1
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Kumaki J. In Situ Real-Time Atomic Force Microscopy Observations of Chain Mobility at Polymer/Water Interfaces of Poly(methyl methacrylate), Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and Poly(2-methoxyethyl methacrylate) Films in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5270-5277. [PMID: 38422988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polymer materials are widely used in water or in contact with an aqueous environment. However, evaluating the chain mobility, a crucial parameter, at a polymer-water interface is challenging. In this study, we, for the first time, observed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(2-methoxyethyl methacrylate) (PMEMA) film surfaces in water via in situ real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode and quantified the chain mobility. The average displacement between adjacent images (nm/8.75 min) was evaluated using particle image velocimetry. The displacement of PMMA, which has a high bulk glass-transition temperature (Tg) (108 °C) and exhibits limited water absorption, was low both in air (0.54 nm/8.75 min) and water (0.86), while PHEMA, which has a high bulk Tg (99 °C) and exhibits high water absorption, exhibited low mobility in air (0.40) but two orders of magnitude higher mobility in water (60). PMEMA, which has a low bulk Tg (14 °C) and exhibits limited water absorption, already started to move in air (4.5), and its mobility moderately increased in water (20). These behaviors were reasonable, considering the bulk Tg and water absorption characteristics of the polymers. Further, the chain mobility in water was compared with that of dried samples at high temperatures in air. The mobility of PMMA, PHEMA, and PMEMA in water corresponded to that of the dried samples observed in air below the surface Tg (97 °C) for PMMA, at ∼125 °C for PHEMA, and at ∼35 °C for PMEMA. In situ real-time AFM analysis of polymer materials in water is an effective method for evaluating the chain mobility at the polymer/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kumaki
- Emeritus Professor, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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2
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Kawahara K, Matsuno H, Tanaka K. Aggregation States and Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in Nanofiber Mats. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7192-7200. [PMID: 37171789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber mats composed of polymers, having a large surface-to-volume ratio and high porosity, have been widely applied in the environmental and biomedical fields but fundamental knowledge on the polymer chains in the mats seems to be limited. We here report the aggregation states and segmental dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMAs) with different stereoregularities in electrospun nanofiber mats. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR/FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that, in the case of atactic PMMA (at-PMMA), the population of the trans-trans conformation of the main chain part, which allows carbonyl groups of the side group to interact affirmatively with each other, increased in the electrospun nanofiber mat. On the other hand, in the case of isotactic PMMA (it-PMMA), the skeletal conformation was unchanged even in the nanofiber mat. As a result of the aggregation states of PMMA chains, the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the electrospun nanofiber mats increased and remained unchanged from the corresponding bulk value for at- and it-PMMA, respectively. These findings should be useful for designing materials and devices composed of electrospun nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kawahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Centre for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Centre for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Chain movements of a molecularly flat PMMA substrate surface prepared by thermal imprinting with mica and isolated PMMA chains deposited on the PMMA substrate observed by AFM around the bulk Tg. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Inacker S, Kahler P, Hampp N. Enhancing the photochemical reversibility of coumarin-containing polymers by molecular orientation control. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01230h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the use of an intramolecular approach and restrictions in the mobility, the reversibility of photoresponsive coumarin dimer-containing polymers was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Inacker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kahler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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5
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Umetsu R, Kumaki J. Thermal stabilities of a molecularly stepped PMMA substrate prepared by thermal nanoimprinting and isolated PMMA chains deposited on it evaluated by high-temperature atomic force microscopy. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Chowdhury AU, Chang D, Xu Y, Hong K, Sumpter BG, Carrillo JMY, Doughty B. Mapping the Interfacial Chemistry and Structure of Partially Fluorinated Bottlebrush Polymers and Their Linear Analogues. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:211-218. [PMID: 33372789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer interfaces are key to a range of applications including membranes for chemical separations, hydrophobic coatings, and passivating layers for antifouling. While important, challenges remain in probing the interfacial monolayer where the molecular ordering and orientation can change depending on the chemical makeup or processing conditions. In this work, we leverage surface specific vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) and the associated dependence on molecular symmetry to elucidate the ordering and orientations of key functional groups for poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) bottlebrush polymers and their linear polymer analogues. These measurements were framed by atomistic molecular dynamic simulations to provide a complementary physical picture of the gas-polymer interface. Simulations and SFG measurements show that methacrylate backbones are buried beneath a layer of trifluoroethyl containing side groups that result in structurally similar interfaces regardless of the polymer molecular weight or architecture. The average orientational angles of the trifluoroethyl containing side groups differ depending on polymer linear and bottlebrush architectures, suggesting that the surface groups can reorient via available rotational degrees of freedom. Results show that the surfaces of the bottlebrush and linear polymer samples do not strongly depend on molecular weight or architecture. As such, one cannot rely on increasing the molecular weight or altering the architecture to tune surface properties. This insight into the polymer interfacial structure is expected to advance the design of new material interfaces with tailored chemical/functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuewen Xu
