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Thamer S, Kijak N, Toraih E, Thabet AM, Abdelgawad A. Tendon Transfers to Restore Shoulder Function for Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202301000-00005. [PMID: 36608169 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) is a relatively common stretch injury of the brachial plexus sustained during delivery. Tendon transfers are commonly performed to improve shoulder function among patients with OBPP. Although several techniques for the surgical management of OBPP exist, it is unclear whether tendon transfers to the rotator cuff vs. posterior humerus yield different outcomes. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to January 1, 2021, was performed. Relevant publications were classified by surgical technique of tendon transfers to the rotator cuff or posterior humerus. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to compare preoperative and postoperative aggregate Mallet scores as well as abduction and external rotation scores using the Mallet scale. A p value of <0.01 was considered significant. RESULTS Data from 26 studies and 951 patients (46.2% male patients) with a mean age of 68.9 ± 29.3 months were included. Eight hundred three patients underwent tendon transfer to the rotator cuff and 148 to the posterior humerus. The average postoperative follow-up period was 45.2 ± 21.7 months. The pooled cohort had an overall improvement in postoperative aggregate Mallet scores (SMD = 5.53, p < 0.001), abduction scores (SMD = 1.79, p < 0.001), and external rotation scores (SMD = 1.99, p < 0.001). Tendon transfer to the rotator cuff had a greater postoperative improvement in abduction (SMD = 1.90, p < 0.001) than transfer to the posterior humerus (SMD = 1.32, p < 0.001) while both techniques yielded similar improvements in external rotation (rotator cuff SMD = 2.01, p < 0.001, posterior humerus SMD = 1.98, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This is the first systematic review comparing outcomes for tendon transfers to the rotator cuff vs. the posterior humerus for improving shoulder function in patients with OBPP. Overall, tendon transfers are an effective treatment for improving shoulder function. Transfer of the latissimus dorsi and teres major to the rotator cuff compared with transfer to the posterior humerus results in greater improvement in abduction while both techniques have similar results in improving external rotation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I Systematic review of Level I and Level II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semran Thamer
- Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Nicoletta Kijak
- State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Eman Toraih
- Division of General Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Thabet
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas
| | - Amr Abdelgawad
- Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Brooklyn, New York
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Alabau-Rodriguez S, Romero-Larrauri P, Soldado F. Glenohumeral abduction contractures after residual neonatal brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:243-247. [PMID: 34521296 DOI: 10.1177/17531934211045509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glenohumeral abduction contractures are common in patients with neonatal brachial plexus injury, but little has been previously published about them. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data prospectively collected from 205 consecutive children (108 female) of mean age 9.6 years with neonatal brachial plexus injury (C5-C6, 58%; C5-C7, 29%; C5-T1, 14%). Most children (69%) showed a glenohumeral abduction contracture, it being more common in those with upper neonatal brachial plexus injury.Level of evidence: III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Alabau-Rodriguez
- Hand, Elbow & Microsurgery Department, Hospital Universitari Quiron-Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Soldado
- International Pediatric Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Institute, Barcelona University Childrens Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Comparing the Results of External Rotational Humeral Osteotomy in Older Children to the Mod Quad and Triangle Tilt Procedures in Adults with Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury. EPLASTY 2022; 22:e2. [PMID: 35651582 PMCID: PMC9128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND External Rotational Humeral osteotomy is used to address the external rotation deficit in older children with obstetric brachial plexus Injury (OBPI). Although this procedure improves the cosmetic effect of shoulder subluxation, it has no effect on the underlying structural (glenohumeral deformity and scapular elevation and rotation) and functional problems. In this study, improvements in glenohumeral joint alignment; scapular hypoplasia, elevation, and rotation (SHEAR) deformity; and upper extremity functional movements were demonstrated in adult patients with OBPI 1 year after the mod Quad and/or triangle tilt surgeries. METHODS AND PATIENTS The outcome of humeral rotational osteotomy reported in the literature was compared with the results from 43 adult patients with OBPI (21 men and 22 women; 23 right and 20 left sides) with a mean age of 21.3 years (range, 17 to 38 years) who underwent mod Quad and/or triangle tilt surgeries and had over 12 months of postoperative follow-up (mean 22.9 months; range, 12 to 50 months). RESULTS The preoperative average modified total Mallet score, including supination, was 14.6 ± 3.5 (P < 0.0001) in the 43 adult patients with OBPI in this report. This total Mallet score was significantly improved to 22 ± 3.9 (P < 0.0001) over 12 months after mod Quad and/or triangle tilt surgeries. Thirty-two (75%) of the patients showed great improvement in all upper extremity functions: shoulder abduction, external rotation, hand-to-mouth, hand-to-neck, hand-to-spine, and supination. The improvement after humeral osteotomy reported in the literature was a cosmetic effect that did not address the underlying structural and functional problems and was found to decrease the improved shoulder abduction in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-two (75%) of 43 adult patients with OBPI showed great improvement in all upper extremity functions 1 year after mod Quad and/or triangle tilt surgeries. The other 11 patients (25%) showed improvement in hand-to-mouth movement and/or supination. In contrast, humeral osteotomy, as reported in the literature, improved the cosmetic effect of shoulder subluxation but had no effect on the underlying structural and functional problems.
