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Niu H, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Xie Y. Exploration of the Linkages between Lignin and Carbohydrates in Kraft Pulp from Wheat Straw Using a 13C/ 2H Isotopic Tracer. Molecules 2023; 28:7493. [PMID: 38005215 PMCID: PMC10673337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To further our understanding of the change in association between lignin and carbohydrates after kraft pulping, isotope-labeled kraft pulp (KP) was prepared using 13C and D double-isotope-labeled wheat straw, and it was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis and ionic liquid treatment to explore the linkages between lignin and carbohydrate complexes in wheat straw. Isotope abundance determination showed that 13C and D abundances in the experimental groups were substantially higher than those in the control group, indicating that the injected exogenous coniferin-[α-13C], coniferin-[γ-13C], and d-glucose-[6-D2] were effectively absorbed and metabolized during wheat internode growth. Solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed that lignin was mainly linked to polysaccharides via acetal, benzyl ether, and benzyl ester bonds. Kraft pulp (KP) from the labeled wheat straw was degraded by cellulase. The obtained residue was fractionated using the ionic liquid DMSO/TBAH to separate the cellulose-lignin complex (KP-CLC) and xylan-lignin complex (KP-XLC). X-ray diffractometer determination showed that the KP-CLC regenerated cellulose type II from type I after the ionic liquid conversion. The 13C-NMR spectrum of Ac-En-KP-CLC showed that the cellulose-lignin complex structure was chemically bonded between the lignin and cellulose through acetal and benzyl ether bonds. The 13C-NMR spectrum of En-KP-XLC showed a lignin-hemicellulose complex structure, wherein lignin and xylan were chemically bonded by benzyl ether and acetal bonds. These results indicate that the cross-linking between lignin and carbohydrates exists in lignocellulosic fibers even after kraft pulping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Niu
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (H.N.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (H.N.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yunbo Zhao
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (H.N.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junyi Zhou
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (H.N.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yimin Xie
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (H.N.); (X.C.); (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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Knotek V, Ďurovič M, Dolenský B, Hrdlička Z. Influence of Disinfection Methods on Cinematographic Film. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093493. [PMID: 37176375 PMCID: PMC10180128 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological contamination of cinematographic films can cause damage and loss of image information. A large part of the films is made with the base of cellulose triacetate, which has been used from the 1940s until today. Cellulose triacetate is relatively resistant to common organic solvents, but some types of microorganisms can contribute to its faster degradation. In this work, we tested four types of disinfectants suitable for mass disinfection and sufficiently effective against various types of microorganisms. Butanol vapours, a commercial mixture of alcohols (Bacillol® AF), Septonex® (an aqueous solution of [1-(ethoxycarbonyl)pentadecyl] trimethylammonium bromide) and ethylene oxide applied as a gas mixed with carbon dioxide were tested. Samples of a commercial film made of cellulose triacetate were disinfected. The samples were aged for 56 days at 70 °C and 55% RH. Changes in optical, mechanical and chemical properties were studied. None of the disinfectants affected the change in the degree of substitution. For samples disinfected with Bacillol® AF (alcohol mixture), part of the plasticiser (triphenyl phosphate) was extracted and the intrinsic viscosity of the cellulose triacetate solution was reduced after ageing. A slight decrease in intrinsic viscosity also occurred after disinfection with ethylene oxide. Compared to the non-disinfected samples, butanol vapours and Septonex® appear to be the most gentle disinfectants for the cellulose triacetate film base, within the studied parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítězslav Knotek
- Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Ďurovič
- Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Dolenský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hrdlička
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Cui S, Wei X, Chen X, Xie Y. Investigation of chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates in cultured poplar cambium tissues via double isotope labeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123250. [PMID: 36639086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignin precursor labeled with 13C (coniferin-13Cα), carbohydrate precursor labeled with D (6,6-D2-glucose) were put into cambium tissue stripped from a growing poplar. The tissue was further cultured in vitro for 18d. Then, the isotopic abundance was determined. The results showed that the labeled precursors could be normally involved in the formation of new xylem. The labeled new xylem tissue was fractionated by ionic liquid DMSO/TBAH system to obtain two components: glucan-lignin complex (GL) and xylan-lignin complex (XL). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that the crystalline form of cellulose in the GL component was transformed from type I to type II after the ionic liquid separation. Then the GL and XL were purified and modified by enzymatic and chemical methods, and their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results showed that lignin subunits in the cultured tissues were mainly connected by β-5 and β-O-4 linkages, of which the β-O-4 substructure unit predominated. Lignin and carbohydrates were mainly connected by acetal bonds, ether bonds, and ester bonds. Combined with the carbohydrate composition and XRD analysis results, the GL components also confirmed the existence of acetal bonds, ester bonds and ether bonds between lignin and cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cui