- Bostik, Inc., Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 53226, United States
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7
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Effect of tetrahydrofuran on poly(methyl methacrylate) and silica in the interfacial regions of polymer nanocomposites. Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-0375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Liamas E, Connell SD, Ramakrishna SN, Sarkar A. Probing the frictional properties of soft materials at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2292-2308. [PMID: 31951242 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of friction in soft materials is of increasing importance due to the demands of industries such as healthcare, biomedical, food and personal care, the incorporation of soft materials into technology, and in the study of interacting biological interfaces. Many of these processes occur at the nanoscale, but even at micrometer length scales there are fundamental aspects of tribology that remain poorly understood. With the advent of Friction Force Microscopy (FFM), there have been many fundamental insights into tribological phenomena at the atomic scale, such as 'stick-slip' and 'super-lubricity'. This review examines the growing field of soft tribology, the experimental aspects of FFM and its underlying theory. Moving to the nanoscale changes the contact mechanics which govern adhesive forces, which in turn play a pivotal role in friction, along with the deformation of the soft interface and dissipative phenomena. We examine recent progress and future prospects in soft nanotribology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Liamas
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK.
| | - Simon D Connell
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK.
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9
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Umetsu R, Kumaki J. Fabrication of a Polymer Molecularly Flat Substrate by Thermal Nanoimprinting and AFM Observation of Polymer Chains Deposited on It. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Umetsu
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University,
Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jiro Kumaki
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University,
Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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10
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Construction of hydrophilic surfaces with poly(vinyl ether)s and their interfacial properties in water. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Multiscale modeling of glass transition in polymeric films: Application to stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate)s. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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MATSUURA K, MATSUDA Y, TASAKA S. Influence of Tetrahydrofuran and Alumina Nanoparticle Interface on the Structure of Syndiotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate). KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki MATSUURA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University
| | - Yasuhiro MATSUDA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University
| | - Shigeru TASAKA
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University
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13
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Metastable interface formation in isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate)/alumina nanoparticle mixtures. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Hirata T, Matsuno H, Kawaguchi D, Inutsuka M, Hirai T, Tanaka M, Tanaka K. Dynamics of a bioinert polymer in hydrated states by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1389-1394. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The segmental dynamics of poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) at the water interface is extremely faster and comparable to the side chain motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Hirata
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Education Center for Global Leaders in Molecular Systems for Devices
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Manabu Inutsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 819-0395
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
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15
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Jha KC, Dhinojwala A, Tsige M. Local Structure Contributions to Surface Tension of a Stereoregular Polymer. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:1234-1238. [PMID: 35614819 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have used all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to calculate the surface tension of melt poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a function of tacticity. Computation of surface tension using the Kirkwood-Buff approach required hundreds of nanoseconds of equilibration. The computed slopes of surface tension versus temperature are in very good agreement with reported experimental values. Using a rigorous treatment of the true interface, which takes into account the molecular roughness, we find that isotactic PMMA, in comparison to syndiotactic and atactic PMMA, shows a larger surface concentration of polar ester-methyl and carbonyl groups on the surface versus nonpolar α-methyl groups. A mechanistic hypothesis based on the helical nature of the isotactic PMMA chains, their relative flexibility, and their reported conformational energies is proposed to explain the trends in composition near the surface. We highlight here how surface composition and surface tension are controlled by both polarity and steric constraints imposed by tacticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij C. Jha
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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16
