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Wadström MG, Hailer NP, Hailer YD. Demographics and risk for containment surgery in patients with unilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: a national population-based cohort study of 309 patients from the Swedish Pediatric Orthopedic Quality Register. Acta Orthop 2024; 95:333-339. [PMID: 38887211 PMCID: PMC11184411 DOI: 10.2340/17453674.2024.40907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is controversial as to which patients affected by Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) benefit from containment surgery. This population-based study based on data from a national quality registry aims to assess the incidence of LCPD and to explore which factors affect the decision for surgical intervention. METHODS This observational study involved 309 patients with unilateral LCPD reported between 2015 and 2023 to the Swedish Pediatric Orthopedic Quality Register (SPOQ). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used for analysis. RESULTS In 2019, the assessed incidence of LCPD in the Swedish population of 2-12-year-olds was 4.2 per 105. 238 (77%) were boys with a mean age of 6 years. At diagnosis, 55 (30%) were overweight or obese, rising to 17 patients (39%) and 16 patients (40%) at 2-year follow-up for surgically and non-surgically treated groups, respectively. At diagnosis, affected hips had reduced abduction compared with healthy hips, and their abduction remained restricted at the 2-year follow-up. Surgically treated patients had inferior abduction compared with non-surgically treated ones at diagnosis. The adjusted risk for containment surgery increased with age and in the presence of a positive Trendelenburg sign but decreased with greater hip abduction. CONCLUSION We found a lower national yearly incidence (4.2 per 105) than previously reported in Swedish studies. A higher proportion of overweight or obese patients compared with the general Swedish population of 4-9-year-olds was identified. Increasing age, positive Trendelenburg sign, and limited hip abduction at diagnosis correlated with increased surgical intervention likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam G Wadström
- Section of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Nils P Hailer
- Section of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Yasmin D Hailer
- Section of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Galloway AM, Keene DJ, Anderson A, Holton C, Redmond AC, Siddle HJ, Richards S, Perry DC. Clinical consensus recommendations for the non-surgical treatment of children with Perthes' disease in the UK. Bone Joint J 2024; 106-B:501-507. [PMID: 38688522 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.106b5.bjj-2023-1283.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to produce clinical consensus recommendations about the non-surgical treatment of children with Perthes' disease. The recommendations are intended to support clinical practice in a condition for which there is no robust evidence to guide optimal care. Methods A two-round, modified Delphi study was conducted online. An advisory group of children's orthopaedic specialists consisting of physiotherapists, surgeons, and clinical nurse specialists designed a survey. In the first round, participants also had the opportunity to suggest new statements. The survey included statements related to 'Exercises', 'Physical activity', 'Education/information sharing', 'Input from other services', and 'Monitoring assessments'. The survey was shared with clinicians who regularly treat children with Perthes' disease in the UK using clinically relevant specialist groups and social media. A predetermined threshold of ≥ 75% for consensus was used for recommendation, with a threshold of between 70% and 75% being considered as 'points to consider'. Results A total of 40 participants took part in the first round, of whom 31 completed the second round. A total of 87 statements were generated by the advisory group and included in the first round, at the end of which 31 achieved consensus and were removed from the survey, and an additional four statements were generated. A total of 60 statements were included in the second round and 45 achieved the threshold for consensus from both rounds, with three achieving the threshold for 'points to consider'. The recommendations predominantly included self-management, particularly relating to advice about exercise and education for children with Perthes' disease and their families. Conclusion Children's orthopaedic specialists have reached consensus on recommendations for non-surgical treatment in Perthes' disease. These statements will support decisions made in clinical practice and act as a foundation to support clinicians in the absence of robust evidence. The dissemination of these findings and the best way of delivering this care needs careful consideration, which we will continue to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Galloway
- University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - David J Keene
- University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Anthony C Redmond
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Heidi J Siddle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and Consultant Podiatrist, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Suzanne Richards
- Leeds Institute of Health Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel C Perry
