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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W. Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) and Natural Remedies for Treatment of the Common Cold and Flu. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2024; 19:91-100. [PMID: 38047364 DOI: 10.2174/0115748871275500231127065053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Iranian medicine is usually used for both prevention and relief of cold and flu symptoms in China, Iran, and many other Asian countries all over the world. There are 4 kinds of influenza viruses. Unlike type B, which may cause seasonal epidemics, type A viruses can cause pandemics, and influenza C may lead to mild human infection with little public health effects. A literature review was done by using multiple databases such as ISI Web of knowledge, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The most notable antiviral medicinal plants for flu and cold are honeysuckle flowers, thyme leaf, green chiretta, andrographis, peppermint oil and leaf and calendula. The most important expectorant medicinal plants for cold and flu are snake root, tulsi, licorice root, slippery elm, clove, and sage leaf. Recommended immunostimulant medicinal plants for cold and flu are eucalyptus, Echinacea root, ginseng, garlic, slippery elm, marshmallow, Usnea lichen, Isatis root, ginger root, and myrrh resin. Iranian traditional medicine, which is one of the oldest schools of traditional medicine, is one of the main concepts of disease and health, and it can be considered as an important complementary and alternative medicine, as in some cases, modern medicine has many side effects, low efficiency, and high costs. Medicinal plants and herbs, which are included in many traditional systems, have significant and promising bioactive components in organic life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Johnson LK, Niman SW, Vrubliauskas D, Vanderwal CD. Stereocontrolled Synthesis and Structural Revision of Plebeianiol A. Org Lett 2021; 23:9569-9573. [PMID: 34851132 PMCID: PMC8766249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the structural revision via synthesis of the abietane diterpenoid plebeianiol A. The synthesis was accomplished by a short and convergent sequence that featured our previously established cobalt-catalyzed hydrogen-atom-transfer-induced radical bicyclization. We further connected plebeianiol A as the likely biogenetic precursor to another previously reported ether-bridged abietane. Finally, we demonstrated that the key cyclization event is efficient with the A-ring diol protected as two different cyclic acetals or in unprotected form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Scott W. Niman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Darius Vrubliauskas
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 101 Theory #100, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Nishizaki Y, Masumoto N, Nakajima K, Ishizuki K, Yamazaki T, Kuroe M, Numata M, Ihara T, Tada A, Sugimoto N, Sato K. Relative molar sensitivities of carnosol and carnosic acid with respect to diphenylamine allow accurate quantification of antioxidants in rosemary extract. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:203-211. [PMID: 30668225 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1556817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have been developing a high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array (HPLC/PDA) employing relative molar sensitivities (RMSs) and adopted it to the accurate quantification of carnosol (CL) and carnosic acid (CA) which are the antioxidants in rosemary extract. The method requires no references of CL or CA and instead uses RMSs with respect to diphenylamine (DPA) whose certified reference material is available from a reagent manufacturer. The molar and response ratios of the analytes to the reference in an artificial mixture of them were determined using 1H-quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-qNMR) and HPLC/PDA at a wavelength of 284 nm under isocratic condition, respectively, and then RMSs were calculated to be 0.111 for CL/DPA and 0.0809 for CA/DPA as averaged values in three HPLC-PDA instruments. The RMS values varied by up to 1.1% as relative standard deviation. To evaluate the performance of HPLC/PDA with the RMSs, the CL and CA contents in rosemary extracts were determined using DPA as a reference. The CL and CA contents were compared with those determined using calibration curves of CL and CA obtained by HPLC measurement of standard solutions prepared from their reagents whose absolute purities were determined using 1H-qNMR. The differences between the two methods for CL and CA were ≤3% as relative error. This chromatographic method with RMSs allows a simple and reliable quantification when reference of the analyte is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Nishizaki
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
| | - Naoko Masumoto
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
| | - Kaori Nakajima
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
| | - Kyoko Ishizuki
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
| | - Taichi Yamazaki
- b National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Miho Kuroe
- b National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Masahiko Numata
- b National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Toshihide Ihara
- b National Metrology Institute of Japan , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Atsuko Tada
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
| | - Naoki Sugimoto
