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Mahmoudian RA, Farshchian M, Golyan FF, Mahmoudian P, Alasti A, Moghimi V, Maftooh M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Mahaki H, Shahidsales S, Avan A. Preclinical tumor mouse models for studying esophageal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 189:104068. [PMID: 37468084 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models are extensively employed in cancer research because they can be manipulated in terms of their environment, genome, molecular biology, organ systems, and physical activity to mimic human behavior and conditions. The progress made in in vivo cancer research has resulted in significant advancements, enabling the creation of spontaneous, metastatic, and humanized mouse models. Most recently, the remarkable and extensive developments in genetic engineering, particularly the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9, transposable elements, epigenome modifications, and liquid biopsies, have further facilitated the design and development of numerous mouse models for studying cancer. In this review, we have elucidated the production and usage of current mouse models, such as xenografts, chemical-induced models, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), for studying esophageal cancer. Additionally, we have briefly discussed various gene-editing tools that could potentially be employed in the future to create mouse models specifically for esophageal cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Alsadat Mahmoudian
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Fardi Golyan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mahmoudian
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Alasti
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Moghimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mina Maftooh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Department of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Hanie Mahaki
- Vascular & Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq; Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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2
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Zhang S, Zhong J, Guo D, Zhang S, Huang G, Chen Y, Xu C, Chen W, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Liu S, Luo Z, Lin C. MIAT shuttled by tumor-secreted exosomes promotes paclitaxel resistance in esophageal cancer cells by activating the TAF1/SREBF1 axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23380. [PMID: 37132394 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance remains a major obstacle to the treatment of esophageal cancer (EC). Exosome-mediated transfer of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has recently been unveiled to correlate with the regulation of drug resistance in EC. This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanisms by which exosome-encapsulated lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) derived from tumor cells might mediate the paclitaxel (PTX) resistance of EC cells. First, MIAT was experimentally determined to be upregulated in PTX nonresponders and PTX-resistant EC cells. Silencing of MIAT in PTX-resistant EC cells decreased cell viability and enhanced apoptosis, corresponding to a reduced half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value. Next, exosomes were isolated from EC109 and EC109/T cells, and EC109 cells were cocultured with EC109/T-cell-derived exosomes. Accordingly, MIAT was revealed to be transmitted through exosomes from EC109/T cells to EC109 cells. Tumor-derived exosomes carrying MIAT increased the IC50 value of PTX and suppressed apoptosis in EC109 cells to promote PTX resistance. Furthermore, MIAT promoted the enrichment of TATA-box binding protein-associated Factor 1 (TAF1) in the promoter region of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), as shown by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. This might be the mechanism by which MIAT could promote PTX resistance. Finally, in vivo experiments further confirmed that the knockdown of MIAT attenuated the resistance of EC cells to PTX. Collectively, these results indicate that tumor-derived exosome-loaded MIAT activates the TAF1/SREBF1 axis to induce PTX resistance in EC cells, providing a potential therapeutic target for overcoming PTX resistance in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University), Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Junyong Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Dainian Guo
- Good Clinical Practice, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- Dafeng Hospital of Chaoyang District in Shantou City, Shantou, P. R. China
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Guifeng Huang
- Dafeng Hospital of Chaoyang District in Shantou City, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University), Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University), Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Wang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University), Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qiuzhen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Chengkuan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University), Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Sulin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Zebin Luo
- Dafeng Hospital of Chaoyang District in Shantou City, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxian Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China
- Shantou Chaonan Minsheng Hospital, Shantou, P. R. China
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3