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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Shi YX, Li SH, Zhao ZP. Molecular simulations of the effects of substitutions on the dissolution properties of amorphous cellulose acetate. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rodríguez-Ramírez CA, Dufresne A, D'Accorso N, Garcia NL. Alternative modification by grafting in bamboo cellulose nanofibrils: A potential option to improve compatibility and tunable surface energy in bionanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:626-638. [PMID: 35561858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification in surface of cellulose nanofibrils CNFs (20 nm) from an endemic and non-significant value-added, Argentine bamboo, was developed. The modification in the CNFs was carried out with three simple routes using a low molecular weight polylactic acid synthesized in our laboratory (PLA1). The first step comprises of protection of the hydroxyl groups of PLA1 through a benzoylation (PLA1Bz). The next step consisted of the activation of carboxyl groups using thionyl chloride and the last reaction was the grafting of the modified PLA onto the CNFs (PLA1Bz-g-CNF). The covalently functionalization is confirmed by spectroscopically techniques as well as PLA1Bz-g-CNFs were characterized by thermal analyses. The PLA1Bz-g-CNFs were taken up such as nanocharges to improve properties of compatibilization and changing surface properties in films based on PLA. The comparison between the films with PLA1Bz-g-CNFs with respect to the physic mixture of the components (PLA1Bz/CNF), shows an improvement in the thermal, mechanical, and surface properties of the material, particularly when 5% of PLA1Bz-g-CNFs was added. The dispersive (γS D) component of film is increased in 36.1 mN/m respect to 29.3 mN/m from the films obtained with the physic mixture nanofibrils without modification and a plasticizing effect was noticed in the final material.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rodríguez-Ramírez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alain Dufresne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000, France
| | - Norma D'Accorso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nancy Lis Garcia
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigación en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Nilsson R, Olsson M, Westman G, Matic A, Larsson A. Screening of hydrogen bonds in modified cellulose acetates with alkyl chain substitutions. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Cui S, Xie Y. Elucidation of the Structure of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes in Ginkgo CW-DHP by 13C- 2H Dual Isotope Tracer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195740. [PMID: 34641284 PMCID: PMC8510153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the chemical linkages between lignin and carbohydrates in ginkgo cell walls, 13C-2H-enriched cell wall-dehydrogenation polymers (CW-DHP) were selectively prepared with cambial tissue from Ginkgo biloba L. by feeding D-glucose-[6-2H2], coniferin-[α-13C], and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) inhibitor. The abundant detection of 13C and 2H confirmed that D-glucose-[6-2H2] and coniferin-[α-13C] were involved in the normal metabolism of ginkgo cambial cells that had been effectively labelled with dual isotopes. In the ginkgo CW-DHP, ketal and ether linkages were formed between the C-α of lignin side chains and carbohydrates, as revealed by solid state CP/MAS 13C-NMR differential spectroscopy. Furthermore, the DMSO/TBAH ionic liquids system was used to fractionate the ball-milled CW-DHP into three lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) fractions: glucan-lignin complex (GL), glucomannan-lignin complex (GML), and xylan-lignin complex (XL). The XRD determination indicated that the cellulose type I of the GL was converted into cellulose type II during the separation process. The molecular weight was in the order of Ac-GL > Ac-GML > XL. The 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR differential spectroscopy of 13C-2H-enriched GL fraction indicated that lignin was linked with cellulose C-6 by benzyl ether linkages. It was also found that there were benzyl ether linkages between the lignin side chain C-α and glucomannan C-6 in the 13C-2H-enriched GML fraction. The formation of ketal linkages between the C-α of lignin and xylan was confirmed in the 13C-2H-enriched XL fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Sheng Cui
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Yimin Xie
- Research Institute of Pulp & Paper Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; (K.Z.); (Y.L.); (S.C.)
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- Correspondence: or
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NMR characterization of cellulose acetate: Chemical shift assignments, substituent effects, and chemical shift additivity. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 118:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kono H. Chemical shift assignment of the complicated monomers comprising cellulose acetate by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2013; 375:136-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tsunashima Y, Ikuno M, Onodera G, Horii F. Low-temperature dynamic light scattering. I. Structural reorganization and physical gel formation in cellulose triacetate/methyl acetate dilute solution at -99 - 45 degrees C. Biopolymers 2006; 82:222-33. [PMID: 16479588 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Curious low-temperature solubility of cellulose triacetates (CTA; here we use nominally "CTA," but the sample still contains 7% of C-6 position hydroxyls) in an organic solvent, methyl acetate (MA), was studied by a newly designed low-temperature type of DLS apparatus, which enabled for the first time to investigate the structural change of CTA in solution from 45 degrees C down to -100 degrees C. A molecularly dissolved CTA was found to coexist with three types of self-assemblies over all the temperature ranges except for the three specific temperatures T* of 30, -10, and -75 degrees C. However, these multiple self-assemblies are not in real thermodynamic equilibrium but in a metastable state, which could be stabilized effectively by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding (HB) with the help of the dipole interaction at low temperatures. In more detail, with decreasing temperature, these assemblies performed the structural reorganization drastically at three T*'s and would finally be frozen in a physical gel structure at -99 degrees C; around the freezing temperature of MA, CTA molecules could be trapped homogeneously in the frozen MA. The crucial role in such structural reorganizations is played by the balance between the intermolecular HB and the dipole interaction worked in the highly electronegative solvent. Because these interactions, which are mediated by the solvent electronegativity, change drastically with temperature, they result in the control of not only the single CTA chain conformation (= the intramolecular HB) but also the binding ways of the intermolecular HBs between CTA molecules and they induce multitudinous metastable structures in solution. Here it is noted that HB could work mainly between the C-6 position hydroxyls in the anhydroglucose units of CTA and are essentially effective at low temperatures.
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El Seoud OA, Heinze T. Organic Esters of Cellulose: New Perspectives for Old Polymers. POLYSACCHARIDES I 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b136818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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