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
| | - Kyoko Sato
- a Division of Food Additives , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku , Japan
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Grace MH, Qiang Y, Sang S, Lila MA. One-step isolation of carnosic acid and carnosol from rosemary by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1057-1062. [PMID: 28008719 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Carnosic acid and carnosol are the main bioactive components responsible for the significant antioxidant activity of Rosmarinus officinalis. Nevertheless, they are known for their instability in solutions. Separation of both compounds from crude rosemary extract was successfully achieved by one-step centrifugal partition chromatography without any degradation. A two-phase solvent system, hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (3:2:3:2 v/v) was run on a preparative scale applying the elution-extrusion technique in descending mode. A 900 mg quantity of the crude extract containing 39.7% carnosic acid and 12.3% carnosol was loaded onto a 500 mL column, rotating at 1800 rpm. Carnosic acid and carnosol were obtained at purities of 96.1 ± 1% and 94.4 ± 0.9%, with recoveries of 94.3 ± 4.4% and 94.8 ± 2.3%, respectively. The compounds were identified by mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and comparison with authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA
| | - Yin Qiang
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, NC, USA
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Napoli EM, Siracusa L, Saija A, Speciale A, Trombetta D, Tuttolomondo T, La Bella S, Licata M, Virga G, Leone R, Leto C, Rubino L, Ruberto G. Wild Sicilian rosemary: phytochemical and morphological screening and antioxidant activity evaluation of extracts and essential oils. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:1075-94. [PMID: 26172328 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify the best biotypes, an extensive survey of Sicilian wild rosemary was carried out by collecting 57 samples from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. All the biotypes collected were classified as Rosmarinus officinalis L. A cluster analysis based on the morphological characteristics of the plants allowed the division of the biotypes into seven main groups, although the characteristics examined were found to be highly similar and not area-dependent. Moreover, all samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying an extraction protocol to obtain the nonvolatile components and hydrodistillation to collect the essential oils for the volatile components. The extracts were characterized by LC-UV-DAD/ESI-MS, and the essential oils by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. In the nonvolatile fractions, 18 components were identified, namely, 13 flavones, two organic acids, and three diterpenes. In the volatile fractions, a total of 82 components were found, with as predominant components α-pinene and camphene among the monoterpene hydrocarbons and 1,8-cineole, camphor, borneol, and verbenone among the oxygenated monoterpenes. Cluster analyses were carried out on both phytochemical profiles, allowing the separation of the rosemary samples into different chemical groups. Finally, the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) colorimetric assay, the UV radiation-induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV-IP test), and the scavenging activity of the superoxide radical (O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$). The present study confirmed that the essential oils and organic extracts of the Sicilian rosemary samples analyzed showed a considerable antioxidant/free radical-scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo M Napoli
- Istituto del C.N.R. di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, IT-95126 Catania, (phone: +39-0957338347; fax: +39-0957338310)
| | - Laura Siracusa
- Istituto del C.N.R. di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, IT-95126 Catania, (phone: +39-0957338347; fax: +39-0957338310)
| | - Antonella Saija
- Dipartimento Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Contrada Annunziata, IT-98168 Messina
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Dipartimento Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Contrada Annunziata, IT-98168 Messina
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Dipartimento Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Università di Messina, Contrada Annunziata, IT-98168 Messina
| | - Teresa Tuttolomondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13, IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Salvatore La Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13, IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Mario Licata
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13, IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Giuseppe Virga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13, IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Raffaele Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (SAF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13, IT-90128 Palermo
| | - Claudio Leto
- Co.Ri.S.S.I.A. Consorzio di Ricerca per lo Sviluppo di Sistemi Innovativi Agroambientali, Via Libertà 203, IT-90100 Palermo
| | - Laura Rubino
- Istituto del C.N.R. di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, IT-95126 Catania, (phone: +39-0957338347; fax: +39-0957338310)
| | - Giuseppe Ruberto
- Istituto del C.N.R. di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, IT-95126 Catania, (phone: +39-0957338347; fax: +39-0957338310).