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Si MY, Rao DY, Xia Y, Sang CP, Mao KY, Liu XJ, Zhang ZX, Tang ZX. Role of exosomal noncoding RNA in esophageal carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1126890. [PMID: 37234976 PMCID: PMC10206631 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1126890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a common malignant tumor with a high degree of malignancy. Understanding its pathogenesis and identifying early diagnostic biomarkers can significantly improve the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients. Exosomes are small double-membrane vesicles found in various body fluids containing various components (DNA, RNA, and proteins) that mediate intercellular signal communication. Non-coding RNAs are a class of gene transcription products that encode polypeptide functions and are widely detected in exosomes. There is growing evidence that exosomal non-coding RNAs are involved in cancer growth, metastasis and angiogenesis, and can also be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers. This article reviews the recent progress in exosomal non-coding RNAs in esophageal cancer, including research progress, diagnostic value, proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance, provide new ideas for the precise treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Yan Si
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ding-Yu Rao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yao Xia
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai-Yun Mao
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Jin Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zu-Xiong Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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4
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ArefNezhad R, Rezaei-Tazangi F, Roghani-Shahraki H, Goleij P, Zare N, Motedayyen H, Aghazadeh E. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: Heralding an effective treatment against esophageal cancer? Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:714-719. [PMID: 36718080 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC), as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality, influences a remarkable population of subjects globally and is histologically divided into two types, comprising esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Although several therapeutic approaches are present for EC, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, these options have low success with serious side effects, for example, gastrointestinal toxicity, esophagitis, and pulmonary complications. Thus, utilizing an effective tool with low side effects is urgent. Newly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received special interest for treating diverse diseases, such as cancer. Among different sources of MSCs, human umbilical cord MSCs have notable benefits, and reports expressed that they may be effective in EC treatment. For this purpose, in this review study, we aimed to summarize evidence regarding the effects of human umbilical cord MSCs on EC with a mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei-Tazangi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Pouya Goleij
- Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran.,International Network of Stem Cell (INSC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Zare
- Coenzyme R Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Aghazadeh
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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The Tumor Microenvironment in Tumorigenesis and Therapy Resistance Revisited. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020376. [PMID: 36672326 PMCID: PMC9856874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process involving cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions that allow tumor cell growth, drug resistance and metastasis. This review provides an updated summary of the role played by the tumor microenvironment (TME) components and hypoxia in tumorigenesis, and highlight various ways through which tumor cells reprogram normal cells into phenotypes that are pro-tumorigenic, including cancer associated- fibroblasts, -macrophages and -endothelial cells. Tumor cells secrete numerous factors leading to the transformation of a previously anti-tumorigenic environment into a pro-tumorigenic environment. Once formed, solid tumors continue to interact with various stromal cells, including local and infiltrating fibroblasts, macrophages, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and secreted factors and the ECM within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME is key to tumorigenesis, drug response and treatment outcome. Importantly, stromal cells and secreted factors can initially be anti-tumorigenic, but over time promote tumorigenesis and induce therapy resistance. To counter hypoxia, increased angiogenesis leads to the formation of new vascular networks in order to actively promote and sustain tumor growth via the supply of oxygen and nutrients, whilst removing metabolic waste. Angiogenic vascular network formation aid in tumor cell metastatic dissemination. Successful tumor treatment and novel drug development require the identification and therapeutic targeting of pro-tumorigenic components of the TME including cancer-associated- fibroblasts (CAFs) and -macrophages (CAMs), hypoxia, blocking ECM-receptor interactions, in addition to the targeting of tumor cells. The reprogramming of stromal cells and the immune response to be anti-tumorigenic is key to therapeutic success. Lastly, this review highlights potential TME- and hypoxia-centered therapies under investigation.
