Expression of IL-10 in A.actinomycetemcomitans Induced Rat Treated by Purple Miana Leaves

A literature review of bioactive substances for the treatment of periodontitis: In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies

Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the tooth that involves a complex interaction of microorganisms and various cell lines around the infected site. To prevent and treat this disease, several options are available, such as scaling, root planning, antibiotic treatment, and dental surgeries, depending on the stage of the disease. However, these treatments can have various side effects, including additional inflammatory responses, chronic wounds, and the need for secondary surgery. Consequently, numerous studies have focused on developing new therapeutic agents for more effective periodontitis treatment. This review explores the latest trends in bioactive substances with therapeutic effects for periodontitis using various search engines. Therefore, this study aimed to suggest effective directions for therapeutic approaches. Additionally, we provide a summary of the current applications and underlying mechanisms of bioactive substances, which can serve as a reference for the development of periodontitis treatments.

A potential mechanism of miana (Coleus scutellariodes) and quercetin via NF-κB in Salmonella typhi infection

Purpose

To prove the effect of Miana (M), Quercetin (Q), and the combination as an anti-inflammatory agent and Cefixime (C) as an antibiotic in Balb/c mice infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and related to the dynamics of NF-κB mRNA expression and NF-κB protein levels.

Methods

A cohort study on male Balb/c mice with subjects consisted of 8 groups with 5 each group by administration of M, Q, M + Q, M + C, Q + C, M + Q + C, C only and sterile distilled water group as negative control. The statistical significance of the difference group was defined as P values less than 0.05.

Results

Decreased mRNA expression of NF-κB, NF-κB protein levels, and bacterial load after administration of M + C, Q + C, or M + Q + C showed significant differences when compared to the negative control. The decline in NF-κB was stronger when M + Q + C was given compared to M, Q, M + Q, or C only.

Conclusion

The effects of NF-κB suppression appear to be the same between the administration of M, Q and the M + Q when C added. However, the suppression of NF-κB was not significant without adding C.

In vivo and in vitro inhibition effect of propolis on Klebsiella pneumoniae: A review

For centuries, propolis has been used to treat various diseases in traditional medicine due to its biological and pharmacological activities. It remains popular because of its potentially beneficial role in human health due to its well-known broad multispectrum properties, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anesthetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antihepatotoxic, antimutagenic, and antiseptic activity. Numerous studies have examined the antibacterial activity of propolis and its derivatives, which include many natural antimicrobial compounds with broad spectrum activity against different bacterial types. In vitro studies have shown propolis's antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Many studies have examined propolis's effect on inhibiting bacterial growth. Several studies examining propolis's inhibition of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have shown it to be an effective antimicrobial agent. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with respiratory infections, particularly in hospital settings. Inappropriate antibiotic use may contribute to the increasing number of bacterial strains resistant to available drugs. This review summarizes the findings of previous studies on propolis and its potential mechanisms in inhibiting K. pneumoniae growth in animals.

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Propolis has a potentially beneficial role in human health.

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Propolis has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria.

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Propolis has strong antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection.

Doxorubicin induced immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses via HMGB1, HIF1-α and VEGF pathway in progressive of cardiovascular damage

Background

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used treatment for cancer and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiomyocyte damage in cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), strong induce proinflammatory cytokines via damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) which its interaction with the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE), that affect cytokine release, and angiogenesis via the role of HMBG1, HIF-1α and VEGF as an important regulator in these cardiac failure processes. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is plays an important role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells and VEGF is an angiogenic factor and can stimulate cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells will be described

Objective

The aim of this article is to comprehensively review the role of HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in DOX-induced Cardiovascular Disease and its molecular mechanisms.

Methods

The data in this study were collect by search the keyword combinations of medical subject headings (MeSH) of “HMGB1”, “HIF-1 α”, “VEGF”, “DOX” and “Cardiovascular disease” and relevant reference lists were manually searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus database. All relevant articles in data base above were included and narratively discussed in this review article.

Results

Several articles were revealed that molecular mechanisms of the DOX in cardiomyocyte damage and related to HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF and may potential treatment and prevention to cardiovascular disease in DOX intervention.

Conclusion

HMGB1, HIF-1α and VEGF has a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage and predominantly acts through different pathways. The role of HMGB1 in DOX-induced myocardial damage suggests that HMGB1 is a mediator of DOX-induced damage. In addition, DOX can inhibit HIF-1α activity where DOX can decrease HIF-1α expression and HIF-1α is also responsible for upregulation of several angiogenic factors, including VEGF. VEGF plays an important role in angiogenesis and anti-angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and reduces the side effects of DOX markedly. In addition, the administration of anti-angiogenesis will show an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis mediated by the VEGF signaling pathway and triggered by DOX in cells.

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The effect of Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiovascular damage via several pathways.

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Cardiovascular damage can involve HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF.

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HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF as a pivotal regulator in DOX-induce cardiomyocyte damage.