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Jha KC, Zhu H, Dhinojwala A, Tsige M. Molecular structure of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface II: Effect of stereoregularity examined through all-atom molecular dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12775-12785. [PMID: 25310276 DOI: 10.1021/la5023328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing all-atom molecular dynamics (MD), we have analyzed the effect of tacticity and temperature on the surface structure of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) at the polymer-vacuum interface. We quantify these effects primarily through orientation, measured as the tilt with respect to the surface normal, and the surface number densities of the α-methyl, ester-methyl, carbonyl, and backbone methylene groups. Molecular structure on the surface is a complex interplay between orientation and number densities and is challenging to capture through sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy alone. Independent quantification of the number density and orientation of chemical groups through all-atom MD presents a comprehensive model of stereoregular PMMA on the surface. SFG analysis presented in part I of this joint publication measures the orientation of molecules that are in agreement with MD results. We observe the ester-methyl groups as preferentially oriented, irrespective of tacticity, followed by the α-methyl and carbonyl groups. SFG spectroscopy also points to ester-methyl being dominant on the surface. The backbone methylene groups show a very broad angular distribution, centered along the surface plane. The surface number density ratios of ester-methyl to α-methyl groups show syndiotactic PMMA having the lowest value. Isotactic PMMA has the highest ratios of ester- to α-methyl. These subtle trends in the relative angular orientation and number densities that influence the variation of surface structure with tacticity are highlighted in this article. A more planar conformation of the syndiotactic PMMA along the surface (x-y plane) can be visualized through the trajectories from all-atom MD. Results from conformation tensor calculations for chains with any of their segments contributing to the surface validate the visual observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij C Jha
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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17
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ODA Y, TANAKA K. Aggregation States and Molecular Motion of Well-Defined Vinyl Polymers at the Water Interface. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2014. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.71.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Inoue R, Nakamura M, Matsui K, Kanaya T, Nishida K, Hino M. Distribution of glass transition temperature in multilayered poly(methyl methacrylate) thin film supported on a Si substrate as studied by neutron reflectivity. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:032601. [PMID: 24125286 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.032601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the distribution of glass transition temperature (Tg) through neutron reflectivity in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin film supported on a silicon substrate with a five-layered PMMA thin film consisting of deuterated-PMMA and hydrogenated-PMMA. The depth distribution of Tg was successfully observed in the PMMA thin film. Compared to the previously reported distribution of Tg in a polystyrene thin film, the presence of a long-range interfacial effect, supposedly caused by an interaction between PMMA and the substrate, is considered to be responsible for the differences in both the distribution of Tg and the thickness dependence of Tg in both polymers. Therefore, it is expected that the thickness dependence of Tg reported for single-layered polymer thin films can, in principle, be understood from the viewpoint of the difference in the depth distribution of Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto-fu 611-0011, Japan
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19
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Blaszczyk-Lezak I, Hernández M, Mijangos C. One Dimensional PMMA Nanofibers from AAO Templates. Evidence of Confinement Effects by Dielectric and Raman Analysis. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400173q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Blaszczyk-Lezak
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología
de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva
3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marianella Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología
de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva
3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mijangos
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología
de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva
3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Arinstein A, Zussman E. Electrospun polymer nanofibers: Mechanical and thermodynamic perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Stachewicz U, Barber AH. Enhanced wetting behavior at electrospun polyamide nanofiber surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3024-3029. [PMID: 21332217 DOI: 10.1021/la1046645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibers of polyamide have been synthesized using electrospinning processes and their wetting properties determined directly from a nanoscale Wilhelmy balance approach. Individual electrospun polyamide nanofibers were attached to atomic force microscope (AFM) tips and immersed in a range of organic liquids with varying polar and dispersive surface tension components. AFM was used to measure nanofiber-liquid wetting forces and derive contact angles using Wilhelmy balance theory. Owens-Wendt plots were used to show a considerable increase in the polar component of the surface free energy of the polyamide nanofibers compared with bulk film of the same polymer. Chemical surface analysis of the polyamide nanofibers and films using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided evidence for enhanced availability of polar oxygen groups at the electrospun nanofiber surface relative to the film. Our results therefore confirm chemical group orientation at the electrospun polyamide nanofiber surface that promotes availability of polar groups for enhanced wetting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Stachewicz
- Nanoforce Technology Ltd. and ‡Department of Materials, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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22
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Hirata T, Matsuno H, Tanaka M, Tanaka K. Surface segregation of poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) in a mixture with poly(methyl methacrylate). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:4928-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Fujii Y, Nagamura T, Tanaka K. Relaxation Behavior of Poly(methyl methacrylate) at a Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3457-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909373g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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24
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Tateishi Y, Kai N, Noguchi H, Uosaki K, Nagamura T, Tanaka K. Local conformation of poly(methyl methacrylate) at nitrogen and water interfaces. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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