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6
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Shahverdi M, Darvish M. Exosomal microRNAs: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Small Bio-molecule in Esophageal Cancer. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:312-323. [PMID: 35319366 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220321125134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. EC is usually diagnosed at a late stage, and despite aggressive therapy, the five-year survival rate of patients remains poor. Exosomes play important roles in cancer biology. Indeed, exosomes are implicated in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. They contain bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins, and non-coding RNAs. Exosome research has recently concentrated on microRNAs, which are tiny noncoding endogenous RNAs that can alter gene expression and are linked to nearly all physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. It is suggested that deregulation of miRNAs results in cancer progression and directly induces tumor initiation. In esophageal cancer, miRNA dysregulation plays an important role in cancer prognosis and patients' responsiveness to therapy, indicating that miRNAs are important in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the impact of exosomal miRNAs on esophageal cancer pathogenesis and their potential applications for EC diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Shahverdi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Maryam Darvish
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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7
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Miao N, Cai W, Ding S, Liu Y, Chen W, Sun T. Characterization of plasma exosomal microRNAs in responding to radiotherapy of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:287. [PMID: 35894132 PMCID: PMC9366155 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the main treatment methods for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Previous research has shown that plasma exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) can predict therapeutic outcome. In the present study, to identify potential exosomal miRNAs that respond to radiotherapy, plasma exosomal miRNAs from ESCC patients undergoing radiotherapy were isolated and sequenced. Upregulated and downregulated miRNAs were detected from patients pre- and post-radiotherapy, and it was found that they play distinct roles in DNA damage process and endosomal mediated transport. Based on wound healing and Cell Counting Kit-8 assays in TE-1 human esophageal cancer cells, it was identified that representative miRNA miR-652 and miR-30a alter migration but not proliferation. The present findings identified differentially expressed miRNAs in responding to radiotherapy, and added a reference to explore non-invasive plasma biomarkers to evaluate therapeutic effects in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Miao
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Sijia Ding
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
| | - Wanhua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P.R. China
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8
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The Role of Exosomes and Their Applications in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212204. [PMID: 34830085 PMCID: PMC8622108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are very small extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple cell types and are extensively distributed in various biological fluids. Recent research indicated that exosomes can participate in regulating the tumor microenvironment and impacting tumor proliferation and progression. Due to the extensive enrollment in cancer development, exosomes have become a focus of the search for a new therapeutic method for cancer. Exosomes can be utilized for the therapeutic delivery of small molecules, proteins and RNAs to target cancer cells with a high efficiency. Exosome-carried proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are being tested as promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, even as potential treatment targets for cancer. Moreover, different sources of exosomes exhibit multiple performances in cancer applications. In this review, we elaborate on the specific mechanism by which exosomes affect the communication between tumors and the microenvironment and state the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of exosomes in cancers.
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Zhu Q, Huang L, Yang Q, Ao Z, Yang R, Krzesniak J, Lou D, Hu L, Dai X, Guo F, Liu F. Metabolomic analysis of exosomal-markers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16457-16464. [PMID: 34648610 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04015d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a worldwide malignancy with high mortality rates and poor prognosis due to the lack of effective biomarkers for early detection. Exosomes have been extensively explored as attractive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, little is known about exosome metabolomics and their roles in ESCC. Here, we performed a targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma exosomes and identified 196 metabolites, mainly including lipid fatty acids, benzene, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates and fatty acyls. We systematically compared metabolome patterns of exosomes via machine learning from patients with recrudescence and patients without recrudescence and demonstrated a marker set consisting of 3'-UMP, palmitoleic acid, palmitaldehyde, and isobutyl decanoate for predicting ESCC recurrence with an AUC of 98%. These metabolome signatures of exosomes retained a high absolute fold change value at all ESCC stages and were very likely associated with cancer metabolism, which could be potentially applied as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Zhu
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liu Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinsi Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Rui Yang
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jonathan Krzesniak
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Doudou Lou
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaodan Dai