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Nath RK, Goel D, Somasundaram C. Clinical and functional outcome of modified Quad surgery in adult obstetric brachial plexus injury patients: Case reports. Clin Pract 2019; 9:1140. [PMID: 31579492 PMCID: PMC6763706 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2019.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated adult obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) patients, in general, use compensatory strategies to achieve their lost upper extremity functions; they cause some adverse effects. Our present study is a case series of 3 female adult OBPI patients, aged 46, 23 and 21 years old. They all had a modified Quad surgical procedure. All patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively by evaluating video recordings of standardized upper extremity movements using the modified Mallet scale. The average postoperative follow-up was 4.3 months (1 to 9 months). Total Mallet score significantly improved from 15 and 18 to 21 in two patients. Supination angle measured from active movement of these 3 patients improved from 40°, 0° and -60° to 80°, 40° and -40°, respectively. The modified Quad surgical procedure significantly improves active abduction and other shoulder functions not only in young pediatric and adolescent patients, as we have previously reported, but also in adult patients with muscle imbalance secondary to brachial plexus injury sustained at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Divya Goel
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Sabapathy SR, Bhardwaj P, Venkatramani H. Value of Soft Tissue Release Procedure around the Shoulder to Improve Shoulder Abduction in Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy and Analysis of the Factors Affecting Outcome. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2019; 22:174-183. [PMID: 28506179 DOI: 10.1142/s0218810417500216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lack of shoulder abduction in spontaneously recovered birth brachial plexus palsy (BBPP) is a common presentation. We have performed a soft tissue release operation in these patients to remove the tethering effect of the tight and cocontracting shoulder adductors. This study was undertaken in order to assess the outcome of this surgical procedure. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 120 patients who displayed spontaneous recovery from BBPP and subsequently underwent soft tissue release procedure to improve shoulder abduction. The operation involved release of the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi (LD) and teres major (TM) with axillary nerve neurolysis and transfer of LD and TM to teres minor at a lower position. Outcomes were assessed at a minimum follow up of two years. The primary outcome measures were range of shoulder abduction and Mallet score. Parents were interviewed and their satisfaction was graded on a Likert scale. We also explored prognostic factors responsible for better outcomes namely, age at operation, extent of involvement; preoperative shoulder abduction range, internal rotation deformity, triceps power and Mallet score. RESULTS The average patient age was 5.8 years(range 1-17). Follow up ranged from 2-6 years. Average preoperative shoulder abduction was 85° (range 30°-140°). Postoperatively the average shoulder abduction was 161° (range 80°-180°). The mean improvement in abduction was 76° (range 20°-110°) [p < 0.001]. Mallet score improved from 16.4 to 19.5 (p < 0.001). High parental satisfaction was recorded by Likert scale assessment. Regression analysis indicated a favourable outcome in patients who are younger, have a better preoperative abduction range and a preoperative triceps power > grade 3. CONCLUSIONS Soft tissue release procedure employed in this series is effective in improving shoulder abduction. Patients who are of younger age, have better preoperative abduction and triceps power of > grade 3 are expected to achieve the best outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Raja Sabapathy
- 1 Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery and Burns, Ganga Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen Bhardwaj
- 1 Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery and Burns, Ganga Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hari Venkatramani
- 1 Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery and Burns, Ganga Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Functional Improvement of Upper and Lower Extremity After Decompression and Neurolysis and Nerve Transfer in a Pediatric Patient with Acute Flaccid Myelitis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:668-673. [PMID: 31073115 PMCID: PMC6523989 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.915235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 5 Final Diagnosis: Enterovirus infection Symptoms: Weakness in all 4 limbs Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Nerve decompression • neurolysis and nerve transfer Specialty: Neurosurgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Nath
- Department of Surgical Research, Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chandra Somasundaram
- Department of Surgical Research, Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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10-year Follow-up of Mod Quad and Triangle Tilt Surgeries in Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e1998. [PMID: 30859023 PMCID: PMC6382246 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate whether obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) children who had mod Quad and triangle tilt surgeries maintained their recovered upper extremity functional movements over 10 years. Background: The short-term outcomes of surgery in OBPI patients are well documented. However, only a few publications with results over 10-year postoperative follow-up exist. We have previously reported the outcomes of these 2 surgeries in OBPI after 1, 2, and 5 years. Here, we report the successful outcomes in 17 of these patients over 10 years. Methods: Seventeen OBPI patients, who had mod Quad, a modified muscle release operation and triangle tilt, a bony surgical procedure with us between 2005 and 2008, had postoperative follow-up of 10 years and met the inclusion criteria. Patients who had multiple surgeries and did not have 10-year follow-up are excluded in this study. Results: Fifteen of 17 children maintain their recovered upper extremity functions for extended long period (mean, 10 years; range, 9–13 years). There was statistically significant improvement in total functional Mallet score after 3 years (mean, 18.8 ± 2.1; P ≤ 0.01) from the preoperative mean total Mallet score of 14.5 ± 1.2. This improvement was not only maintained for extended period but also improved (mean total Mallet score, 20.35 ± 2.3; P ≤ 0.01) in some patients. Conclusions: Overall, all upper extremity functions improved greatly after mod Quad and triangle tilt surgeries in OBPI children, and they were able to maintain their recovered functional movements over extended period of 10 years.
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Pehlivanoglu T, Erşen A, Bayram S, Atalar AC, Demirhan M. Arthroscopic versus open release of internal rotation contracture in the obstetrical brachial plexus paralysis (OBPP) sequela. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28:28-35. [PMID: 30195621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latissimus dorsi (LD) and teres major (TM) tendon transfers are effective surgical procedures to improve shoulder abduction and external rotation for children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). Open pectoralis major (PM) tendon Z-plasty and arthroscopic subscapularis (SS) release are 2 options for the release of internal rotation contractures to enhance muscle transfers. This study compared the functional results of LD and TM tendon transfers with open PM tendon Z-plasty or arthroscopic SS release. METHODS The study included 24 patients who underwent LD and TM tendon transfers for OBPP (9 arthroscopic SS release, 15 open PM tendon Z-plasty) with a mean follow-up of 41.33 months (range, 36-60 months) and 47.2 months (range, 36-60 months), respectively. Functional evaluation was made according to range of motion and Mallet scoring system. RESULTS Shoulder abduction-external rotation degrees and scores in all sections of the Mallet scoring system significantly increased in both groups (P < .001). Postoperatively, the arthroscopic SS release group had significantly better abduction degrees (P = .003), total Mallet scores (P < .001), and superior abduction (P = .043), active external rotation (P = .043), hand-to-head (P = .043), and hand-to-mouth (P < .001) scores for the Mallet scoring system. DISCUSSION Transfer of LD together with TM tendons combined with one of the internal rotation contracture release procedures yielded good clinical and functional results in patients younger than age 7, regardless of the type of release method. However, arthroscopic SS release, although requiring an experienced surgeon, revealed better clinical and functional outcomes and is considered to be a less invasive and superior method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuna Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Erşen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bayram
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ata Can Atalar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Demirhan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Improvements after mod Quad and triangle tilt revision surgical procedures in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. World J Orthop 2016; 7:752-757. [PMID: 27900273 PMCID: PMC5112345 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i11.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare outcomes of our revision surgical operations in obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) patients to results of conventional operative procedures at other institutions.