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Galloway AM, Pini S, Holton C, Perry DC, Redmond A, Siddle HJ, Richards S. "Waiting for the best day of your life". A qualitative interview study of patients' and clinicians' experiences of Perthes' disease. Bone Jt Open 2023; 4:735-741. [PMID: 37778748 PMCID: PMC10542457 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.410.bjo-2023-0108.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Perthes' disease is an idiopathic avascular necrosis of the developing femoral head, often causing deformity that impairs physical function. Current treatments aim to optimize the joint reaction force across the hip by enhancing congruency between the acetabulum and femoral head. Despite a century of research, there is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of children, their families, and clinicians when considering the treatment of Perthes' disease. Methods A qualitative study gathered information from children and their families affected by Perthes' disease, along with treating clinicians. Interviews followed a coding framework, with the interview schedule informed by behavioural theory and patient and public involvement. Transcripts were analyzed using the framework method. Results A total of 24 interviews took place, with 12 child/family dyads and 12 clinicians from UK NHS centres. Interviews identified widespread variation of routine care. Children/their families recounted positive experiences when included in the decision-making process for treatment. There is a strong desire from clinicians and children/families for consistent guidance from everyone involved in care, which should be based on clinical consensus. Conclusion This is the first study to describe how children/families and clinicians experienced receiving or providing treatment in Perthes' disease. The results indicate the need for robust evidence to support treatment decisions. Children and families valued feeling involved in the clinical decision-making process. Clinicians acknowledged the central importance of providing patient-centred care, particularly in the absence of robust evidence to guide the optimal treatment decisions. This study will inform a future Delphi project to develop clinical consensus guidelines for the treatment of Perthes' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Galloway
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon Pini
- Leeds Institute of Health Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Daniel C. Perry
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony Redmond
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Heidi J. Siddle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Suzanne Richards
- Leeds Institute of Health Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Joseph B, Shah H, Perry DC. Epidemiology, natural evolution, pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, and management of Legg-Calvé-Perthes. J Child Orthop 2023; 17:385-403. [PMID: 37799310 PMCID: PMC10549695 DOI: 10.1177/18632521231203009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a self-limiting disorder that develops in children following interruption of the blood supply to the capital femoral epiphysis. This review outlines the current knowledge on the epidemiology, natural evolution, clinical spectrum, and management of the disease. Methods The literature pertaining to these aspects of the disease were studied and summarized in this review. Results Epidemiological studies suggest that environmental factors contribute to the causation of the disease. Incidence rates monitored over time indicate that the incidence of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is declining. The natural evolution followed on sequential plain radiographs enables division of the disease into Stages Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, and IV. Reversible deformation of the capital occurs in Stages Ia-IIa simply on standing while irreversible deformation may occur in Stages IIb and IIIa. Treatment of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in Stages Ia-IIa aims to prevent the femoral head from getting deformed by containment and avoidance of weight-bearing. In Stages IIb and IIIa, treatment aims to remedy the effects of early irreversible deformation of the femoral head. In Stage IIIb and IV, treatment is directed to correcting the altered shape of the femoral head. The impression that these treatment methods are helpful is based on poor quality evidence. Conclusion There is an urgent need to undertake Level I studies to establish the efficacy of currently treatment. Level of evidence level V.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel C Perry
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Alder Hey Hospital Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Mushtaq N, Osmani H, Patel J, Alwan S, Sarraf K, Ahmed N. Evaluation of paediatric hip pain. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2023; 84:1-10. [PMID: 37490445 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2023.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Hip pain in a child can pose a diagnostic conundrum. In most cases, the cause of a painful hip is often attributed to trauma, but a number of these cases will be atraumatic. The main entities to consider are inflammatory, infective and neoplastic causes. Pathologies such as avascular necrosis and slipped upper femoral epiphysis can also present in a similar manner. A detailed history and clinical examination are crucial in narrowing down the differential diagnosis. In addition, understanding the most appropriate imaging modalities and the characteristic radiological findings is key in ensuring timely treatment and management. This article reviews the various disease processes in children who present with hip pain and outlines the most appropriate assessment and imaging modalities that will aid diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Mushtaq
- Department of Imaging, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Humza Osmani
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jugal Patel
