Intravital Two-photon Imaging of Dynamic Alteration of Hepatic Lipid Droplets in Fasted and Refed State

Statistically unbiased prediction enables accurate denoising of voltage imaging data

Here we report SUPPORT (statistically unbiased prediction utilizing spatiotemporal information in imaging data), a self-supervised learning method for removing Poisson-Gaussian noise in voltage imaging data. SUPPORT is based on the insight that a pixel value in voltage imaging data is highly dependent on its spatiotemporal neighboring pixels, even when its temporally adjacent frames alone do not provide useful information for statistical prediction. Such dependency is captured and used by a convolutional neural network with a spatiotemporal blind spot to accurately denoise voltage imaging data in which the existence of the action potential in a time frame cannot be inferred by the information in other frames. Through simulations and experiments, we show that SUPPORT enables precise denoising of voltage imaging data and other types of microscopy image while preserving the underlying dynamics within the scene.

In vivo longitudinal 920 nm two-photon intravital kidney imaging of a dynamic 2,8-DHA crystal formation and tubular deterioration in the adenine-induced chronic kidney disease mouse model

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common renal diseases manifested by gradual loss of kidney function with no symptoms in the early stage. The underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of CKD with various causes such as high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and kidney infection is not well understood. In vivo longitudinal repetitive cellular-level observation of the kidney of the CKD animal model can provide novel insights to diagnose and treat the CKD by visualizing the dynamically changing pathophysiology of CKD with its progression over time. In this study, using two-photon intravital microscopy with a single 920 nm fixed-wavelength fs-pulsed laser, we longitudinally and repetitively observed the kidney of an adenine diet-induced CKD mouse model for 30 days. Interestingly, we could successfully visualize the 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) crystal formation with a second-harmonics generation (SHG) signal and the morphological deterioration of renal tubules with autofluorescence using a single 920 nm two-photon excitation. The longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging results of increasing 2,8-DHA crystals and decreasing tubular area ratio visualized by SHG and autofluorescence signal, respectively, were highly correlated with the CKD progression monitored by a blood test showing increased cystatin C and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels over time. This result suggests the potential of label-free second-harmonics generation crystal imaging as a novel optical technique for in vivo CKD progression monitoring.

Advances in small molecule two-photon fluorescent trackers for lipid droplets in live sample imaging

Two-photon fluorescent trackers for monitoring of lipid droplets (LDs) would be highly effective for illustrating the critical roles of LDs in live cells or tissues. Although a number of one-photon fluorescent trackers for labeling LDs have been developed, their usability remains constrained in live sample imaging due to photo damage, shallow imaging depth, and auto-fluorescence. Recently, some two-photon fluorescent trackers for LDs have been developed to overcome these limitations. In this mini-review article, the advances in two-photon fluorescent trackers for monitoring of LDs are summarized. We summarize the chemical structures, two-photon properties, live sample imaging, and biomedical applications of the most recent representative two-photon fluorescent trackers for LDs. Additionally, the current challenges and future research trends for the two-photon fluorescent trackers of LDs are discussed.

Intravital longitudinal cellular visualization of oral mucosa in a murine model based on rotatory side-view confocal endomicroscopy

Oral mucosa is a soft tissue lining the inside of the mouth, protecting the oral cavity from microbiological insults. The mucosal immune system is composed of diverse types of cells that defend against a wide range of pathogens. The pathophysiology of various oral mucosal diseases has been studied mostly by ex vivo histological analysis of harvested specimens. However, to analyze dynamic cellular processes in the oral mucosa, longitudinal in vivo observation of the oral mucosa in a single mouse during pathogenesis is a highly desirable and efficient approach. Herein, by utilizing micro GRIN lens-based rotatory side-view confocal endomicroscopy, we demonstrated non-invasive longitudinal cellular-level in vivo imaging of the oral mucosa, visualizing fluorescently labeled cells including various immune cells, pericytes, nerve cells, and lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells. With rotational and sliding movement of the side-view endomicroscope on the oral mucosa, we successfully achieved a multi-color wide-area cellular-level visualization in a noninvasive manner. By using a transgenic mouse expressing photoconvertible protein, Kaede, we achieved longitudinal repetitive imaging of the same microscopic area in the buccal mucosa of a single mouse for up to 10 days. Finally, we performed longitudinal intravital visualization of the oral mucosa in a DNFB-derived oral contact allergy mouse model, which revealed highly dynamic spatiotemporal changes of CSF1R or LysM expressing immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes in response to allergic challenge for one week. This technique can be a useful tool to investigate the complex pathophysiology of oral mucosal diseases.

Intravital two-photon imaging and quantification of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a live small animal model

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases closely associated with the metabolic system, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. The progression of NAFLD with advanced fibrosis is associated with an increased risk of liver cirrhosis and cancer as well as various extra-hepatic diseases. Yet, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood partly due to the absence of effective high-resolution in vivo imaging methods and the appropriate animal models recapitulating the pathology of NAFLD. To improve our understanding about complex pathophysiology of NAFLD, the need for an advanced imaging methodology to visualize and quantify subcellular-level features of NAFLD in vivo over time is ever-increasing. In this study, we established an advanced in vivo two-photon imaging technique to visualize and quantify subcellular-level pathological features of NAFLD in a live mouse animal developing hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and disrupted microvasculature.

3D Visualization of Dynamic Cellular Reaction of Pulpal CD11c+ Dendritic Cells against Pulpitis in Whole Murine Tooth

In dental pulp, diverse types of cells mediate the dental pulp immunity in a highly complex and dynamic manner. Yet, 3D spatiotemporal changes of various pulpal immune cells dynamically reacting against foreign pathogens during immune response have not been well characterized. It is partly due to the technical difficulty in detailed 3D comprehensive cellular-level observation of dental pulp in whole intact tooth beyond the conventional histological analysis using thin tooth slices. In this work, we validated the optical clearing technique based on modified Murray’s clear as a valuable tool for a comprehensive cellular-level analysis of dental pulp. Utilizing the optical clearing, we successfully achieved a 3D visualization of CD11c+ dendritic cells in the dentin-pulp complex of a whole intact murine tooth. Notably, a small population of unique CD11c+ dendritic cells extending long cytoplasmic processes into the dentinal tubule while located at the dentin-pulp interface like odontoblasts were clearly visualized. 3D visualization of whole murine tooth enabled a reliable observation of these rarely existing cells with a total number less than a couple of tens in one tooth. These CD11c+ dendritic cells with processes in the dentinal tubule were significantly increased in the dental pulpitis model induced by mechanical and chemical irritation. Additionally, the 3D visualization revealed a distinct spatial 3D arrangement of pulpal CD11c+ cells in the pulp into a front-line barrier-like formation in the pulp within 12 h after the irritation. Collectively, these observations demonstrated the unique capability of optical clearing-based comprehensive 3D cellular-level visualization of the whole tooth as an efficient method to analyze 3D spatiotemporal changes of various pulpal cells in normal and pathological conditions.