METHODS We analyzed our OBPP data and identified 10 female and 10 male children aged 2.0 to 11.8 years (average age 6.5 years), who had prior conventional surgical therapies at other clinics. Of the 20 patients, 18 undergone triangle tilt, 2 had only mod Quad. Among 18 patients, 8 had only triangle tilt and 10 had also mod Quad as revision surgeries with us. We analyzed the anatomical improvements and functional modified Mallet statistically before and after a year post-revision operations.
RESULTS Pre-revision surgery average modified Mallet score was 12.0 ± 1.5. This functional score was greatly improved to 18 ± 2.3 (P < 0.0001) at least one-year after revision surgical procedures. Radiological scores (PHHA and glenoid version) were also improved significantly to 31.9 ± 13.6 (P < 0.001), -16.3 ± 11 (P < 0.0002), at least one-year after triangle tilt procedure. Their mean pre-triangle tilt (yet after other surgeon’s surgeries) PHHA, glenoid version and SHEAR were 14.6 ± 21.7, -31.6 ± 19.3 and 16.1 ± 14.7 respectively.
CONCLUSION We demonstrate here, mod Quad and triangle tilt as successful revision surgical procedures in 20 OBPP patients, who had other surgical treatments at other clinics before presenting to us for further treatment.
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Subscapularis Z-lengthening in children with brachial plexus birth palsy loses efficiency at mid-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2015; 40:783-90. [PMID: 26649864 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-015-3062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate early and mid-term clinical outcomes after isolated subscapularis Z-lengthening in children with shoulder internal rotation contractures resulting from brachial plexus birth palsy. METHODS Children with brachial plexus birth palsy treated with subscapularis tendon Z-lengthening from 2001 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Over this period, 31 patients were identified. Primary outcome was improvement in Mallet score after surgery, and secondary outcome measures were active range of motion and Mallet sub-scores. Clinical outcomes were collected at three time intervals: pre-operatively, one-year post-operative and at latest follow-up. RESULTS After exclusion, 21 patients remained for further analysis. Mean age at surgery was 3.7 years (range, 1.2-8.7), and mean follow-up length was 6.5 years (2.9-9.7). Moderate improvements were found for mean Mallet score, active external rotation, active abduction and hand-to-mouth movement at one year and latest follow-up. However, improvements in active external rotation and Mallet score were not fully maintained at final follow up. CONCLUSION Isolated subscapularis Z-lengthening is effective at early follow-up, but results are not maintained at mid-term follow-up.
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Significant improvement in nerve conduction, arm length, and upper extremity function after intraoperative electrical stimulation, neurolysis, and biceps tendon lengthening in obstetric brachial plexus patients. J Orthop Surg Res 2015; 10:51. [PMID: 25895832 PMCID: PMC4404616 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-015-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive loss of extension and concomitant bony deformity of the elbow are results of persistent biceps contracture in obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) patients, if they do not fully recover. This adversely affects the growth and development and functions of the upper extremity. Patients and method We have performed biceps tendon lengthening (BTL) using a Z-plasty technique on OBPI patients aged 4 years to adulthood, who had been diagnosed with biceps tendon fixed flexion contractures. Ulnar, radial, and median nerve decompression was also performed at the same sitting. Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring was performed by stimulating the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist and the radial nerve over the dorsum of the hand and recording the peripheral, cervical, and cortical responses. Seven children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy with an average age of 11 years (8.7–14.2 years) were included in this report. Mean follow-up time was 7.4 months (4–11 months). All the patients in this report had the elbow flexion contractures greater than 30°. Results Mean flexion contracture was 35° (30°–45°) preoperatively, which was improved to 0°–10° postoperatively with an average follow-up of 7 (4–11) months. This surgical procedure corrected the elbow flexion contractures, about an average of 25° and an improved length almost to normal, and improved the upper extremity functions. Neurophysiological data showed significant improvement in conduction of all three nerves tested after neurolysis. Further, median and radial nerve amplitude increase was statistically significant. Conclusion Statistically significant improvement in biceps length as well as nerve conduction was observed after the surgery. None of the children in our study lost biceps function, although weakness of the biceps is both a short- and long-term risk associated with biceps lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400, Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Chandra Somasundaram
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400, Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Role of muscle transfers and tendon transfers in birth brachial plexus injury. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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External Rotation Osteotomy of the Humerus to Salvage the Failed Latissimus Dorsi Transfer in Children With Erb Birth Palsy and Supple Congruent Shoulders. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 75:625-8. [PMID: 25180949 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Management of the failed latissimus dorsi muscle transfer to restore shoulder external rotation has received little attention in the literature. We report on 6 children with Erb birth palsy and supple congruent shoulders and who underwent external rotation osteotomy to salvage a failed latissimus dorsi transfer. It is standard of care to do humerus osteotomies only to children with significant deformities of the glenohumeral joint. In the current article, the osteotomy was performed despite the presence of supple congruent shoulders because the osteotomy seemed the best and simplest option available. The functional outcome was satisfactory; with all patients reaching the occiput easily. Furthermore, there were improvement of the standing posture and improvement of the elbow flexion contracture. We conclude that the osteotomy procedure is a simple and effective option of management after a failed latissimus dorsi transfer.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder internal rotation contracture, active abduction, and external rotation deficits are common secondary problems in neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP). Soft tissue shoulder operations are often utilized for treatment. The objective was to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review analyzing the clinical outcomes of NBPP treated with a secondary soft-tissue shoulder operation. METHODS A literature search identified studies of NBPP treated with a soft-tissue shoulder operation. A meta-analysis evaluated success rates for the aggregate Mallet score (≥ 4 point increase), global abduction score (≥ 1 point increase), and external rotation score (≥ 1 point increase) using the Mallet scale. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess these success rates when the author chose arthroscopic release technique versus open release technique with or without tendon transfer. RESULTS Data from 17 studies and 405 patients were pooled for meta-analysis. The success rate for the global abduction score was significantly higher for the open technique (67.4%) relative to the arthroscopic technique (27.7%, P<0.0001). The success rates for the global abduction score were significantly different among sexes (P=0.01). The success rate for external rotation was not significantly different between the open (71.4%) and arthroscopic techniques (74.1%, P=0.86). No other variable was found to have significant impact on the external rotation outcomes. The success rate for the aggregate Mallet score was 57.9% for the open technique, a nonsignificant increase relative to the arthroscopic technique (53.5%, P=0.63). Data suggest a correlation between increasing age at the time of surgery and a decreasing likelihood of success with regards to aggregate Mallet with an odds ratio of 0.98 (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the secondary soft-tissue shoulder operation is an effective treatment for improving shoulder function in NBPP in appropriately selected patients. The open technique had significantly higher success rates in improving global abduction. There were no significant differences in the success rates for improvement in the external rotation or aggregate Mallet score among these surgical techniques.