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HMGB1, HIF-1α, and VEGF in cardiovascular diseases will be predominantly acting through different pathways.

The Changes of HIF-1α and ICAM-1 Expression after Miana (Coleus Scutellariodes [L]) Treatment in Balb/C Mice with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection

Background: Increasing resistance to TB drugs raises the challenge of TB eradication. Miana leaves is Indonesian traditional herbal medicine, have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory action. Not much is known about the effect of Miana on HIF-1α and ICAM-1, the immunoregulators of infection and inflammation. This study aims to elucidate the effect of Miana on HIF-1α and ICAM-1 in M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infected mice. Materials and Methods: This experimental study used Mtb infected Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups; group 1 is placebo, group 2 is treated with Rifampicin as Anti TB drug, group 3 is treated with Miana, and group 4 is treated with Miana + Anti TB drug. HIF-1α and ICAM-1 serum levels were analyzed using ELISA. Results: There is a significant difference of mean HIF-1α (p= 0.00, F = 114.21) and ICAM-1 (p= 0.00, F = 113.11) between the four groups after treatment. HIF-1α level is significantly lower in anti TB treatment, Miana, and Miana + anti TB treatment compared to placebo (mean difference (MD) 35,764.67, p=0.00; 29,230.98, p=0.000; 38,489.62, p=0.00, respectively). Furthermore, ICAM-1 level is significantly lower in anti TB treatment, Miana, and Miana + anti TB treatment compared to placebo (MD 95,449.68, p=0.00; 79,509.69, p=0.00; 108,672.83, p=0.00, respectively). Conclusion: HIF-1α and ICAM-1 expression was reduced after Miana administration. Miana can be a potential complement to anti-TB treatment but cannot replace rifampicin as anti-TB drugs.

Effect of breastfeeding on children's health and its relationship to NRAMP1 expression: A cross-sectional study

Toddlers with exclusive breastfeeding can increase immunity in preventing infectious diseases such as Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI). The body's resistance to disease is controlled by Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1). NRAMP1 contributes to the pathophysiology of several intercellular infections, including ARI. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of breastfeeding on children's health and its relationship to NRAMP1 expression. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 124 toddlers in October 2020–June 2021. Toddlers were selected purposively from three Community Health Centers in Central Jakarta. The first group (n = 62) was exclusive breastfeeding and the second group (n = 62) was not exclusive breastfeeding. The characteristics of mothers and toddlers were collected using a structured questionnaire supported by medical record data. Meanwhile, NRAMP1 expression and NRAMP1 protein levels were obtained from the examination of blood samples. Examination of NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression by real-time PCR method and serum NRAMP1 protein levels by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. The results obtained that the average mRNA expression of NRAMP1 gene and protein levels of NRAMP1 in infants who were not exclusive breastfeeding were 6.88 fold change (FC) and 315.02 pg/ml compared to those who received exclusive breastfeeding of 11.36 FC and 1087.74 pg./ml. Parity, immunization history, exclusive breastfeeding, and frequency of ARI were significantly associated with NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels (P < 0.05). Maternal and under-five age, gender, and nutritional status were not significantly related (P > 0.05). Exclusive breastfeeding was the dominant factor influencing NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression (OR: 4268) and NRAMP1 protein content (OR: 737,362). Antibodies obtained from exclusive breastfeeding in synergy with the NRAMP1 gene form the body's immunity in infants suffering from ARI.

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Breast milk contains antibodies that work in synergy with the NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels to form body immunity in children with ARI.

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Exclusive breastfeeding significantly increased the NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels.

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Immunization can significantly increase NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression and NRAMP1 protein levels.

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Exclusive breastfeeding can increase NRAMP1 gene mRNA expression, and NRAMP1 protein levels improved children's health.

The Effect of Miana (Coleus Scutellariodes [L]) on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Balb/C Mice Infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global health problem. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has posed a major threat towards the mission of TB eradication. Traditional medication has been a staple alternative and adjuvant to conventional treatment for Indonesians. Miana leaves (Coleus scutellariodes) is one such traditional medicine that has a potential role as immunoregulator, antiinflammation, and antimicrobial agent. Several studies have shown that Miana leaves extract can regulate TLR 4, the number of CD4 T cells, IFN-γ levels, and TNF-α.Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) mediates angiogenesis and vasodilatation to provide oxygenation and access for immune cells in hypoxic and inflamed site sue to infection focus. This study aims to study the effect of Miana leaves on VEGF expression. Balb/c mice were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and were treated using Miana leaves extract, rifampicin, and rifampicin plus Miana. VEGF protein levels before infection, after infection, and after treatment were measured using ELISA. The results showed that there was a significant difference in VEGF level means between treatment groups. VEGF levels in rifampicin, Miana, and rifampicin plus Miana groups were significantly lower than placebo. VEGF level was significantly lower in rifampicin group compared to Miana group. VEGF level was significantly lower in rifampicin plus Miana group compared to Miana group. There was no significant difference of VEGF level between rifampicin and rifampicin plus Miana group. The results indicate that Maina leaves does have an effect on VEGF level in mice infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Effect of folinic acid on serum homocysteine, TNFα, IL-10, and HMGB1 gene expression in head injury model

Background

Head injury or traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Many modalities of neuroprotection had been developed in brain injury but there was no much information regarding folinic acid's effect on neuroinflammation associated with homocysteine, TNFα, IL-10, and HMGB1.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether folinic acid has improving effect on head injury model.

