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Albanese K, Morris PT, Read de Alaniz J, Bates CM, Hawker CJ. Controlled-Radical Polymerization of α-Lipoic Acid: A General Route to Degradable Vinyl Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22728-22734. [PMID: 37813389 PMCID: PMC10591472 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the synthesis and characterization of statistical and block copolymers containing α-lipoic acid (LA) using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. LA, a readily available nutritional supplement, undergoes efficient radical ring-opening copolymerization with vinyl monomers in a controlled manner with predictable molecular weights and low molar-mass dispersities. Because lipoic acid diads present in the resulting copolymers include disulfide bonds, these materials efficiently and rapidly degrade when exposed to mild reducing agents such as tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (Mn = 56 → 3.6 kg mol-1). This scalable and versatile polymerization method affords a facile way to synthesize degradable polymers with controlled architectures, molecular weights, and molar-mass dispersities from α-lipoic acid, a commercially available and renewable monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin
R. Albanese
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Parker T. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Huang J, Wróblewska AA, Steinkoenig J, Maes S, Du Prez FE. Assembling Lipoic Acid and Nanoclay into Nacre-Mimetic Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Aleksandra Alicja Wróblewska
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Stephan Maes
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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Chemtob A, Feillée N, Vaulot C, Ley C, Le Nouen D. Self-Photopolymerization of Poly(disulfide) Oligomers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5722-5730. [PMID: 31459725 PMCID: PMC6647947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Base catalyst and oxidant are usually necessary to promote the polymerization of poly(disulfide) oligomers through oxidative coupling of the terminal SH groups into S-S bonds. In this study, we prove that self-polymerization of bifunctional (disulfide) oligomer films can take place in a matter of minutes under UVC irradiation (254 nm, 10.5 mW cm-2). The resulting insoluble polymer is characterized using solid-state NMR, 1H T2 NMR relaxation measurements, thermal analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and proves to have similar composition as a model poly(disulfide) prepared under oxidative conditions, but distinct physical properties. These differences are explained by a change in polymer architecture due to a higher ratio of cyclization relative to linear polymerization. Homolytic photocleavage of internal S-S bonds creates thiyl groups close to each other, driving an increased kinetic feasibility for the cyclization reaction by radical coupling. The subsequent formation of mechanically interlocked macrocycles (polycatenane network) is proposed to account for film properties analogous to those of a cross-linked polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Chemtob
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Noémi Feillée
- Université
de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, LPIM EA4567, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Cyril Vaulot
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université
de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Ley
- Université
de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, LPIM EA4567, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Didier Le Nouen
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA UMR7042, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
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ENDO K. Special Structure of the Polymers Prepared from Polymerizations of Cyclic Disulfide and the Function of the Polymers. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2011. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.68.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi ENDO
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA
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