgA coating index (ICI), a measure of the degree of IgA coating of bacteria. We observed that the intake of each cyclic oligosaccharide altered the gut bacterial composition, with changes in the ICI found at both the phylum and genus levels. The ICI for Bacillota, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, UC Lachnospiraceae, and Tuzzerella were significantly and positively correlated with the relative abundance (RA) in total bacteria for these bacteria; in contrast, significant correlations were not seen for other phyla and genera. Our observations suggest that cyclic oligosaccharide-induced modulation of the IgA coating of gut bacteria may partly relate to changes in the community structure of the gut bacteria.

Synbiotic of Pediococcus acidilactici and Inulin Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

Colitis is a major gastrointestinal disease that threatens human health. In this study, a synbiotic composed of inulin and Pediococcus acidilactici (P. acidilactici) was investigated for its ability to alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The results revealed that the synbiotic, composed of inulin and P. acidilactici, attenuated the body weight loss and disease activity index (DAI) score in mice with DSS-mediated colitis. Determination of biochemical indicators found that the synbiotic increased anti-oxidation and alleviated inflammation in mice. Additionally, histopathological examination revealed that colonic goblet cell loss and severe mucosal damage in the model group were significantly reversed by the combination of inulin and P. acidilactici. Moreover, synbiotic treatment significantly reduced the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the serum of mice. Thus, a synbiotic composed of inulin and P. acidilactici has preventive and therapeutic effects on DSSinduced colitis in mice.

[WDSUB1 knockdown alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect of WDSUB1 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory colon injury in mice and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Different WDSUB1 siRNA sequences were transfected into mouse fibroblast L929 cells and the optimal sequence was selected by Western blotting. Twelve male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into two groups for injection of siWDSUB1 or siControl via the caudal vein, followed by treatment with 2.5% DSS in drinking water to establish mouse models of DSS- induced colitis (n=6). The expression level of WDSUB1 in the colon tissue of the mice was detected with Western blotting and RT-PCR, the changes in body weight and fecal condition were recorded, and the clinical symptoms of the mice were evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, COX-2 and TNF-α and the protein expression of IκBα and P65 in the colon tissues were detected with RT- PCR and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTS

The mRNA and protein expressions of WDSUB1 in the colon tissues were significantly lower in colitis mice with WDSUB1 knock-down than in the control mice. Compared with the control mice, the mice receiving siWDSUB1 injection showed obviously milder weight loss, diarrhea and hematochezia with significantly lower mRNA expressions of COX2, IL-6 and TNFα (P < 0.05) and protein expression of IκBα but without obvious changes in P65 expression in the colon tissue.

CONCLUSION

WDSUB1 knockdown can alleviate DSS- induced colitis in mice possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and decreasing the expression of inflammatory factors in the colon tissues.

Cyclic Oligosaccharides as Active Drugs, an Updated Review

There have been many reviews of the cyclic oligosaccharide cyclodextrin (CD) and CD-based materials used for drug delivery, but the capacity of CDs to complex different agents and their own intrinsic properties suggest they might also be considered for use as active drugs, not only as carriers. The aim of this review is to summarize the direct use of CDs as drugs, without using its complexing potential with other substances. The direct application of another oligosaccharide called cyclic nigerosyl-1,6-nigerose (CNN) is also described. The review is divided into lipid-related diseases, aggregation diseases, antiviral and antiparasitic activities, anti-anesthetic agent, function in diet, removal of organic toxins, CDs and collagen, cell differentiation, and finally, their use in contact lenses in which no drug other than CDs are involved. In the case of CNN, its application as a dietary supplement and immunological modulator is explained. Finally, a critical structure-activity explanation is provided.