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Efferth T, Banerjee M, Abu-Darwish MS, Abdelfatah S, Böckers M, Bhakta-Guha D, Bolzani V, Daak S, Demirezer ÖL, Dawood M, Efferth M, El-Seedi HR, Fischer N, Greten HJ, Hamdoun S, Hong C, Horneber M, Kadioglu O, Khalid HE, Khalid SA, Kuete V, Mahmoud N, Marin J, Mbaveng A, Midiwo J, Nakagawa H, Naß J, Ngassapa O, Ochwang'i D, Omosa LK, Ooko EA, Özenver N, Poornima P, Romero MR, Saeed MEM, Salgueiro L, Seo EJ, Yan G, Yasin Z, Saeed EM, Paul NW. Biopiracy versus One-World Medicine-From colonial relicts to global collaborative concepts. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:319-331. [PMID: 30190231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practices of biopiracy to use genetic resources and indigenous knowledge by Western companies without benefit-sharing of those, who generated the traditional knowledge, can be understood as form of neocolonialism. HYPOTHESIS The One-World Medicine concept attempts to merge the best of traditional medicine from developing countries and conventional Western medicine for the sake of patients around the globe. STUDY DESIGN Based on literature searches in several databases, a concept paper has been written. Legislative initiatives of the United Nations culminated in the Nagoya protocol aim to protect traditional knowledge and regulate benefit-sharing with indigenous communities. The European community adopted the Nagoya protocol, and the corresponding regulations will be implemented into national legislation among the member states. Despite pleasing progress, infrastructural problems of the health care systems in developing countries still remain. Current approaches to secure primary health care offer only fragmentary solutions at best. Conventional medicine from industrialized countries cannot be afforded by the impoverished population in the Third World. Confronted with exploding costs, even health systems in Western countries are endangered to burst. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is popular among the general public in industrialized countries, although the efficacy is not sufficiently proven according to the standards of evidence-based medicine. CAM is often available without prescription as over-the-counter products with non-calculated risks concerning erroneous self-medication and safety/toxicity issues. The concept of integrative medicine attempts to combine holistic CAM approaches with evidence-based principles of conventional medicine. CONCLUSION To realize the concept of One-World Medicine, a number of standards have to be set to assure safety, efficacy and applicability of traditional medicine, e.g. sustainable production and quality control of herbal products, performance of placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trials, phytovigilance, as well as education of health professionals and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mita Banerjee
- Department of English and Linguistics, American Studies, Center for Comparative Native and Indigenous Studies, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohammad Sanad Abu-Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Shoubak University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Madeleine Böckers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dipita Bhakta-Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, TN, India
| | - Vanderlan Bolzani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Salah Daak
- Dr. Salah Wanesi Foundation for Cancer Research and Control, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry J Greten
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sami Hamdoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chunlan Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Horneber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hassan E Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sami A Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Karthoum, Sudan
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - José Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, IBSAL, University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Armelle Mbaveng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jacob Midiwo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Janine Naß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olipa Ngassapa
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dominic Ochwang'i
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leonida K Omosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edna A Ooko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadire Özenver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paramasivan Poornima
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Abertay, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Rodriguez Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, IBSAL, University of Salamanca Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ligia Salgueiro
- Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ge Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert W Paul
- Institute for the History, Philosophy, and Ethics of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Da YM, Niu KY, Liu SY, Wang K, Wang WJ, Jia J, Qin LH, Bai WP. Does Cimicifuga racemosa have the effects like estrogen on the sublingual gland in ovariectomized rats? Biol Res 2017; 50:11. [PMID: 28288692 PMCID: PMC5348896 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cimicifuga racemosa is one of the herbs used for the treatment of climacteric syndrome, and it has been cited as an alternative therapy to estrogen. Apart from hectic fevers, dyspareunia and so on, dry mouth also increase significantly after menopause. It has not yet been reported whether C. racemosa has any impact on the sublingual gland, which may relate to dry mouth. In an attempt to determine this, we have compared the effects of estrogen and C. racemosa on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats. Results HE staining showed that the acinar cell area had contracted and that the intercellular spaces were broadened in the OVX (ovariectomized rats) group, while treatment with estradiol (E2) and iCR (isopropanolic extract of C. racemosa) improved these lesions. Transmission electron microscopy showed that rough endoplasmic reticulum expansion in mucous and serous acinar epithelial cells and apoptotic cells was more commonly seen in the OVX group than in the SHAM (sham-operated rats) group. Mitochondria and plasma membrane infolding lesions in the striated ducts were also observed. These lesions were alleviated by both treatments. It is of note that, in the OVX + iCR group, the volume of mitochondria in the striated duct was larger than in other groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells was significantly increased in the acinar cells of the OVX group compared with the SHAM group (p < 0.05); and the MA (mean absorbance) of caspase-3 in the striated ducts also increased (p < 0.05). Estradiol decreased the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA of caspase-3 in striated ducts significantly (p < 0.05). ICR also reduced the ratio of caspase-3 positive cells and the MA in the striated ducts (p < 0.05), but the reduction of the MA in striated ducts was inferior to that of the OVX + E2 group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Both estradiol and iCR can inhibit subcellular structural damage, and down-regulate the expression of caspase-3 caused by ovariectomy, but their effects were not identical, suggesting that both drugs confer a protective effect on the sublingual gland of ovariectomized rats, but that the specific location and mechanism of action producing these effects were different. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40659-017-0115-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Meng Da