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Nath RK, Kumar N, Somasundaram C. Modified Quad surgery significantly improves the median nerve conduction and functional outcomes in obstetric brachial plexus nerve injury. ANNALS OF SURGICAL INNOVATION AND RESEARCH 2013; 7:5. [PMID: 23714699 PMCID: PMC3668219 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1164-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Nerve conduction studies or somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have become an important tool in the investigation of peripheral nerve lesions, and is sensitive in detecting brachial plexus nerve injury, and other nerve injuries. To investigate whether the modified Quad surgical procedure improves nerve conductivity and functional outcomes in obstetric brachial plexus nerve injury (OBPI) patients. Methods All nerves were tested with direct functional electrical stimulation. A Prass probe was used to stimulate the nerves, and recording the response, the compound motor action potential (CMAP) in the muscle. SSEP monitoring was performed pre- and post modified Quad surgery, stimulating the median and ulnar nerves at the wrist, the radial nerve over the dorsum of the hand, recording the peripheral, cervical and cortical responses. All patients have had the modified Quad surgery (n = 19). The modified Quad surgery is a muscle release and transfer surgery with nerve decompressions. All patients were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively by evaluating video recordings of standardized movements, the modified Mallet scale to index active shoulder movements. Results The cervical responses were significantly lower in amplitude in the affected arm than the un-affected arm. The median nerve conduction was significantly improved from 8.04 to 9.26 (P < 0.022) post-operatively. The shoulder abduction was also significantly improved (pre-op 30° ± 23.3 to 143° ± 33.7, p < 0.0001), with a mean follow-up of 43 months after the modified Quad surgery in these patients. Conclusion Median nerve conduction, and shoulder abduction were significantly improved in OBPI children, who have undergone the modified Quad procedure with neuroplasty, internal microneurolysis and tetanic stimulation of the median nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400 Fannin st, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nirupuma Kumar
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400 Fannin st, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Extended long-term (5 years) outcomes of triangle tilt surgery in obstetric brachial plexus injury. Open Orthop J 2013; 7:94-8. [PMID: 23730369 PMCID: PMC3664462 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001307010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We evaluated the "extended" long-term (5 years) functional outcomes in obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) patients, who underwent triangle tilt surgery between February 2005 and January 2008. Methods: Twenty two children (9 girls and 13 boys, mean age at surgery was 5.8 years; ranging 2.1-11.8 years old), who initially presented with medial rotation contracture and scapula deformity secondary to obstetric brachial plexus injury were included in this study. Functional movements were evaluated pre-operatively, and 5 years following triangle tilt surgery by modified Mallet scale. Results: Here, we report long-term (5 years) follow-up of triangle tilt surgery for 22 OBPI patients. Upper extremity functional movements such as, external rotation (2.5±0.6 to 4.1±0.8, p<0.0001), hand-to-spine (2.6±0.6 to 3.4±1.1, p<0.005), hand-to-neck (2.7±0.7 to 4.3±0.7, p<0.0001), hand-to-mouth (2.3±0.9 (92º±33) to 4.2±0.5 (21º±16), p<0.0001), and supination (2.6±1.1 (-8.2º ±51) to 4.1±0.7 (61±32)) were significantly improved (p<0.0001), and maintained over the extended long-term (5 years). Total modified Mallet functional score was also shown to improve from 14.1±2.7 to 20.3±2.5. Conclusions: The triangle tilt surgery improved all shoulder functions significantly, and maintained over the extended long-term (5 years) in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Nath RK, Benyahia M, Somasundaram C. Finger movement at birth in brachial plexus birth palsy. World J Orthop 2013; 4:24-28. [PMID: 23362472 PMCID: PMC3557319 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v4.i1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether the finger movement at birth is a better predictor of the brachial plexus birth injury.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study reviewing pre-surgical records of 87 patients with residual obstetric brachial plexus palsy in study 1. Posterior subluxation of the humeral head (PHHA), and glenoid retroversion were measured from computed tomography or Magnetic resonance imaging, and correlated with the finger movement at birth. The study 2 consisted of 141 obstetric brachial plexus injury patients, who underwent primary surgeries and/or secondary surgery at the Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute. Information regarding finger movement was obtained from the patient’s parent or guardian during the initial evaluation.
RESULTS: Among 87 patients, 9 (10.3%) patients who lacked finger movement at birth had a PHHA > 40%, and glenoid retroversion < -12°, whereas only 1 patient (1.1%) with finger movement had a PHHA > 40%, and retroversion < -8° in study 1. The improvement in glenohumeral deformity (PHHA, 31.8% ± 14.3%; and glenoid retroversion 22.0°± 15.0°) was significantly higher in patients, who have not had any primary surgeries and had finger movement at birth (group 1), when compared to those patients, who had primary surgeries (nerve and muscle surgeries), and lacked finger movement at birth (group 2), (PHHA 10.7% ± 15.8%; Version -8.0°± 8.4°, P = 0.005 and P = 0.030, respectively) in study 2. No finger movement at birth was observed in 55% of the patients in this study group.
CONCLUSION: Posterior subluxation and glenoid retroversion measurements indicated significantly severe shoulder deformities in children with finger movement at birth, in comparison with those lacked finger movement. However, the improvement after triangle tilt surgery was higher in patients who had finger movement at birth.
