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The buffering effects of psychological capital on the relationship between physical violence and mental health issues of nurses and personal care assistants working in aged care facilities. Health Care Manage Rev 2023; 48:42-51. [PMID: 35713572 DOI: 10.1097/hmr.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of psychological capital on the relationship between physical violence and mental health issues of nurses and personal care assistants (PCAs) working in aged care using the job demands-resources theory. METHODOLOGY Data were collected from 254 nurses and PCAs of the Australian Nursing Midwifery Federation located in Victoria, Australia. The study takes a quantitative approach and tests the hypotheses through regression analyses. FINDINGS The results indicate that experiencing physical violence increases levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. This, in turn, increases nurses' and PCAs' intention to leave. However, increased psychological capital can assist nurses and PCAs in dealing with physical violence. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS The study acknowledges that physical violence is a factor in nurses' intention to leave. The significant finding is that psychological capital plays a protective role in ameliorating the negative impact of physical violence on individual well-being and intentions to leave. We note, however, that this is a cross-section study, and more longitudinal research needs to be undertaken. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS There are clear implications for managers to create a supportive organization that cultivates hope, self-efficacy, and resilience, thereby increasing psychological capital. Leadership development programs could build a supportive foundation for nurses to seek support and build resilience. Job construction should be focused on protecting nurses from risk by utilizing manageable workloads to limit stress, depression, and anxiety. ORIGINALITY Our study extends research on retention of these skilled and important health care workers in a demanding environment that has largely been absent from the literature. Specifically, physical violence is often considered part of nursing work, but its impact on mental health, well-being, and intention to leave are underexplored in this sector, as well as the effectiveness of specific measures that bolster the negative impact of physical violence on nurses.
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Vranjes I, Elst TV, Griep Y, De Witte H, Baillien E. What Goes Around Comes Around: How Perpetrators of Workplace Bullying Become Targets Themselves. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10596011221143263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether and how perpetrators of bullying become targets themselves. Building on the notion of bullying as an escalation process and the Conservation of Resources Theory, we hypothesized that following enactment of bullying, people would experience increased relationship conflicts with colleagues, diminishing their sense of control and making them more likely to become exposed to bullying themselves. We tested this idea using longitudinal sequential mediated Structural Equation Modelling in a sample of 1420 Belgian workers. Our results confirmed that enactment of bullying lead to more exposure to bullying 18 months later. Relationship conflicts partially mediated this effect, meaning that bullying enactment can lead to increased tensions with others at work, increasing one’s vulnerability to bullying exposure. Although perceived control also mediated the enactment-exposure relationship, relationship conflicts did not lead to perceived loss of control, suggesting a missing link in this relationship. Furthermore, the effect from perceived control to exposure to bullying was small and did not replicate in post-hoc analyses. Our findings suggest that people may experience a backlash from others in their work environment following engagement in bullying behavior at work and invite further exploration of the processes that may account for this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vranjes
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Tinne Vander Elst
- Knowledge, Information and Research Center (KIR), IDEWE, Belgium
- Occupational & Organisational Psychology and Professional Learning, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Griep
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, The Netherlands
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans De Witte
- Occupational & Organisational Psychology and Professional Learning, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Optentia Research Unit, North-West University, South Africa
| | - Elfi Baillien
- Department of Work and Organization Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Khan IG, Abbas S, Waseem S. Behind the curtain: Workplace violence against nurses in Pakistan. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104378. [PMID: 36042921 PMCID: PMC9420468 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zhong D, Liu C, Luan C, Li W, Cui J, Shi H, Zhang Q. Mental health problems among healthcare professionals following the workplace violence issue-mediating effect of risk perception. Front Psychol 2022; 13:971102. [PMID: 36160531 PMCID: PMC9491225 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been numerous studies on mental wellbeing impairment or other negative consequences of Workplace Violence (WPV) against healthcare professionals, however, the effects of WPV are not limited to those who experience WPV in person, but those who exposed to WPV information indirectly. In the aftermath of "death of Dr. Yang Wen," a cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the psychological status of healthcare professionals. A total of 965 healthcare professionals from 32 provinces in China participated in our research. The prevalence rates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, anxiety among healthcare professional