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Fei Liu
- Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Mu Q, Lv Y, Luo C, Liu X, Huang C, Xiu Y, Tang L. Research Progress on the Functions and Mechanism of circRNA in Cisplatin Resistance in Tumors. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709324. [PMID: 34566636 PMCID: PMC8458655 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a common chemotherapeutic drug that has been used to treat of numerous tumors, including testicular, lung, bladder, ovarian, liver and head and neck cancers. Although clinical chemotherapy based on cisplatin has shown a remarkable therapeutic effect, the resistance to cisplatin becomes increasingly obvious as a patient uses it for a prolonged period. It not only affects the prognosis of these tumors, but also causes the recurrence of cancer and decreases the overall survival rate. The development of cisplatin resistance involves several mechanisms, including DNA damage repair, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, autophagy, cancer stem cells (CSCs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and other related signaling pathways. Interestingly, these mechanisms have been found to be influenced by circular RNAs (circRNAs) to regulate tumor proliferation, invasion, chemosensitivity, and other biological behaviors in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In recent years, circRNAs in cisplatin resistance in tumors, especially lung cancer and gastric cancer, have gradually drawn peoples' attention. This review summarizes recent studies on the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in cisplatin resistance. We emphasize that circRNA can be used as a promising target gene to improve drug resistance and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Mu
- The People’s Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China
| | - Yue Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Luo
- The People’s Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- The People’s Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China
| | | | - Youcheng Xiu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Transferred by exosomes-derived MiR-19b-3p targets PTEN to regulate esophageal cancer cell apoptosis, migration and invasion. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226893. [PMID: 33146702 PMCID: PMC7685012 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between miR-19b-3p and esophageal cancer (ESCA), and to detect the effects of miR-19b-3p transferred by exosomes on the phenotype of EC9706 cells. The expression of miR-19b-3p was detected by starBase analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The target genes of miR-19b-3p were predicted by TargetScan and further verified by luciferase analysis. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PTEN and EMT-related genes were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The effects of miR-19b-3p transferred by exosomes and its target genes on the apoptosis, migration and invasion of EC9706 cells were studied by establishing a co-culture model of donor cells. The expression of miR-19b-3p in ESCA plasma, cells and exosomes was significantly up-regulated. miR-19b-3p transferred by exosomes could significantly reduce EC9706 cells apoptosis rate, promote cell migration and invasion, and could target the inhibition of PTEN expression. PTEN overexpression promoted apoptosis, inhibited cell migration and invasion, down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and vimentin, and up-regulated E-cadherin expression; however, these effects could be partially reversed by miR-19b-3p. In summary, our results reveal that miR-19b-3p transferred by exosomes can target PTEN to regulate ESCA biological functions in the receptor EC9706 cells.
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12
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Leung LL, Riaz MK, Qu X, Chan J, Meehan K. Profiling of extracellular vesicles in oral cancer, from transcriptomics to proteomics. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:3-23. [PMID: 33460766 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancers occurring in different subsites can have distinct etiologies' and are a significant problem worldwide. In general, the incidence of oral cancers has declined over the last decade due to improvements in modifiable risk factors (tobacco and alcohol consumption). However, recent data suggest that the incidence of squamous cell carcinomas in the oral tongue and oropharynx are increasing. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is an important risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer and is associated with better treatment responses when compared with HPV-unrelated oropharyngeal cancer. Regardless of the subsite, there are no clinically available biomarkers for the early detection of these cancers and many are detected at an advanced stage and are associated with poor 5-year survival rates. Tumor tissue and serial needle biopsies are used to diagnose and prognosticate oral cancers but have important limitations. Besides being invasive and physically painful, these types of biopsies offer a limited view of a complex tumor due to inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity and a dynamic tumor microenvironment. Liquid biopsies offer a promising and alternative way to measure disease in real-time. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles that are secreted by all cells types and can be readily isolated from a wide range of biofluids. EVs are structurally stable and can horizontally transfer bioactive molecules to distant sites throughout the body in concentrated forms that exceed what can be delivered in a soluble format. As EVs represent their cell of origin, biofluid derived EVs are heterogeneous and are comprised of a complex repertoire of host- and cancer-derived particles. This review article has focused on studies that have used transcriptomics and proteomics to explore the function and clinical significance of EVs in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne L Leung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Kashif Riaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xinyu Qu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jason Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Katie Meehan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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Koçana