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Abdel-Ghani H, Hamdy KA, Basha N, Tarraf YN. Tendon transfer for treatment of internal rotation contracture of the shoulder in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2012; 37:781-6. [PMID: 22736741 DOI: 10.1177/1753193412451401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We retrospectively analyzed 63 patients with internal rotation contracture of the shoulder secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy treated with subscapularis sliding combined with either latissimus dorsi transfer (group A: n = 18) or latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer (group B: n = 45) to the rotator cuff. The mean age at time of surgery was 43 months (SD 21 months; range 8 months to 9 years). We used a modification of the Gilbert shoulder grading system for assessment. All patients showed statistically significant improvement of active shoulder abduction and external rotation without significant differences between the two groups. Significant external rotation contracture of the shoulder (inability to touch the abdomen with the wrist extended) occurred in 42 of 63 patients, and there was a greater incidence of external rotation contracture in group B. We conclude that surgery should be restricted to latissimus dorsi transfer without teres major transfer to avoid external rotation contractures. Our modification of the Gilbert grading system appears to be valid and applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Abdel-Ghani
- Paediatric Orthopaedic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pöyhiä T, Lamminen A, Peltonen J, Willamo P, Nietosvaara Y. Treatment of shoulder sequelae in brachial plexus birth injury. Acta Orthop 2011; 82:482-8. [PMID: 21657969 PMCID: PMC3237041 DOI: 10.3109/17453674.2011.588855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children with permanent brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) develop shoulder problems, with subsequent joint deformity without treatment. We assessed the indications and outcome of shoulder operations for BPBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS 31 BPBI patients who had undergone a shoulder operation in our hospital between March 2002 and December 2005 were included in the study. Relocation of the humeral head had been performed in 13 patients, external rotation osteotomy of the humerus in 5 patients, subscapular tendon lengthening in 5 patients, and teres major transposition in 8 patients. Subjective results were registered. Shoulder range of motion was measured, and function assessed according to the Mallet scale. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed pre- and postoperatively. Glenoscapular angle (GSA) and percentage of humeral head anterior to the middle of the glenoid fossa (PHHA) were measured. Congruency of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) was estimated. The mean follow-up time was 3.8 (1.7-6.8) years. RESULTS At follow-up, the subjective result was satisfactory in 30 of the 31 patients. There were 4 failures, which in retrospect were due to wrong choice of surgical method in 3 of these 4 patients. Mean increase in Mallet score was 5.5 after successful relocation, 1.4 after rotation osteotomy, 2.2 after subscapular tendon lengthening, and 3.1 after teres major transposition. Congruency of the shoulder joint improved in 10 of 13 patients who had undergone a relocation operation, with mean improvement in GSA of 33º and mean increase in PHHA of 25%. There were no substantial changes in congruency of the glenohumeral joint in patients treated with other operation types. INTERPRETATION Restriction of the range of motion and malposition of the glenohumeral joint can be improved surgically in brachial plexus birth injury. Remodeling of the joint takes place after successful relocation of the humeral head in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jari Peltonen
- Department of Surgery, Hospital for Children and Adolescents
| | - Patrick Willamo
- Physiotherapy, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Thatte MR, Agashe MV, Rao A, Rathod CM, Mehta R. Clinical outcome of shoulder muscle transfer for shoulder deformities in obstetric brachial plexus palsy: A study of 150 cases. Indian J Plast Surg 2011; 44:21-8. [PMID: 21713212 PMCID: PMC3111117 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.81441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Residual muscle weakness, cross-innervation (caused by misdirected regenerating axons), and muscular imbalance are the main causes of internal rotation contractures leading to limitation of shoulder joint movement, glenoid dysplasia, and deformity in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Muscle transfers and release of antagonistic muscles improve range of motion as well as halt or reverse the deterioration in the bony architecture of the shoulder joint. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of shoulder muscle transfer for shoulder abnormalities in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty patients of obstetric brachial plexus palsy with shoulder deformity underwent shoulder muscle transfer along with anterior shoulder release at our institutions from 1999 to 2007. Shoulder function was assessed both preoperatively and postoperatively using aggregate modified Mallet score and active and passive range of motion. The mean duration of follow-up was 4 years (2.5–8 years). Results: The mean preoperative abduction was 45° ± 7.12, mean passive external rotation was 10° ± 6.79, the mean active external rotation was 0°, and the mean aggregate modified Mallet score was 11.2 ± 1.41. At a mean follow-up of 4 years (2.5–8 years), the mean active abduction was 120° ± 18.01, the mean passive external rotation was 80° ± 10.26, while the mean active external rotation was 45° ± 3.84. The mean aggregate modified Mallet score was 19.2 ± 1.66. Conclusions: This procedure can thus be seen as a very effective tool to treat internal rotation and adduction contractures, achieve functional active abduction and external rotation, as well as possibly prevent glenohumeral dysplasia, though the long-term effects of this procedure may still have to be studied in detail clinico-radiologically to confirm this hypothesis. Level of evidence: Therapeutic level IV
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund R Thatte
- Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, Bai Jerbai Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
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Does primary brachial plexus surgery alter palliative tendon transfer surgery outcomes in children with obstetric paralysis? BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:74. [PMID: 21489264 PMCID: PMC3088905 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The surgical management of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy can generally be divided into two groups; early reconstructions in which the plexus or affected nerves are addressed and late or palliative reconstructions in which the residual deformities are addressed. Tendon transfers are the mainstay of palliative surgery. Occasionally, surgeons are required to utilise already denervated and subsequently reinnervated muscles as motors. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of tendon transfers for residual shoulder dysfunction in patients who had undergone early nerve surgery to the outcomes in patients who had not. Methods A total of 91 patients with obstetric paralysis-related shoulder abduction and external rotation deficits who underwent a modified Hoffer transfer of the latissimus dorsi/teres major to the greater tubercle of the humerus tendon between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively analysed. The patients who had undergone neural surgery during infancy were compared to those who had not in terms of their preoperative and postoperative shoulder abduction and external rotation active ranges of motion. Results In the early surgery groups, only the postoperative external rotation angles showed statistically significant differences (25 degrees and 75 degrees for total and upper type palsies, respectively). Within the palliative surgery-only groups, there were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative abduction and external rotation angles. The significant differences between the early surgery groups and the palliative surgery groups with total palsy during the preoperative period diminished postoperatively (p < 0.05 and p > 0.05, respectively) for abduction but not for external rotation. Within the upper type palsy groups, there were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative abduction and external rotation angles. Conclusions In this study, it was found that in patients with total paralysis, satisfactory shoulder abduction values can be achieved with tendon transfers regardless of a previous history of neural surgery even if the preoperative values differ.