in the current study were 25.60, 46.01, and 27.88%, respectively. Moreover, our research suggested that the awareness of WPV-incident had a significant association with PTSD symptoms. In addition, risk perception was shown to mediate the effect of WPV awareness on PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the present research also found a U-shaped relationship between issue salience and PTSD symptoms, and the relationship between issue salience and anxiety, indicating that higher awareness of WPV issue was negatively related to mental health status (including PTSD and anxiety) but only to the points at which there were no additional effects of more issue salience. This study highlighted that more protective measures for healthcare professionals need to be implemented in response to potential WPV events. More importantly, risk perception was found to mediate the effect of WPV issue salience on PTSD symptoms, it is critical to reduce the mental health burden through intervening in risk perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Zhong
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunna Luan
- Beijing Nutrinst Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hanping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Kiprillis N, Gray R, McKenna L. Psychometric qualities of measurement tools used to determine workplace horizontal violence: A rapid review. J Eval Clin Pract 2022; 28:653-669. [PMID: 34986518 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RATIONALE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Horizontal violence has been defined as aggressive or hostile behaviour directed at an individual or between colleagues from the same working group. Measuring the prevalence of horizontal violence requires valid measures. To date, there has not been a review of the psychometric properties of available measurement tools for horizontal violence. METHOD A rapid review of the MEDLINE and BUSINESS EBSCO databases was conducted to identify studies testing the validity of any measure of horizontal violence in any workplace setting. Title and abstract and full-text screening, data extraction and quality appraisal were completed by two researchers working independently. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) was used to determine the methodological quality of studies, including details of the psychometric properties of included papers. RESULTS Fourteen papers reporting 17 studies were included in the review. Seven measures of horizontal violence (Civility Norms Questionnaire Brief; Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised; Inventory of Violence and Psychological Harassment; Leyman Inventory Psychological Terror Mobbing of Single Cases of Harassment in Employees Relations; Shortened Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised; Uncivil Workplace Behaviour Questionnaire) were identified. Most included studies were methodologically robust. Six measures had strong psychometric properties except for the Mobbing of Single Cases of Harassment in Employees Relations (MSCH) where key information about psychometric properties was not reported. CONCLUSIONS We identified six measures of horizontal violence that had good psychometric properties. The Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised has been most extensively tested in different settings but is not necessarily a more precise measure than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelleen Kiprillis
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Gray
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa McKenna
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Nøland ST, Taipale H, Mahmood JI, Tyssen R. Analysis of Career Stage, Gender, and Personality and Workplace Violence in a 20-Year Nationwide Cohort of Physicians in Norway. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2114749. [PMID: 34181010 PMCID: PMC8239948 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Workplace violence (WPV) is a worldwide problem in health services. Several studies have pointed to organizational factors, such as working in psychiatry and work stress. However, there is a lack of long-term longitudinal cohort studies with respect to trends during the career and individual factors among physicians. OBJECTIVE To investigate WPV trends during Norwegian physicians' careers and assess individual and work-related factors associated with WPV in a long-term longitudinal study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study involved 2 nationwide medical student cohorts who graduated 6 years apart and were surveyed at graduation (T1: 1993-1994 and 1999) and 4 years later (T2), 10 years later (T3), 15 years later (T4), and 20 years after graduation (T5). Generalized estimated equations were used. Statistical analysis was performed from January to September 2020. EXPOSURES Medical career during 20 years in Norway. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES WPV was measured as threats or acts of violence from a patient or visitor experienced at least twice, at each of the stages after leaving medical school. Individual factors were obtained at T1 and work-related factors at T2 through T5. We analyzed WPV by repeated measures. RESULTS At T1, a total of 893 participants (with a mean [SD] age of 28 (2.83) years; 499 [56%] women) responded to the questionnaire. The prevalence of multiple threats of violence was 20.3% (156 of 769) at T2, 17.1% (118 of 691) at T3, 11.2% (66 of 588) at T4, and 8.6% (46 of 536) at T5; and the prevalence of multiple acts of violence was 4.3% (33 of 763) at T2, 5.2% (36 of 687) at T3, 3.1% (18 of 584) at T4, and 2.2% (12 of 532) at T5. There was a decline from T2 to T5 of both multiple threats (β = -1.06; 95% CI, -1.31 to -0.09; P < .001) and acts of violence (β = -1.13; 95% CI, -1.73 to -0.53; P < .001). In adjusted analysis, factors associated with multiple threats of violence were male gender (odds ratio [OR], 2.76; 95% CI, 1.73 to 4.40; P < .001), vulnerability trait (neuroticism) (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.99; P = .03), young physician cohort (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.58; P = .04), and working in psychiatry (OR, 7.50; 95% CI, 4.42 to 12.71; P < .001). Factors associated with multiple acts of violence in adjusted analysis were male gender (OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.84; P = .005), young physician cohort (OR, 6.08; 95% CI, 1.68 to 21.97; P = .006), and working in psychiatry (OR, 12.34; 95% CI, 5.40 to 28.23; P < .001). There were no interactions with gender or cohort in the significant associated factors. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Higher rates of multiple threats and acts of violence were observed during early medical careers, among male physicians, and in psychiatry. Low levels of the vulnerability trait (neuroticism) were associated with the experience of multiple threats. There was an association between the young physician cohort and WPV. Preventive efforts should include early-career and male physicians, with additional emphasis on personality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javed Iqbal Mahmood
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Emergency Addiction Services Consulting Team, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidar Tyssen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Alhamad R, Suleiman A, Bsisu I, Santarisi A, Al Owaidat A, Sabri A, Farraj M, Al Omar M, Almazaydeh R, Odeh G, Al Mousa M, Mahseeri M. Violence against physicians in Jordan: An analytical cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245192. [PMID: 33493170 PMCID: PMC7833172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High numbers of violence incidents against physicians are reported annually in both developing and developed countries. In Jordan, studies conducted on healthcare workers involved small number of physicians and showed higher percentages of violence exposure when compared to other investigations from the Middle East. This is a large study aiming to comprehensively analyze the phenomenon in the physicians’ community to optimize future strategies countering it. Methods The study has a cross sectional, questionnaire-based design. It targeted 969 doctors from different types of healthcare Jordanian institutions in Amman, between May to July, 2019. The questionnaire was designed to evaluate properties of reported abuse cases in terms of abusers, timing, and type of abuse, in addition to the consequences of this abuse. Results Prevalence of exposure to violence in the last year among doctors was 63.1% (611 doctors). 423 (67.2%) of male doctors had an experience of being abused during the last 12 months, compared to 188 (55.3%) of females (p< 0.001). Governmental centers showed the highest prevalence. Among 356 doctors working in governmental medical centers, 268 (75.3%) reported being abused (p< 0.001), and they were more abused verbally (63.5%) and physically (10.4%) compared to other medical sectors (p <0.001). The mean score of how worried doctors are regarding violence at their workplace from 1 to 5 was 3.1 ± 1.3, and only 129 (13.3%) believed that they are protected by law. Conclusions The study emphasized on the higher rate of violence against physicians in the governmental sector, in addition to the negative effect of abuse on their performance. Moreover, male physicians had higher incidence of workplace abuse. Therefore, strategies that ease and promote the real application of anti-violence policies should become our future target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Alhamad
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aiman Suleiman
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Isam Bsisu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abeer Santarisi
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Al Owaidat
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Albatool Sabri
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Farraj
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al Omar
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rawan Almazaydeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Accidents, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghada Odeh
- Department of General Surgery, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al Mousa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohamad Mahseeri
- Department of General Surgery, University of Jordan, School of Medicine, Amman, Jordan
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Guan J. Origin and Prevention of Workplace Violence in Health Care in China: Legal and Ethical Considerations. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1731-1736. [PMID: 28685725 PMCID: PMC5520562 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.209888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guan
- Clinical Centre, National Population and Health Scientific Data Sharing Platform, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730; Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Beattie J, Innes K, Griffiths D, Morphet J. Healthcare providers' neurobiological response to workplace violence perpetrated by consumers: Informing directions for staff well-being. Appl Nurs Res 2018; 43:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaeser D, Guerra R, Keidar O, Lanz U, Moses M, Kobel C, Exadaktylos AK, Ricklin ME. Verbal and Non-Verbal Aggression in a Swiss University Emergency Room: A Descriptive Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071423. [PMID: 29986402 PMCID: PMC6069438 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Workplace violence (WPV) by patients and visitors is a hazard in many emergency departments (ED), with serious consequences for both staff and patients. Patients with a migratory background seem to be prone to being involved in WPV. We therefore reviewed all reports of ED staff who experienced WPV over a 4-year period (2013–2016). We analyzed data on the reasons for the incident, the time of day, the manner of violence, the consequences, and the migratory