Dietrich E, Grimaux X, Martin L, Samimi M. Etiological diagnosis of macroglossia: Systematic review and diagnostic algorithm.
Ann Dermatol Venereol 2022;
149:228-237. [PMID:
36229262 DOI:
10.1016/j.annder.2022.03.011]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The objective of this literature review was to list the different etiologies of macroglossia reported in the literature, to identify characteristics that might guide diagnosis, and to create a diagnostic algorithm.
METHODS
The bibliographic search was carried out between October 2019 and July 2020 in the PubMed research base using the keywords "macroglossia" (MESH) and/or "tongue enlargement".
RESULTS
Of the 1711 references identified, 615 articles were excluded, and 1096 abstracts were reviewed. We classified the different etiologies identified according to their mechanism and whether they were congenital or acquired. The etiologies are divided into the following categories: genetic malformation syndromes, non-syndromic congenital malformations, endocrinopathies, neuromuscular diseases, storage disorders, infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, and iatrogenic diseases.
CONCLUSION
Based on this review, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for macroglossia according to the characteristics described. The most common diagnoses among acquired causes were amyloidosis (13.7%), endocrinopathies (8.8%), myopathies (4%) and tongue tumors (6.7%). The most common congenital causes were aneuploidy, lymphatic malformations, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, which is the main cause of congenital macroglossia, even if it appears isolated.
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