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C, Mahmooduddin F. Triangle tilt and steel osteotomy: similar approaches to common problems. Open Orthop J 2011; 5:124-33. [PMID: 21584207 PMCID: PMC3093813 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001105010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each year, thousands of children worldwide suffer obstetric brachial plexus nerve injuries resulting not only in primary nerve injury, but also in development of secondary muscle and bone deformities of the shoulder. The triangle tilt surgery has been developed and shown to effectively address these deformities. The triangle tilt procedure was initially designed by the lead author (RKN) to follow the concepts of joint normalization featured in the Steel pelvic osteotomy used to correct developmental dysplasia of the hip joint, and indeed ultimately bears a striking resemblance to the Steel osteotomy. Prior to performing these bony surgical procedures, soft tissue procedures are performed to release the muscle contractures of the shoulder and hip. The purpose of this article is to compare and analyze the similarities between the indications, surgical techniques, involved anatomy, and outcomes of these operative procedures. METHODS A literature review was conducted using PubMed to identify articles pertaining to triangle tilt surgery and the Steel pelvic osteotomy. Functional parameters and surgical strategies were compared. Pre- and post-operative CTs were analyzed to compare anatomical results of the procedures. RESULTS Similarities were found between both procedures in terms of indications, involved anatomy, surgical techniques, and outcomes. The triangle tilt surgery is indicated to correct the developmental dysplasia of the glenohumeral joint in obstetric brachial plexus injury patients. Steel pelvic osteotomy is performed to correct the subluxation and dislocation of the hip innominate bone in patients with congenital dysplasia, cerebral palsy myelodysplasia, and poliomyelitis. The involved anatomy of both procedures is similar in that both involve limb girdles and ball-and-socket joints, namely the shoulder and hip. Both procedures are also triple osteotomies, the triangle tilt involving the acromion, clavicle and scapula while the Steel osteotomy involves the iliac spine, ischial and pubic ramus of the innominate bone. Surgical techniques also bear likenesses in that both can theoretically be done percutaneously. Post-operative CT outcomes of both surgeries showed improved anatomical positioning of the ball-and-socket joint congruency, and therefore better functional outcomes. DISCUSSION The similarities between the triangle tilt surgery and Steel pelvic osteotomy could potentially be useful as a model system in developing other procedures that involve the shoulder and hip. Future clinical applications include the development and implementation of new surgical procedures based on comparisons and adaptations from the hip to the shoulder and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400 Fannin Street, Suite 2420, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C, Mahmooduddin F. Comparing functional outcome of triangle tilt surgery performed before versus after two years of age. Open Orthop J 2011; 5:59-62. [PMID: 21566737 PMCID: PMC3092491 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001105010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many patients each year who are born with obstetric brachial plexus injuries eventually do not achieve complete recovery. As a result of the primary nerve injuries, these patients will often develop bony deformities involving the shoulder joint as a secondary consequence. The triangle tilt surgery has been shown to be an effective procedure to correct these deformities and has been performed on patients ranging in age from less than a year old to adolescence. The purpose of this retrospective study is to compare outcomes of triangle tilt surgery performed on patients before the age of 2 years versus after 2 years of age to determine an optimal age to operate on these children. Methods: 36 patients with deformities developed secondarily from the initial obstetric brachial plexus injury in this study were divided into 2 groups. Group 1, those who had undergone triangle tilt surgery at < 2 yrs of age (16 patients). Group 2, those who were operated at > 2 yrs of age (20 patients). Group 1 age range: 9 months to 23 months, average: 18 months. Group 2 age range: 26 months to 9 years, average: 6 years. Results: Significant differences were found between the 2 groups (0-2 yrs vs > 2yrs) in regards to overall changes (pre- to post-op) in Mallet score, external rotation score, hand-to-mouth score, and supination angle. Discussion: This study demonstrates that triangle tilt surgery had better outcomes on clinical functioning if performed before the age of 2 years, however, improvement in clinical functioning can still be achieved if the triangle tilt surgery is performed after the age of 2 years as well. A possible mechanism to explain this phenomenon is the increased potential for anatomical remodeling if the triangle tilt surgery is performed at a younger age, thereby leading to significant functional improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 6400 Fannin Street, Suite 2420, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) result in bony derangements that include posterior humeral head subluxation, glenoid retroversion, and joint incongruity. Often these deformities are accompanied by scapular hypoplasia, elevation, and rotation, which further exacerbate shoulder dysfunction. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of triangle tilt surgery on glenohumeral joint anatomy in 100 OBPI patients. The triangle tilt surgery restores the distal acromioclavicular triangle from an abnormal superiorly angled position to a neutral position, thereby restoring normal glenohumeral anatomic relationships.Axial computed tomography and magnetic resonance images taken before and 12- to 38-months after surgery showed significant improvements in both posterior subluxation and glenoid version. Patients with complete posterior glenohumeral dislocation improved from 19% preoperatively, to 11% postoperatively. Glenoid shape was also improved, with 81% of patients classified as concave or flat after surgery compared with 53% before surgery.Triangle tilt surgery allows for both repositioning and remodeling of the glenohumeral joint. These anatomic improvements after triangle tilt surgery hold promise for improving shoulder function and quality of life for OBPI patients.