CÇ, Toprak SF, Sözer S. Extracellular genetic materials and their application in clinical practice. Cancer Genet 2020; 252-253:48-63. [PMID: 33387935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study reviews the possible origins, functional roles, and diagnostic applications of 'extracellular genetic material' (EGM), a novel term introduced to cover DNA, RNA, and DNA/RNA-related molecules released from all types of cells into the extracellular region. The literature on EGMs shows them to play a dual role in diverse, fine-tuning mechanisms involved in both homeostasis and pathological events, including cancerogenesis and genometastasis. Recent developments in the next-generation technology have provided successful applications of low quantities of genomic materials into the diagnostic field, yielding high sensitivity and specificity in test results. Also, the successful application of EGMs into diagnostics has afforded promising outcomes for researchers and clinicians. This study of EGM provides a deeper understanding of the subject as an area of interest, especially cell-free DNA, aiming toward the eventual development of new therapeutic applications and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Çağıl Koçana
- Department of Genetic, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selin Fulya Toprak
- Department of Genetic, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Sözer
- Department of Genetic, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Han P, Cao P, Hu S, Kong K, Deng Y, Zhao B, Li F. Esophageal Microenvironment: From Precursor Microenvironment to Premetastatic Niche. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5857-5879. [PMID: 32765088 PMCID: PMC7371556 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s258215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth most deadly cancer, and its incidence is still increasing year by year. Although the researches on the molecular mechanisms of EC have been widely carried out and incremental progress has been made, its overall survival rate is still low. There is cumulative evidence showing that the esophageal microenvironment plays a vital role in the development of EC. In precancerous lesions of the esophagus, high-risk environmental factors can promote the development of precancerous lesions by inducing the production of inflammatory factors and the recruitment of immune cells. In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-promoting cells can inhibit anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor progression through a variety of pathways, such as bone marrow-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). The formation of extracellular hypoxia and acidic microenvironment and the change of extracellular matrix stiffness are also important factors affecting tumor progression and metastasis. Simultaneously, primary tumor-derived cytokines and bone marrow-derived immune cells can also promote the formation of pre-metastasis niche of EC lymph nodes, which are beneficial to EC lymph node metastasis. Further research on the specific mechanism of these processes in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of each EC subtype will support us to grasp the overall pre-cancerous prevention, targeted treatment, and metastatic assessment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangle Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhou W, Wu J, Liu X, Ni M, Meng Z, Liu S, Jia S, Zhang J, Guo S, Zhang X. Identification of crucial genes correlated with esophageal cancer by integrated high-throughput data analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20340. [PMID: 32443386 PMCID: PMC7254712 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer (ESCA) is one of the most deadly malignancies in the world. Although the management and treatment of patients with ESCA have improved, the overall 5-year survival rate is still very poor. METHODS The study aimed to identify potential key genes associated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of ESCA. In the study, integrated bioinformatics methods were used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ESCA and normal tissue in the data set of gene expression profiles. The hub gene in DEGs was further analyzed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and survival analysis to explore its relationship with the pathogenesis and poor prognosis of ESCA. RESULTS 134 up-regulated genes and 183 down-regulated genes were obtained in ESCA compared with normal tissues. Moreover, the PPI network was established with 176 nodes and 800 interactions. Ten hub genes (AURKA, CDC20, BUB1, TOP2A, ASPM, DLGAP5, TPX2, CENPF, UBE2C, and NEK2) were filtered out based on the degree value. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that a variety of extracellular related items and ECM-receptor interaction pathway were all correlated with the ESCA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study would provide some guidance for further study of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to promote ESCA treatment.
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16
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Zou FW, Yang SZ, Li WY, Liu CY, Liu XH, Hu CH, Liu ZH, Xu S. circRNA_001275 upregulates Wnt7a expression by competitively sponging miR‑370‑3p to promote cisplatin resistance in esophageal cancer. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:151-160. [PMID: 32319613 PMCID: PMC7252462 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in various tumors and are associated with tumorigenesis. The present study aimed to determine the role of circRNA_001275 in cisplatin‑resistant esophageal cancer. Three pairs of cisplatin‑resistant tissues and corresponding adjacent tissues were collected and subjected to circRNA chip analysis. Additionally, the effect of circRNA_001275 on cisplatin‑resistant cells was investigated. The relationship between circRNA_001275, microRNAs (miRs) and target genes were analyzed using luciferase assays, and validated via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. The results showed that circRNA_001275 was significantly upregulated in cisplatin‑resistant esophageal cancer tissues and cells (P<0.05). Overexpression of circRNA_001275 promoted the proliferation and invasion, and decreased the apoptosis of cisplatin‑resistant cells. On the other