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital, NO. 399 of Quannan East Street, Qiaodong District, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | - Kai-Yu Niu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ya Liu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, NO.69 of Yongding Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Li-Hua Qin
- Department of Anatomy, Peking University Health Science Center, School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Wen-Pei Bai
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Da Y, Niu K, Wang K, Cui G, Wang W, Jin B, Sun Y, Jia J, Qin L, Bai W. A comparison of the effects of estrogen and Cimicifuga racemosa on the lacrimal gland and submandibular gland in ovariectomized rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121470. [PMID: 25793872 PMCID: PMC4368816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to observe the effects of estradiol and Cimicifuga racemosa on the lacrimal gland and submandibular gland of ovariectomized rats. We randomly divided 20 adult female SD rats into four groups-a sham-operated group (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX) group, ovariectomized group treated with estradiol (OVX+ E), and ovariectomized group treated with the isopropanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (OVX+ iCR). The SHAM group and OVX group used distilled water to instead the drugs. Two weeks after ovariectomy, the estradiol and iCR were administered for 4 weeks. Next, we used H&E staining and electron microscopy to observe any histological changes in the lacrimal and submandibular glands and immunohistochemical staining to observe the expressions of cleaved caspase-3 (Casp-3) and Cu-Zn SOD (superoxide dismutase). The H&E staining find that both drugs can prevent the cells of area from shrinkage in the two kinds of gland. But under the electron microscopy, estradiol and iCR have different efficacy. Estradiol is more effective at protecting mitochondria in lacrimal gland acinar cells than iCR, and iCR is more effective at suppressing endoplasmic reticulum expansion than estradiol. Both estradiol and iCR have a similar protective function on mitochondria in the submandibular gland. The protective function of the two glands may inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the expression of Casp-3. In addition, iCR increases the expression of Cu-Zn SOD in duct system of submandibular gland. The results suggest that both estradiol and iCR confer a protective effect on the lacrimal and submandibular glands of ovariectomized rats via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Da
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Niu
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
| | - Lihua Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
| | - Wenpei Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JJ); (LQ); (WB)
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Eichhorn T, Greten HJ, Efferth T. Self-medication with nutritional supplements and herbal over-thecounter products. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2011; 1:62-70. [PMCID: PMC4131654 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-011-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the popularity increased for nutritional supplements and herbal products. Prescription drugs, but not herbal therapies are paid by health insurances. They are sold over-the-counter (OTC) on the patients’ own expense. However, there are potential risks of self-medication, e.g. incorrect self-diagnosis, severe adverse reactions, dangerous drug interactions, risk of addiction etc. They are often used by patients at their own discretion without knowledge of and control by their physicians. Certain users are at risk of intoxication. Multiple medications taken by older patients increase the risk for adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions, and compliance problems for this age group (polypharmacy). Herbals should be discontinued prior to operations to avoid interactions with anesthetics or anticoagulants. Herbal preparations may also be carcinogenic or interfere with cancer treatments. Pregnant women use various OTC preparations. However, in many cases, it is unclear whether their use is safe for mother or baby. Self-medication with herbals is also largely distributed among anxious and depressive patients, and patients with other conditions and symptoms. The popularity of herbal products has also brought concerns on quality, efficacy and safety. Cases of botanical misidentification, contaminations with heavy metals, pesticides, radioactivity, organic solvents, microbials as well as adulteration with chemical drugs necessitate the establishment of international quality control standards. Hepatotoxic effects have been reported for more than 300 plant species, and some commonly used herbs have been demonstrated to interact with Western medication. Health care professionals have a critical responsibility assessing the self-care ability of their patients. Databases are available for pharmacists with information on action, side effects and toxicities as well as herb-drug interactions. There is a need for established guidelines regarding the correct use of nutritional supplements and herbal OTC preparations (phytovigilance). Physicians, pharmacists, and other health care professionals have to counsel patients and the general public on the benefits and risks associated with herbal drugs. Information centers for consumers and general practitioners are needed, and convincing evidence on safety and efficacy of herbal products has to be demonstrated in placebo-controlled, double blind and randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Eichhorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Henry Johannes Greten
- Heidelberg School of Chinese Medicine, Karlsruher Straße 12, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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