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Coracoid abnormalities and their relationship with glenohumeral deformities in children with obstetric brachial plexus injury. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:237. [PMID: 20942927 PMCID: PMC2970599 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with incomplete recovery from obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) usually develop secondary muscle imbalances and bone deformities at the shoulder joint. Considerable efforts have been made to characterize and correct the glenohumeral deformities, and relatively less emphasis has been placed on the more subtle ones, such as those of the coracoid process. The purpose of this retrospective study is to determine the relationship between coracoid abnormalities and glenohumeral deformities in OBPI patients. We hypothesize that coracoscapular angles and distances, as well as coracohumeral distances, diminish with increasing glenohumeral deformity, whereas coracoid overlap will increase. METHODS 39 patients (age range: 2-13 years, average: 4.7 years), with deformities secondary to OBPI were included in this study. Parameters for quantifying coracoid abnormalities (coracoscapular angle, coracoid overlap, coracohumeral distance, and coracoscapular distance) and shoulder deformities (posterior subluxation and glenoid retroversion) were measured on CT images from these patients before any surgical intervention. Paired Student t-tests and Pearson correlations were used to analyze different parameters. RESULTS Significant differences between affected and contralateral shoulders were found for all coracoid and shoulder deformity parameters. Percent of humeral head anterior to scapular line (PHHA), glenoid version, coracoscapular angles, and coracoscapular and coracohumeral distances were significantly lower for affected shoulders compared to contralateral ones. Coracoid overlap was significantly higher for affected sides compared to contralateral sides. Significant and positive correlations were found between coracoscapular distances and glenohumeral parameters (PHHA and version), as well as between coracoscapular angles and glenohumeral parameters, for affected shoulders. Moderate and positive correlations existed between coracoid overlap and glenohumeral parameters for affected shoulders. On the contrary, all correlations between the coracoid and glenohumeral parameters for contralateral shoulders were only moderate or relatively low. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the spatial orientation of the coracoid process differs significantly between affected and contralateral shoulders, and it is highly correlated with the glenohumeral deformity. With the progression of glenohumeral deformity, the coracoid process protrudes more caudally and follows the subluxation of the humeral head which may interfere with the success of repositioning the posteriorly subluxed humeral head anteriorly to articulate with the glenoid properly.
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Triangle tilt surgery as salvage procedure for failed shoulder surgery in obstetric brachial plexus injury. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:913-8. [PMID: 20668864 PMCID: PMC2923723 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study was conducted to review the effects of triangle tilt surgery in children with OBPI (obstetric brachial plexus injury) who had previously undergone several operative procedures at other hospitals before presenting at our institute. METHODS The study included a group of 48 OBPI patients who had undergone previous operative procedures at outside hospitals by other surgeons. Patients were assessed for shoulder function using their radiological reports and the modified Mallet functional scale. The same patients underwent the triangle tilt procedure at our institution and were re-evaluated for shoulder function. RESULTS The results of the study showed an increase in Mallet scores from 11.88 points to 15.17 points (p < 0.01), improvement in PHHA (percentage of humeral head anterior to the glenoid) from 14% to 25% (p < 0.05), enhancement in glenoid version from -32 degrees to -25 degrees (p < 0.01), and a decrease in the SHEAR (scapular hypoplasia, elevation, and rotation) deformity after surgery. CONCLUSION The data obtained demonstrated that the triangle tilt procedure significantly enhanced shoulder function and glenohumeral congruity in these patients as evidenced by the improvements in Mallet scores, PHHA, glenoid version, and SHEAR deformity.
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Nath RK, Liu X, Melcher SE, Fan J. Long-term outcomes of triangle tilt surgery for obstetric brachial plexus injury. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:393-9. [PMID: 20130887 PMCID: PMC2841265 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term shoulder functional outcomes from a triangle tilt procedure on obstetric patients, who initially presented with medial rotation contracture and scapular deformity secondary to obstetric brachial plexus injury. METHODS We retrospectively studied long-term outcomes both functionally and anatomically in 61 patients (age ranging from 2 to 12 years). Functional movements were evaluated and scored using a modified Mallet scale at different time intervals: preoperatively, 1 year and 2 year following triangle tilt surgery. Shoulder anatomy was examined on radiologic images to evaluate the severity of shoulder deformities preoperatively and anatomical improvement after the surgery. RESULTS All shoulder functional movements were significantly improved at 1 and 2 year follow-ups. Functional improvements were maintained in shoulder abduction, external rotation and hand-to-mouth movements beyond the first year, and continued in hand-to-neck and hand-to-spine movements past 2 years. Remarkable glenohumeral remodeling or reservation of glenoid congruence was observed in all patients over a mean time of 27 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION The triangle tilt procedure, which addresses scapular and glenohumeral joint abnormalities characteristic of Erb's palsy, improves shoulder functional movements and anatomical structure in patients over the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, USA.
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Shoulder function and anatomy in complete obstetric brachial plexus palsy: long-term improvement after triangle tilt surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 2010; 26:1009-19. [PMID: 20473676 PMCID: PMC2903705 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Untreated complete obstetric brachial plexus injury (COBPI) usually results in limited spontaneous recovery of shoulder function. Older methods used to treat COBPI have had questionable success, with very few studies being published. The purpose of the current study was to examine the results of triangle tilt surgery on shoulder function and development in COBPI individuals. METHODS This study was conducted as a retrospective chart review. Inclusion criteria were COBPI patients that had undergone the triangle tilt procedure from 2005 to 2009 and were between the ages of 9 months and 12 years. COBPI was defined as permanent injury to all five nerve roots (C5-T1), with significant degradation in development and function of the hand. Twenty-five patients with a mean age of 5 (0.75-12) years were followed up clinically for more than 2 years. RESULTS The triangle tilt procedure resulted in demonstrable clinical enhancements with appreciable improvements in shoulder function, glenoid version, and humeral head congruity. There was a significant increase in the overall Mallet score (2.4 points, p < 0.0001) following surgical correction in patients that were followed up for more than 2 years. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that COBPI patients who develop SHEAR and medial rotation contracture deformities can benefit from the triangle tilt surgery, which improves shoulder function and anatomy across a range of pediatric ages. Despite these patients presenting late for surgery in general (5 years), significant improvements were observed in their glenohumeral (GH) dysplasia and their ability to perform shoulder and arm movements following surgery.
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Nath RK, Liu X. Nerve reconstruction in patients with obstetric brachial plexus injury results in worsening of glenohumeral deformity: a case-control study of 75 patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 91:649-54. [PMID: 19407301 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.91b5.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Whereas a general trend in the management of obstetric brachial plexus injuries has been nerve reconstruction in patients without spontaneous recovery of biceps function by three to six months of age, many recent studies suggest this may be unnecessary. In this study, the severity of glenohumeral dysplasia and shoulder function and strength in two groups of matched patients with a C5-6 lesion at a mean age of seven years (2.7 to 13.3) were investigated. One group (23 patients) underwent nerve reconstruction and secondary operations, and the other (52 patients) underwent only secondary operations for similar initial clinical presentations. In the patients with nerve reconstruction shoulder function did not improve and they developed more severe shoulder deformities (posterior subluxation, glenoid version and scapular elevation) and required a mean of 2.4 times as many operations as patients without nerve reconstruction. This study suggests that less invasive management, addressing the muscle and bone complications, is a more effective approach. Nerve reconstruction should be reserved for those less common cases where the C5 and C6 nerve roots will not recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Traction injury to the brachial plexus sustained during the birth process that results in impaired neuromuscular function of the upper extremity continues to occur despite advances in modern obstetric care. The most common pattern of injury usually results in motor weakness of shoulder external rotation, leading to internal rotation contractures and subsequent deformity of the skeletally immature glenohumeral joint. Understanding of these deformities and effective surgical intervention have advanced greatly over the past decade. Restoration of balance between internal and external rotation forces around the shoulder has great potential for remodeling of the glenohumeral joint in the young child. Arthroscopic-directed release of the contracture, with select use of latissimus dorsi transfer to provide external rotation power, has proved to be effective for many children with these contractures.