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Zhao Y, Sedighi R, Wang P, Chen H, Zhu Y, Sang S. Carnosic acid as a major bioactive component in rosemary extract ameliorates high-fat-diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4843-4852. [PMID: 25929334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of carnosic acid (CA) as a major bioactive component in rosemary extract (RE) on high-fat-diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. The mice were given a low-fat diet, a high-fat diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with either 0.14% or 0.28% (w/w) CA-enriched RE (containing 80% CA, RE#1L and RE#1H), or 0.5% (w/w) RE (containing 45% CA, RE#2), for a period of 16 weeks. There was the same CA content in the RE#1H and RE#2 diets and half of this amount in the RE#1L diet. The dietary RE supplementation significantly reduced body weight gain, percent of fat, plasma ALT, AST, glucose, insulin levels, liver weight, liver triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in comparison with the mice fed with a HF diet without RE treatment. RE administration also decreased the levels of plasma and liver malondialdehyde, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the liver expression of receptor for AGE (RAGE) in comparison with those for mice of the HF group. Histological analyses of liver samples showed decreased lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in mice administrated with RE in comparison with that of HF-diet-fed mice. Meanwhile, RE administration enhanced fecal lipid excretion to inhibit lipid absorption and increased the liver GSH/GSSG ratio to perform antioxidant activity compared with HF group. Our results demonstrate that rosemary is a promising dietary agent to reduce the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zhao
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Rashin Sedighi
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Pei Wang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Huadong Chen
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Sedighi R, Zhao Y, Yerke A, Sang S. Preventive and protective properties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in obesity and diabetes mellitus of metabolic disorders: a brief review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Masuda H, Hironaka S, Matsui Y, Hirooka S, Hirai M, Hirata Y, Akao M, Kumagai H. Comparative Study of the Antioxidative Activity of Culinary Herbs and Spices, and Hepatoprotective Effects of Three Selected Lamiaceae Plants on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - So Hironaka
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Mami Hirai
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Yushi Hirata
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Makoto Akao
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Hitomi Kumagai
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
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Zhang Y, Smuts JP, Dodbiba E, Rangarajan R, Lang JC, Armstrong DW. Degradation study of carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) assessed using HPLC. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9305-14. [PMID: 22881034 DOI: 10.1021/jf302179c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rosemary, whose major caffeoyl-derived and diterpenoid ingredients are rosmarinic acid, carnosol, and carnosic acid, is an important source of natural antioxidants and is being recognized increasingly as a useful preservative, protectant, and even as a potential medicinal agent. Understanding the stability of these components and their mode of interaction in mixtures is important if they are to be utilized to greatest effect. A study of the degradation of rosmarinic acid, carnosol, carnosic acid, and a mixture of the three was conducted in ethanolic solutions at different temperatures and light exposure. As expected, degradation increased with temperature. Some unique degradation products were formed with exposure to light. Several degradation products were reported for the first time. The degradation products were identified by HPLC/MS/MS, UV, and NMR. The degradation of rosemary extract in fish oil also was investigated, and much slower rates of degradation were observed for carnosic acid. In the mixture of the three antioxidants, carnosic acid serves to maintain levels of carnosol, though it does so at least in part at the cost of its own degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Brigham A, Ceurvels J, Clubb J, Curtiss W, Kirkwood CD, Giese N, Hoehn K, Iovin R, Isaac R, Rusie E, Serrano JMG, Varghese M, Weissner W, Windsor RC. An evidence-based systematic review of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2012; 7:351-413. [PMID: 22432564 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2010.525049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Chan EWC, Kong LQ, Yee KY, Chua WY, Loo TY. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of some fresh and dried Labiatae herbs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2012.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Carnosic acid-rich rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaf extract limits weight gain and improves cholesterol levels and glycaemia in mice on a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1182-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extracts (RE) are natural antioxidants that are used in food, food supplements and cosmetic applications; exert anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycaemic effects; and promote weight loss, which can be exploited to develop new preventive strategies against metabolic disorders. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the preventive effects of rosemary leaf extract that was standardised to 20 % carnosic acid (RE) on weight gain, glucose levels and lipid homeostasis in mice that had begun a high-fat diet (HFD) as juveniles. The animals were given a low-fat diet, a HFD or a HFD that was supplemented with 500 mg RE/kg body weight per d (mpk). Physiological and biochemical parameters were monitored for 16 weeks. Body and epididymal fat weight in animals on the HFD that was supplemented with RE increased 69 and 79 % less than those in the HFD group. Treatment with RE was associated with increased faecal fat excretion but not with decreased food intake. The extract also reduced fasting glycaemia and plasma cholesterol levels. In addition, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of RE in vitro on pancreatic lipase and PPAR-γ agonist activity; the in vitro findings correlated with our observations in the animal experiments. Thus, the present results suggest that RE that is rich in carnosic acid can be used as a preventive treatment against metabolic disorders, which merits further examination at physiological doses in randomised controlled trials.
