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Möller K, Braden B, Culver EL, Jenssen C, Zadeh ES, Alhyari A, Görg C, Ignee A, Hocke M, Dong Y, Sun S, Faiss S, Dietrich CF. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis and IgG4-sclerosing cholangitis - A review of cholangiographic and ultrasound imaging. Endosc Ultrasound 2023; 12:181-199. [PMID: 36588352 PMCID: PMC10237613 DOI: 10.4103/eus-d-22-00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) represents a spectrum of chronic progressive cholestatic diseases of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic biliary system characterized by patchy inflammation, fibrosis, and stricturing. Primary and secondary SC must be distinguished given the different treatment modalities, risks of malignancy, and progression to portal hypertension, cirrhosis, and hepatic failure. This review focuses on secondary SC and the pathogenic mechanisms, risk factors, clinical presentation, and novel imaging modalities that help to distinguish between these conditions. We explore the detailed use of cholangiography and ultrasound imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Möller
- Medical Department I/Gastroenterology, Sana Hospital Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Braden
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma L. Culver
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Jenssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Märkisch Oderland GmbH, Strausberg, Wriezen, Germany
- Brandenburg Institute of Clinical Medicine at Medical University Brandenburg, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Ehsan Safai Zadeh
- Interdisciplinary Center of Ultrasound Diagnostics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amjad Alhyari
- Interdisciplinary Center of Ultrasound Diagnostics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Görg
- Interdisciplinary Center of Ultrasound Diagnostics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - André Ignee
- Department of Internal Medicine – Gastroenterology and Rheumatology; Klinikum Wuerzburg Mitte, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hocke
- Medical Department II, Helios Klinikum Meiningen, Meiningen, Germany
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Department of Endoscopy Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Siegbert Faiss
- Medical Department I/Gastroenterology, Sana Hospital Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph F. Dietrich
- Department of Internal Medicine (DAIM), Hirslanden Private Hospital, Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, Bern, Switzerland
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Falzone L, Gattuso G, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA, Libra M. Current and innovative methods for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 infection (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:100. [PMID: 33846767 PMCID: PMC8043662 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic has forced the scientific community to rapidly develop highly reliable diagnostic methods in order to effectively and accurately diagnose this pathology, thus limiting the spread of infection. Although the structural and molecular characteristics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) were initially unknown, various diagnostic strategies useful for making a correct diagnosis of COVID‑19 have been rapidly developed by private research laboratories and biomedical companies. At present, rapid antigen or antibody tests, immunoenzymatic serological tests and molecular tests based on RT‑PCR are the most widely used and validated techniques worldwide. Apart from these conventional methods, other techniques, including isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques, clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas (CRISPR/Cas)‑based approaches or digital PCR methods are currently used in research contexts or are awaiting approval for diagnostic use by competent authorities. In order to provide guidance for the correct use of COVID‑19 diagnostic tests, the present review describes the diagnostic strategies available which may be used for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 infection in both clinical and research settings. In particular, the technical and instrumental characteristics of the diagnostic methods used are described herein. In addition, updated and detailed information about the type of sample, the modality and the timing of use of specific tests are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute-IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Center for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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Falzone L, Gattuso G, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA, Libra M. Current and innovative methods for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 infection (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021. [PMID: 33846767 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4933/html] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic has forced the scientific community to rapidly develop highly reliable diagnostic methods in order to effectively and accurately diagnose this pathology, thus limiting the spread of infection. Although the structural and molecular characteristics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) were initially unknown, various diagnostic strategies useful for making a correct diagnosis of COVID‑19 have been rapidly developed by private research laboratories and biomedical companies. At present, rapid antigen or antibody tests, immunoenzymatic serological tests and molecular tests based on RT‑PCR are the most widely used and validated techniques worldwide. Apart from these conventional methods, other techniques, including isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques, clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas (CRISPR/Cas)‑based approaches or digital PCR methods are currently used in research contexts or are awaiting approval for diagnostic use by competent authorities. In order to provide guidance for the correct use of COVID‑19 diagnostic tests, the present review describes the diagnostic strategies available which may be used for the diagnosis of COVID‑19 infection in both clinical and research settings. In particular, the technical and instrumental characteristics of the diagnostic methods used are described herein. In addition, updated and detailed information about the type of sample, the modality and the timing of use of specific tests are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute‑IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', I‑80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I‑95123 Catania, Italy
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