- Department of Imaging, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Samir Alwan
- Department of Imaging, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Khaled Sarraf
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - Naeem Ahmed
- Department of Imaging, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Lan X, Yu R, Xu J, Jiang X. Exosomes from chondrocytes overexpressing miR-214-3p facilitate M2 macrophage polarization and angiogenesis to relieve Legg Calvé-Perthes disease. Cytokine 2023; 168:156233. [PMID: 37247447 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a partial or total necrosis of femoral head bone caused by blood supply disorder and its etiology is not clear. Studies have revealed that microRNA-214-3p (miR-214-3p) plays a vital role in LCPD, however, its exact mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential role of chondrocytes-derived exosomes carrying miR-214-3p (exos-miR-214-3p) in the pathogenesis of LCPD. METHODS RT-qPCR was performed to evaluate miR-214-3p expression level in femoral head cartilage, serum and chondrocytes of patients with LCPD, as well as dexamethasone (DEX)-exposed TC28 cells. Effects of exos-miR-214-3p on the proliferation and apoptosis were verified via MTT assay, TUNEL staining and caspase3 activity assay. The M2 macrophage markers were assessed by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR and Western blot. Moreover, angiogenic effects of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were tested using CCK-8 and tube formation assays. Bioinformatics prediction, luciferase assay and ChIP were applied to verify the association between ATF7, RUNX1 and miR-214-3p. RESULTS miR-214-3p was found to be decreased in patients with LCPD and DEX-treated TC28 cells, of which overexpression promoted cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. Mechanistically, exos-miR-214-3p facilitated M2 polarization by ATF7/TLR4 axis and HUVECs angiogenesis via RUNX1/VEGFA axis. CONCLUSION miR-214-3p alleviates LCPD by promoting M2 polarization of macrophages and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lan
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Ronghui Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Jianyun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
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Andras LM, Sanders JS, Goldstein RY, Samora JB. What's New in Pediatric Orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2023; 105:269-276. [PMID: 36729585 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Andras
- Jackie and Gene Autry Orthopedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia S Sanders
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rachel Y Goldstein
- Jackie and Gene Autry Orthopedic Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julie Balch Samora
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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Aarvold A, Perry DC, Mavrotas J, Theologis T, Katchburian M. The management of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children aged under three months : a consensus study from the British Society for Children's Orthopaedic Surgery. Bone Joint J 2023; 105-B:209-214. [PMID: 36722054 PMCID: PMC9869707 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.105b2.bjj-2022-0893.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS A national screening programme has existed in the UK for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) since 1969. However, every aspect of screening and treatment remains controversial. Screening programmes throughout the world vary enormously, and in the UK there is significant variation in screening practice and treatment pathways. We report the results of an attempt by the British Society for Children's Orthopaedic Surgery (BSCOS) to identify a nationwide consensus for the management of DDH in order to unify treatment and suggest an approach for screening. METHODS A Delphi consensus study was performed among the membership of BSCOS. Statements were generated by a steering group regarding aspects of the management of DDH in children aged under three months, namely screening and surveillance (15 questions), the technique of ultrasound scanning (eight questions), the initiation of treatment (19 questions), care during treatment with a splint (ten questions), and on quality, governance, and research (eight questions). A two-round Delphi process was used and a consensus document was produced at the final meeting of the steering group. RESULTS A total of 60 statements were graded by 128 clinicians in the first round and 132 in the second round. Consensus was reached on 30 out of 60 statements in the first round and an additional 12 in the seond. This was summarized in a consensus statement and distilled into a flowchart to guide clinical practice. CONCLUSION We identified agreement in an area of medicine that has a long history of controversy and varied practice. None of the areas of consensus are based on high-quality evidence. This document is thus a framework to guide clinical practice and on which high-quality clinical trials can be developed.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(2):209-214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Aarvold
- Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton, UK,University of Southampton, Southampton, UK,Correspondence should be sent to Alexander Aarvold. E-mail:
| | - Daniel C. Perry
- NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Institute Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK,Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jason Mavrotas
- St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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