Method

This study was done in the rat's head injury model using modified Marmarou weight drop model. Fifteen rats were randomized and grouped into 3 groups: Group A: Folinic acid (+), head injury (−); Group B: Folinic acid (−), head injury (+); Group C: Folinic acid (+), head injury (+). Folinic acid was administered intraperitoneally with a dose of 60 mg/m². Blood samples were taken immediately after head injury (H0), 12 h (H12), and 24 h (H24) after head injury from the lateral vein of tail. Serum level of homocysteine, TNFα, and IL-10 were measured using ELISA, and HMGB1 gene expression was measured with Real-Time RT-PCR.

Results

This study found serum level of homocysteine, TNFα, IL-10 and HMGB1 gene expression were markedly increased at all time points after head injury. Significantly lower level of serum homocysteine, TNFα, IL-10 and HMGB1 gene expression were found after 24 h treatment with folinic acid in group C compared to those in group B.

Conclusion

Folinic acid may have anti-inflammatory properties in traumatic brain injury by inhibition of serum level of homocysteine, TNFα, IL-10 and HMGB1 gene expression.

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An animal study of head injury model using modified Marmarou weight drop model.

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This three groups study with folinic acid treatment on head injury rats.

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Folinic acid has anti-inflammatory properties in traumatic brain injury model.

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Folinic acid inhibits serum level of homocysteine, TNFα, IL-10 and HMGB1expression.

Increasing Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 serum level after Miana treatment in BALB/c induced Klebsiella pneumoniae experimental research

Background

Miana (Coleus Scutellariodes [L] Benth) inhibits growth of bacterial pathogen inside macrophage.

Objective

The aim of this study is to determine the protein level of Natural Resistance Associated Macrophage Protein 1 (NRAMP1), after administration of Miana extracts in BALB/c mice induced Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Methods

This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (distilled water), Levofloxacin 100 mg/kg, injection intraperitoneal, first treatment group (Miana leaves extract/MLE 510 mg/kg) and second treatment group (Miana + levofloxacin). MLE were administered via gastric gavage for ten consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day, on the eight day of experiment (2 h after treatment), and at 10 days. The blood sample was examined by ELISA to determine the NRAMP1 protein level. Analysis of the number of lung tissue bacteria used Plate count agar to see the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia.

Results

NRAMP1 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Miana extract was increased significantly in after 10 days treatment (p < 0.0001). The highest increasing in protein levels was found in treatment group (Miana + levofloxacin) with an increase before treatment 3036,07 to 10010,30 pg/ml after treatment p < 0,0001.

Conclusion

NRAMP1 protein level in BALB/c mice were highest increasing in protein levels after administration of Miana extract and Levofloxacin compared Miana or Levofloxacin only and clinical impact proved a comparable effect on suppressing Klebsiella pneumoniae growth.

The institutional protocol number of this study is 1010/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2019.

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NRAMP1 was increased significantly in after 10 days treatment of Miana (Coleus scutellaroides (L) Benth).

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NRAMP1 protein level in were highest increasing after administration of Miana and Levofloxacin compared Miana or Levofloxacin only.

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The administration of Levofloxacin and Miana proved a comparable effect on suppressing Klebsiella pneumoniae growth.

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Further study needed to explore in the mRNA expression of NRAMP1 gene after administration of Levofloxacin and Miana.

Molecular and Immunological Mechanisms of Miana Leaf (Coleus Scutellariodes [L] Benth) in Infectious Diseases

Infectious disease is still a massive world burden of disease. It causes premature mortality and morbidity. Regardless of antibiotic therapy, the increased numbers of antibiotic resistance bring emerging problems in infectious disease. Several pathogens have unique roles to deactivate host immune response causing difficulty to treat the infection. Alack of antibiotic efficacy is crucial to modulate the immune response as a brilliant strategy to face infectious disease in years to come. Various herbal medicine has been known to have a pivotal role in enhancing immune response at the molecular level. Miana leaves extract (MLE) has a potential role in regulating the immune response to the infection. Besides its antimicrobial effect, MLE has other properties such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant. Several studies have revealedthe molecular mechanism of MLE in immune response, such as enhancing IL 37, IL 10, regulating TLR 4, and IFN-g. The objectives of this article are to review the molecular and immunological mechanism of Miana in treating various infective diseases comprehensively.