hand, circRNA_001275 silencing inhibited cell proliferation and invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis (P<0.05). Dual‑luciferase reporter assays revealed that circRNA_001275 directly binds to miR‑370‑3p, and that Wnt family member 7A (Wnt7a) is targeted by miR‑370‑3p. RT‑qPCR and western blotting further demonstrated that circRNA_001275 serves as an miR‑370‑3p sponge to upregulate Wnt7a expression. In conclusion, the present study revealed that circRNA_001275 was upregulated in cisplatin‑resistant esophageal cancer and promoted cisplatin resistance by sponging miR‑370‑3p to upregulate Wnt7a expression. Therefore, circRNA_001275 may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with cisplatin‑resistant esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Wen Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ze Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 11000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ya Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 11000, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Yuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Hong Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Hong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hua Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 11000, P.R. China
| | - Shun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 11000, P.R. China
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Kim H, Lee S, Shin E, Seong KM, Jin YW, Youn H, Youn B. The Emerging Roles of Exosomes as EMT Regulators in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040861. [PMID: 32252322 PMCID: PMC7226841 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes epithelial cells to lose their polarity and adhesion property, and endows them with migratory and invasive properties to enable them to become mesenchymal stem cells. EMT occurs throughout embryonic development, during wound healing, and in various pathological processes, including tumor progression. Considerable research in the last few decades has revealed that EMT is invariably related to tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Apart from the interactions between numerous intracellular signaling pathways known to regulate EMT, extracellular modulators in the tumor microenvironment also influence tumor cells to undergo EMT, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) receiving increasing attention as EMT inducers. EVs comprise exosomes and microvesicles that carry proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other small molecules to stimulate EMT in cells. Among EVs, exosomes have been investigated in many studies, and their role has been found to be significant with respect to regulating intercellular communications. In this review, we summarize recent studies on exosomes and their cargoes that induce cancer-associated EMT. Furthermore, we describe the possible applications of exosomes as promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Sungmin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Eunguk Shin
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (K.M.S.); (Y.W.J.)
| | - Young Woo Jin
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; (K.M.S.); (Y.W.J.)
| | - HyeSook Youn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (B.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-6935-2438 (H.Y.); +82-51-510-2264 (B.Y.); Fax: +82-2-3408-4334 (H.Y.); +82-51-581-2962 (B.Y.)
| | - BuHyun Youn
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.K.); (S.L.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (B.Y.); Tel.: +82-2-6935-2438 (H.Y.); +82-51-510-2264 (B.Y.); Fax: +82-2-3408-4334 (H.Y.); +82-51-581-2962 (B.Y.)
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Mao Y, Wang Y, Dong L, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhang Q, Yang S, Cao L, Zhang X, Li X, Fu Z. Hypoxic exosomes facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through altering the phenotype and transcriptome of endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:389. [PMID: 31488217 PMCID: PMC6727585 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background In cancer progression, hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, is a major regulator of tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. However, how cancer cells adapt to the hypoxia and communicate with other mesenchymal cells in microenvironment during tumor development remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the involvement of exosomes in modulating angiogenesis and enhancing metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Differential centrifugation, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to isolate and characterize exosomes. Colony formation and transwell assay were performed to assess the proliferation, migration and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The tube formation assay and matrigel plug assay were used to evaluate the vascular formation ability of HUVECs in vitro and in vivo respectively. An in vivo nude mice model was established to detect the regulatory role of exosomes in ESCC progression. Microarray analysis was performed to analyze the transcriptome profiles in HUVECs. Results Exosomes derived from ESCC cells cultured under hypoxia played a better role in promoting proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of HUVECs in vitro and in vivo than exosomes from ESCC cells cultured under normoxia. Moreover, hypoxic exosomes significantly enhanced the tumor growth and lung metastasis compared with normoxic exosomes in nude mice models. Interestingly, endothelial cells were programmed by hypoxic and normoxic exosomes from ESCC cells which altered the transcriptome profile of HUVECs. Conclusions Taken together, our data identified an angiogenic role of exosomes from ESCC cells which shed light on the further application of exosomes as valuable therapeutic target for ESCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1384-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China.
| | - Yimin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Medical University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Yunjie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhanzhao Fu
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Wenhua Road No. 258, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, China.
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