background of the aggressor. In total, 83 cases of WPV were reported over a four-year period. The average age of the violent person was 33.1 years; in 35 cases (42.0%), aggressors were younger than 30 years old, 53 (63.8%) were male, 49 (59%) were of Swiss nationality, and 35–40% had a migratory background. The odds ratio of people originating from a low- to middle-income country versus those originating from a high-income country was 1.8. Furthermore, 45.8% of the patients arrived by ambulance (n = 38) and 19 patients (22.9%) were self-presenting. Most cases (92.8%) involved verbal aggression, but in more than half of the cases, physical assault (56.6%) was also reported. In addition, 43 (51.8%) of the events occurred during the night. Results also showed that 42 (50.6%) of patients who were involved in WPV were under the influence of alcohol and 29 (34.9%) suffered from psychiatric disorders. Security personnel and police were involved in 53 (63.9%) and 47 (56.6%) cases, respectively. Twenty patients (24.1%) were sedated and 16 (19.3%) were restrained. In 18 cases (21.7%), the psychiatrist ordered compulsory hospitalization in a psychiatric institution. Taken together, WPV is a relatively common event in our ED and persons with a migratory background are involved more often relative to their frequency of ED visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kaeser
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Rebekka Guerra
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Osnat Keidar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Lanz
- Security Service, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Moses
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Kobel
- Legal service, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Aristomenis K Exadaktylos
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Shea T, Cooper B, De Cieri H, Sheehan C, Donohue R, Lindsay S. Postincident Support for Healthcare Workers Experiencing Occupational Violence and Aggression. J Nurs Scholarsh 2018; 50:344-352. [PMID: 29746723 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relative contributions of workplace type, occupational violence and aggression (OVA) strategies and interventions along with perceptions of the occupational health and safety (OHS) environment on the likelihood of receiving postincident support following the experience of OVA. DESIGN We used a cross-sectional study design with an online survey to collect data from employees in nursing and midwifery in Victoria, Australia. METHODS Survey data collected from 3,072 members of the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (Victorian branch) were analyzed using logistic regression. FINDINGS Of the 3,072 respondents who had experienced OVA in the preceding 12 months, 1,287 (42%) reported that they had received postincident support. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed that the OHS environment was the dominant factor that predicted the likelihood of workers receiving postincident support. Working in a positive OHS environment characterized by higher levels of leading indicators of OHS, prioritization of OHS, supervisor support for safety, and team psychological safety was the stronger predictor of postincident support. Being employed in a workplace that offered training in the management and prevention of OVA also increased the likelihood of receiving postincident support. CONCLUSIONS While training in the management and prevention of OVA contributed to the likelihood of receiving postincident support, a greater emphasis on the OHS environment was more important in predicting the likelihood that workers received support. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study identifies workplace practices that facilitate the provision of postincident support for healthcare workers. Facilitating effective postincident support could improve outcomes for workers, their patients and workplaces, and society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Shea
- Senior Research Fellow, Monash Business School, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Cooper
- Associate Professor, Monash Business School, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen De Cieri
- Professor, Monash Business School, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathy Sheehan
- Associate Professor, Monash Business School, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Donohue
- Senior Lecturer, Monash Business School, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Lindsay
- Lecturer, Monash Business School, Monash University, Caulfield East, VIC, Australia
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Geoffrion S, Goncalves J, Boyer R, Marchand A, Guay S. The Effects of Trivialization of Workplace Violence on Its Victims: Profession and Sex Differences in a Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare and Law Enforcement Workers. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:369-382. [PMID: 28355455 PMCID: PMC6824521 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers from the law enforcement and healthcare sectors tend to normalize or mute their victimization from workplace violence (WPV). OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the impact of the trivialization of WPV on psychological consequences for workers who have been affected by a WPV incident. The second aim is to assess the moderating effect of sex on the trivialization of WPV. The third and overarching aim is to assess the moderating effect of professional identity on the relations between individual and organizational factors and psychological consequences following a WPV incident. METHODS The findings are based on a convenience sample of 377 (204 female and 173 male) workers from the law enforcement and healthcare sectors. Individual factors (sex, age, professional identity, prior victimization, witnessing WPV, injuries, and trivialization of violence) and perceived support factors (colleagues' support and employer's support) were used as predictor variables of psychological