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Hackett DA, Wang B, Tran DL. Effect of Blood Flow Restriction during the Rest Periods of Squats on Accuracy of Estimated Repetitions to Failure. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 38251288 PMCID: PMC10820122 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of resistance training with blood flow restriction during rest (BFRrest) on the accuracy of estimated repetitions to failure (ERF). It also explored associations between error in ERF and mean concentric velocity (MCV) along with physiological responses. In a randomised cross-over study, 18 male trainers (23.4 ± 2.7 years) performed three sets of squats at 70% of their one-repetition maximum until failure. One session integrated BFRrest, while another employed traditional passive inter-set rest (TRAD) during the 3 min inter-set rest intervals. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic measures were taken in the inter-set recovery periods. The results revealed no significant differences between BFRrest and TRAD in terms of ERF and error in ERF. A notable set effect for ERF was observed, with a greater ERF during set 1 compared to sets 2 and 3 (p < 0.001). Additionally, a lower error in ERF was observed during sets 2 and 3 compared to set 1 (p < 0.001). Error in ERF were strongly associated with the respiratory exchange ratio, and moderately associated with end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure, carbon dioxide output, and MCV variables. Notably, the precision of ERF seems to be predominantly influenced by indicators of physiological stress rather than the incorporation of BFRrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (B.W.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Boliang Wang
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (B.W.); (D.L.T.)
| | - Derek L. Tran
- Discipline of Exercise and Sports Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (B.W.); (D.L.T.)
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Rial-Vázquez J, Nine I, Guerrero-Moreno JM, Rúa-Alonso M, Fariñas J, Márquez G, Giráldez-García MA, Méndez-Bouza KY, López-Pillado H, Coutado-Sánchez E, Losada-Rodríguez A, Iglesias-Soler E. Face Masks at the Gymnasium: Physiological Responses and Mechanical Performance Are Not Compromised by Wearing Surgical or Filtering Facepiece 2 Masks in Healthy Subjects. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1404-1410. [PMID: 37347944 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rial-Vázquez, J, Nine, I, Guerrero-Moreno, JM, Rúa-Alonso, M, Fariñas, J, Márquez, G, Giráldez-García, MA, Méndez-Bouza, KY, López-Pillado, H, Coutado-Sánchez, E, Losada-Rodríguez, A, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Face masks at the gym: physiological responses and mechanical performance are not compromised by wearing surgical or filtering facepiece 2 masks in healthy subjects. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1404-1410, 2023-This study explored the effects of wearing 2 types of face masks on mechanical performance and physiological responses during high-intensity resistance exercise. Twelve healthy men performed 3 workout protocols in a randomized order: wearing a surgical or filtering facepiece 2 (FFP2) mask or without a mask. Each workout consisted of 3 sets of 10 repetitions of bench press (BP) and parallel squat (SQ) with a 12 repetition maximum load, including 2 minutes of recovery between sets and exercises. Mechanical performance was evaluated through the mean propulsive velocity and the number of repetitions completed during each session. Physiological responses were the oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR), and HR variability. Perceived exertion was recorded after each set, and The Beck Anxiety Inventory scale was completed at the end of each workout. The number of repetitions completed and the session mean propulsive velocity {(BP [m·s-1]: surgical: 0.35 ± 0.05; FFP2: 0.36 ± 0.04; nonmask: 0.38 ± 0.06) and (SQ: surgical: 0.43 ± 0.05; FFP2: 0.40 ± 0.07; nonmask: 0.41 ± 0.05)} were similar between conditions (p > 0.05). Heart rate recorded during sessions was similar across conditions: surgical: 119 ± 14, FFP2: 117 ± 13, and nonmask: 118 ± 10 bpm (p = 0.919). Face masks had no effect on SpO2, blood lactate concentration, HR variability, perceived exertion, and anxiety values (p > 0.05). Face masks do not compromise strength performance, physiological parameters, and perceived comfort of young and healthy individuals during a high-intensity resistance training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rial-Vázquez
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Iván Nine
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Jose María Guerrero-Moreno
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - María Rúa-Alonso
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Juan Fariñas
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Avelino Giráldez-García
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | | | - Hugo López-Pillado
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Etham Coutado-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; and
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Hackett DA. Lung Function and Respiratory Muscle Adaptations of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E160. [PMID: 33321800 PMCID: PMC7764033 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse exercise-induced adaptations following aerobic endurance compared to strength-training programs is well documented, however, there is paucity of research specifically focused on adaptations in the respiratory system. The aim of the study was to examine whether differences in lung function and respiratory muscle strength exist between trainers predominately engaged in endurance compared to strength-related exercise. A secondary aim was to investigate if lung function and respiratory muscle strength were associated with one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the strength trainers, and with VO2 max and fat-free mass in each respective group. Forty-six males participated in this study, consisting of 24 strength-trained (26.2 ± 6.4 years) and 22 endurance-trained (29.9 ± 7.6 years) participants. Testing involved measures of lung function, respiratory muscle strength, VO2 max, 1RM, and body composition. The endurance-trained compared to strength-trained participants had greater maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) (11.3%, p = 0.02). The strength-trained compared to endurance-trained participants generated greater maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (14.3%, p = 0.02) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) (12.4%, p = 0.02). Moderate-strong relationships were found between strength-trained respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP) and squat and deadlift 1RM (r = 0.48-0.55, p ≤ 0.017). For the strength-trained participants, a strong relationship was found between MVV and VO2 max (mL·kg-1·min-1) (r = 0.63, p = 0.003) and a moderate relationship between MIP and fat-free mass (r = 0.42, p = 0.04). It appears that endurance compared to strength trainers have greater muscle endurance, while the latter group exhibits greater respiratory muscle strength. Differences in respiratory muscle strength in resistance trainers may be influenced by lower body strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Exercise, Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
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