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Ibarra A, Cases J, Bily A, He K, Bai N, Roller M, Coussaert A, Ripoll C. Importance of extract standardization and in vitro/ex vivo assay selection for the evaluation of antioxidant activity of botanicals: a case study on three Rosmarinus officinalis L. extracts. J Med Food 2010; 13:1167-75. [PMID: 20626255 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The overproduction of free radicals and oxygen reactive species is suspected to be implicated in a wide range of metabolic reactions that can have pernicious consequences in the development of a variety of human diseases. Botanical extracts are sources of antioxidants that counteract both free radicals and oxygen reactive species. The processing conditions used in the botanical extraction may influence the antioxidant composition; therefore, different extracts from the same plant may have different antioxidant properties. To illustrate this fact, we conducted a study using three commercial rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaf extracts. The three extracts were standardized to contain, respectively, 20% carnosic acid, 40% ursolic acid, or 20% rosmarinic acid. They were evaluated for their total (hydrophilic + lipophilic) antioxidant effects on oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), their ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and their capacity to inhibit Cu(2+)-induced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation ex vivo. The ursolic acid extract showed the lowest antioxidant capacity on all models. The rosmarinic acid extract had an antioxidant capacity 1.5 times higher on ORAC and four times higher on FRAP than the carnosic acid extract. However, the carnosic acid extract was better than the rosmarinic acid extract in inhibiting the oxidation of LDL ex vivo. These results encourage conducting further studies to evaluate the carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid extracts in vivo. Our study offers an example of the importance of the extraction procedures, on which depends the nature of the antioxidant composition, and highlights interest to proceed with in vitro/ex vivo assay selection for the evaluation of the antioxidant properties of botanical extracts.
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Gutiérrez R, Alvarado JL, Presno M, Pérez-Veyna O, Serrano CJ, Yahuaca P. Oxidative stress modulation by Rosmarinus officinalis in CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis. Phytother Res 2010; 24:595-601. [PMID: 19827016 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) possesses antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects, and so may provide a possible therapeutic alternative for chronic liver disease. The effect produced by a methanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis on CCl(4)-induced liver cirrhosis in rats was investigated using both prevention and reversion models. Over the course of the development of cirrhosis, the increased enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminotransferase, and the rise in bilirubin levels caused by CCl(4) administration, were prevented by Rosmarinus officinalis co-administration. When the cirrhosis by oxidative stress was evaluated as an increase on liver lipoperoxidation, total lipid peroxides, nitric oxide in serum, and loss of erythrocyte plasma membrane stability, R. officinalis was shown to prevent such alterations. On cirrhotic animals treated with CCl(4), histological studies showed massive necrosis, periportal inflammation and fibrosis which were modified by R. officinalis. These benefits on experimental cirrhosis suggest a potential therapeutic use for R. officinalis as an alternative for liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda Gutiérrez
- Doctorado en Farmacología Médica y Molecular, Unidad Académica de Medicina Humana, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, Zac 98000, México
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Tada M, Ohkanda T, Kurabe J. Syntheses of carnosic acid and carnosol, anti-oxidants in Rosemary, from pisiferic acid, the major constituent of Sawara. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:27-9. [PMID: 20045961 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carnosic acid (2), a major anti-oxidant in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), was synthesized from pisiferic acid (1), the major constituent of Sawara (Chamaecyparis pisifera), via ortho-oxidation of the phenol using meta-chlorobenzoyl peroxide (mCBPO), chloroacetyl meta-chlorobenzoyl peroxide (CAMCBPO) or 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX). Carnosol (3), another anti-oxidant in rosemary, was synthesized from carnosic acid by oxidation with silver oxide. Potent antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 6919) (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) mug/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus ME/GM/TC Resistant (ATCC 33592) (MIC mug/ml) of carnosic acid and carnosol were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tada
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan.
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Sanjust E, Mocci G, Zucca P, Rescigno A. Mediterranean shrubs as potential antioxidant sources. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:689-708. [PMID: 18569710 DOI: 10.1080/14786410801997125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several Mediterranean shrubs, both autochthonous and naturalized, have been traditionally used as food, flavouring and/or spicing agents, and as phytopharmaceuticals. The interest around 'natural' and 'biological' products is steadily increasing in developed countries. Therefore, it seems reasonable to screen some shrubs with regard to the actual information about their content of phytochemicals, in relation to both real and putative beneficial properties, and with particular concern to their 'antioxidant' power. Moreover, striking molecules from the examined shrubs are compared according to their occurrence in the various genera. Also, their structures and structure/activity relationship are discussed in the light of possible practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Sanjust
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Cattedra di Chimica Biologica, Universita di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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