consequences in hierarchical linear regression models. Sex was used as a moderator of trivialization while professional identity was used as a moderator of all predictors. FINDINGS When individual and social support factors were controlled for, normalizing violence was negatively associated with psychological consequences while perceiving a taboo associated with complaining about WPV was positively associated for all participants. When these relations were moderated by the sex of the participants and then by their professional identity, normalization was found to decrease psychological consequences only for male healthcare workers. IMPLICATIONS To help employees cope with WPV, organizations should promote strategies adapted to profession and sex differences. For male healthcare workers, normalization as a cognitive coping strategy should be formally recognized. For both professions and sexes, organizational strategies that counter the perceived taboo of complaining about violence should be reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Geoffrion
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jane Goncalves
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - Richard Boyer
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - André Marchand
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, 7331 Rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Québec H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology of Université du Québec à Montréal, 405 Rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Montréal, Québec H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Guay
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Jafree SR. Workplace violence against women nurses working in two public sector hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Nurs Outlook 2017; 65:420-427. [PMID: 28343713 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultural and structural forces help sustain workplace violence (WPV) against feminized professions like nursing in Pakistan. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence and patterns of workplace violence (WPV) against women nurses (more than 95% of entire nursing population) in two hospitals of Pakistan. METHODS A standardized international survey developed by the World Health Organization was used to collect cross-sectional data. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate regression were used for data analysis. A total of 309 nurse respondents were sampled from two public sector tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. RESULTS Findings show that 73.1% of nurses reported experiencing some sort of violence in the last 12 months; with 53.4% suffering from physical violence, 57.3% from verbal violence, and 26.9% from sexual violence. The main perpetrators were reported to be male coworkers, patients, and attendants. Higher risk for WPV includes single status, non-Punjabi provincial belonging, Islamic faith, staff and student nurse designations, temporary government contract, and working additional hours in the evening and night. The primary response to violence included not doing anything and remaining silent. It was also reported that nurse victims experienced moderate levels of emotional grievances after facing violence. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that public sector hospitals in the region need to improve their policy for the protection and monitoring of WPV against female nurses. Reporting and counseling bodies need to be installed to encourage both complaints and the seeking of medical attention after victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rizvi Jafree
- Forman Christian College, A Chartered University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Jaradat Y, Nielsen MB, Kristensen P, Nijem K, Bjertness E, Stigum H, Bast-Pettersen R. Workplace aggression, psychological distress, and job satisfaction among Palestinian nurses: A cross-sectional study. Appl Nurs Res 2016; 32:190-198. [PMID: 27969027 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurses can be exposed to aggressive behavior from patients, patient's relatives, colleagues and visitors. PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of workplace aggression among Palestinian nurses in the Hebron district and to examine cross-sectional associations between exposure to workplace aggression and the occurrence of psychological distress and job satisfaction. METHODS Of 372 nurses eligible for the study, 343 were included (response rate of 92.2%). The sample comprised 62% females and 38% males. The participants responded to questions about their socio-demographic status, workplace aggression (WHO questionnaires), psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-30), and job satisfaction (Generic Job Satisfaction Scale). RESULTS Ninety-three (27.1%) of the respondents reported exposure to workplace aggression of any kind. Seventeen (5%) reported exposure to physical aggression, 83 (24.2%) reported exposure to verbal aggression, and 25 (7.3%) reported exposure to bullying. The patients and the patients' relatives were the main sources of physical and verbal aggression, whereas colleagues were the main source of bullying. Males reported a higher prevalence of bullying than females. Younger nurses reported a higher prevalence of exposure to physical aggression, verbal aggression and bullying. Verbal aggression was associated with more psychological distress. Bullying was associated with lower job satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS More than a quarter of the nurses reported that they had been subject to some sort of aggression at the workplace. Verbal aggression was associated with higher psychological distress. Workplace bullying was associated with lower job satisfaction. Increased awareness and preventive measures to address this problem among health care workers are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Jaradat
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway 0033; Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway 1130.
| | - Morten Birkeland Nielsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway 0033.
| | - Petter Kristensen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway 0033.
| | - Khaldoun Nijem
- Occupational Epidemiology and Biological Research Lab, Department of Biology, Hebron University, Occupied Palestinian Territory 67352.
| | - Espen Bjertness
- Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway 1130.
| | - Hein Stigum
- Section for Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway 1130.
| | - Rita Bast-Pettersen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway 0033.
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Alameddine M, Mourad Y, Dimassi H. A National Study on Nurses' Exposure to Occupational Violence in Lebanon: Prevalence, Consequences and Associated Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137105. [PMID: 26355686 PMCID: PMC4565636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare institutions have commonly reported exposure of employees, particularly nurses, to high levels of occupational violence. Despite such evidence in the Middle East Region, there is a dearth of national studies that have systematically investigated this phenomenon. This study investigates the prevalence, characteristics, consequences and factors associated with nurses’ exposure to occupational violence in Lebanon. Methods A cross-sectional design was utilized to survey a nationally representative sample of 915 nurses registered with the Order of Nurses in Lebanon. Stratified random sampling by governorate was utilized. Individually-mailed questionnaires collected information on exposure to violence, degree of burnout and demographic/professional background. The main outcome variables were exposure to verbal abuse (never, 1–3, 4–9 and 10+ times) and physical violence (never, ever) over the past 12-months. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate prevalence of violence. Multivariable, binomial and multinomial regression models were carried out to investigate the correlates of exposure to verbal abuse and physical violence, respectively. Results Response rate was 64.8%. Over the last year, prevalence of nurses’ exposure to verbal abuse was 62%, (CI: 58–65%) and physical violence was 10%, (CI: 8–13%). Among respondents, 31.7% of nurses indicated likelihood to quit their jobs and 22.3% were undetermined. Furthermore, 54.1% reported high levels of emotional exhaustion and 28.8% reported high levels of depersonalization. Compared to nurses with no exposure to verbal abuse, nurses reporting high exposure had high levels of emotional exhaustion (OR:6.4; CI:1.76–23.32), depersonalization (OR:6.8; CI: 3–15) and intention to quit job (OR:3.9; CI: 1.8–8.3). They further reported absence of anti-violence policies at their institutions (OR: 3; CI: 1.5–6.3). Nurses that were ever exposed to physical violence were more likely to be males (OR: 2.2; CI: 1.1–4.3), working day and night shifts (OR: 2.8; CI: 1.4–5.5) and subject to ten or more incidents of verbal abuse per year (OR: 46.7; CI: 10.1–214). Conclusions An alarming two-thirds of respondents reported exposure to verbal abuse which was found to be a significant predictor of the three subscales of burnout, intention to quit and exposure to physical violence. The prevalence of exposure to physical violence is disconcerting due to its severe consequences. Policy and decision-makers are urged to use study findings for policy and practice interventions to create safe work environments conducive to nurses’ productivity and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Alameddine
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut
- * E-mail:
| | - Yara Mourad
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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Jackson D, Wilkes L, Luck L. Cues that predict violence in the hospital setting: Findings from an observational study. Collegian 2014; 21:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bosio C, Graffigna G, Scaratti G. Knowing, learning and acting in health care organizations and services. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN ORGANIZATIONS AND MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.1108/17465641211279743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cashmore AW, Indig D, Hampton SE, Hegney DG, Jalaludin BB. Workplace violence in a large correctional health service in New South Wales, Australia: a retrospective review of incident management records. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12:245. [PMID: 22873176 PMCID: PMC3496587 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about workplace violence among correctional health professionals. This study aimed to describe the patterns, severity and outcomes of incidents of workplace violence among employees of a large correctional health service, and to explore the help-seeking behaviours of staff following an incident. Methods The study setting was Justice Health, a statutory health corporation established to provide health care to people who come into contact with the criminal justice system in New South Wales, Australia. We reviewed incident management records describing workplace violence among Justice Health staff. The three-year study period was 1/7/2007-30/6/2010. Results During the period under review, 208 incidents of workplace violence were recorded. Verbal abuse (71%) was more common than physical abuse (29%). The most (44%) incidents of workplace violence (including both verbal and physical abuse) occurred in adult male prisons, although the most (50%) incidents of physical abuse occurred in a forensic hospital. Most (90%) of the victims were nurses and two-thirds were females. Younger employees and males were most likely to be a victim of physical abuse. Preparing or dispensing medication and attempting to calm and/or restrain an aggressive patient were identified as ‘high risk’ work duties for verbal abuse and physical abuse, respectively. Most (93%) of the incidents of workplace violence were initiated by a prisoner/patient. Almost all of the incidents received either a medium (46%) or low (52%) Severity Assessment Code. Few victims of workplace violence incurred a serious physical injury – there were no workplace deaths during the study period. However, mental stress was common, especially among the victims of verbal abuse (85%). Few (6%) victims of verbal abuse sought help from a health professional. Conclusions Among employees of a large correctional health service, verbal abuse in the workplace was substantially more common than physical abuse. The most incidents of workplace violence occurred in adult male prisons. Review of the types of adverse health outcomes experienced by the victims of workplace violence and the assessments of severity assigned to violent incidents suggests that, compared with health care settings in the community, correctional settings are fairly safe places in which to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Cashmore
- New South Wales Public Health Officer Training Program, New South Wales Ministry of Health, North Sydney, Australia.
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Ideker K, Todicheeney-Mannes D, Kim SC. A confirmatory study of Violence Risk Assessment Tool (M55) and demographic predictors of patient violence. J Adv Nurs 2011; 67:2455-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hayes B, Bonner A. JOB SATISFACTION, STRESS AND BURNOUT ASSOCIATED WITH HAEMODIALYSIS NURSING: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE. J Ren Care 2010; 36:174-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-6686.2010.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen WC, Huang CJ, Hwang JS, Chen CC. The relationship of health-related quality of life to workplace physical violence against nurses by psychiatric patients. Qual Life Res 2010; 19:1155-61. [PMID: 20521131 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-010-9679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the relationship of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) to workplace physical violence (WPV) against nurses by psychiatric patients. METHODS A Web-based WHOQOL-BREF was used to assess HRQoL and an intranet Workplace Violence Report System was used to record WPV incidents in order to design prospective longitudinal repeat measures over a period of 12 months, as well as using a subject-domain approach to detect any significant association between HRQoL and WPV. RESULTS A total of 129 physical violence events were reported, and the WHOQOL-BREF was completed a total of 860 times. A lower HRQoL score within 7 days before an event in psychological domain was a predictor of WPV after adjustment for other variables. Other consistent risk factors for violence were being married, shorter employment duration, and quite a bit or extreme worry about violence. The social domain scores worsened within 7 days after an event. CONCLUSION A worsened psychological domain score might predict violence, and improving HRQoL seems to be helpful in preventing WPV against nurses by psychiatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Chen
- Department of Health, Yuli Hospital, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan.
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