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Nath RK, Somasundaram C, Melcher SE, Bala M, Wentz MJ. Arm rotated medially with supination - the ARMS variant: description of its surgical correction. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:32. [PMID: 19291305 PMCID: PMC2664782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients who have suffered obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) have a high incidence of musculoskeletal complications stemming from the initial nerve injury. The presence of muscle imbalances and contractures leads to typical bony changes affecting the shoulder, including the SHEAR (Scapular Hypoplasia, Elevation and Rotation) deformity. The SHEAR deformity commonly occurs in conjunction with Medial Rotation Contracture (MRC) of the arm. OBPI also causes muscle imbalances at the level of the forearm, that lead to a fixed supination deformity (SD) in a small number of patients. Both MRC and SD will cause severe functional limitations without surgical intervention. METHODS Fourteen OBPI patients were diagnosed with MRC of the shoulder and SD of the forearm along with SHEAR deformity during a 16 month study period, with eight patients available to long-term follow-up (age range 2.2 - 18 years). Surgical correction of the MRC was performed as a triangle tilt or humeral osteotomy depending on the age of the child, after which, the patients were treated with a radial osteotomy to correct the fixed supination deformity. Function was assessed using the modified Mallet scale, examination of apparent supination and appearance of the extremity at rest. RESULTS Significant functional improvements were observed in patients with surgical reconstruction. Mallet score increased by an average of 5.2 (p < 0.05). Overall forearm position was not significantly changed from an average of 5 degrees to an average of 34 degrees maximum apparent supination after both shoulder rotation and forearm rotation corrective surgeries. CONCLUSION The simultaneous presence of two opposing deformities in the same limb will visually offset each other at the level of the wrist and hand, giving the false impression of neutral positioning of the limb. In reality, the neutral-appearing position of the hand indicates a fixed supination posture of the forearm in the face of a medial rotation contracture of the shoulder. Both of these deformities require surgical attention, and the presence of concurrent MRC and SD should be monitored for in OBPI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul K Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bahm J, Ocampo-Pavez C, Disselhorst-Klug C, Sellhaus B, Weis J. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: treatment strategy, long-term results, and prognosis. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 106:83-90. [PMID: 19562016 PMCID: PMC2695299 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is rare, but the limb impairments are manifold and often long-lasting. Physiotherapy, microsurgical nerve reconstruction, secondary joint corrections, and muscle transpositions are employed with success. The role of conservative and operative treatment options should be regularly reviewed. METHODS Selective literature review (evidence levels 3 and 4) and analysis of personal clinical operative and scientific experience over the past 15 years. RESULTS Children with upper and total plexus palsy displaying nerve root avulsions and/or -ruptures are treated today by early primary nerve reconstruction in the first few months of life followed by secondary corrections, with good functional results. The late complications, with muscle weakness, impaired motion patterns, and joint dysplasia, are often underrated. CONCLUSIONS The potential for scientific analysis is limited, due to the rarity and interindividual variability of the lesions and the varying effects on function and growth. Expectations and compliance are different in every patient. Surgical techniques are not yet standardized. Knowledge of the consequences for joint growth and congruence is inadequate. Today, functional improvement can be achieved by surgery in most clinical manifestations of obstetric brachial plexus palsy, within the framework of an interdisciplinary treatment concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Bahm
- Arbeitsbereich Plastische und Handchirurgie, Franziskushospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Nau R, Christen HJ, Eiffert H. Lyme disease--current state of knowledge. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 106:72-81; quiz 82, I. [PMID: 19562015 PMCID: PMC2695290 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease is the most frequent tick-borne infectious disease in Europe. The discovery of the causative pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi in 1982 opened the way for the firm diagnosis of diseases in several clinical disciplines and for causal antibiotic therapy. At the same time, speculation regarding links between Borrelia infection and a variety of nonspecific symptoms and disorders resulted in overdiagnosis and overtreatment of suspected Lyme disease. METHOD The authors conducted a selective review of the literature, including various national and international guidelines. RESULTS The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is present in approximately 5% to 35% of sheep ticks (Ixodes ricinus) in Germany, depending on the region. In contrast to North America, different genospecies are found in Europe. The most frequent clinical manifestation of Borrelia infection is erythema migrans, followed by neuroborreliosis, arthritis, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, and lymphocytosis benigna cutis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical symptoms, and in stages II and III by detection of Borrelia-specific antibodies. In adults erythema migrans is treated with doxycycline, in children with amoxicillin. The standard treatment of neuroborreliosis is third-generation cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS After appropriate antibiotic therapy, the outcome is favorable. In approximately 95% of cases neuroborreliosis is cured without long-term sequelae. When chronic borreliosis is suspected, other potential causes of the clinical syndrome must be painstakingly excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Nau
- Geriatrisches Zentrum, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, Abteilung für Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Kirjavainen M, Remes V, Peltonen J, Rautakorpi S, Helenius I, Nietosvaara Y. The function of the hand after operations for obstetric injuries to the brachial plexus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 90:349-55. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.90b3.19830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hand function was evaluated in 105 patients who had been operated on in early infancy for brachial plexus birth palsy. The mean follow-up after surgery was for 13.4 years (5.0 to 31.5). Fine sensation, stereognosis, grip and pinch strength and the Raimondi scale were recorded. Fine sensation was normal in 34 of 49 patients (69%) with C5–6 injury, 15 of 31 (48%) with C5–7 and in 8 of 25 (32%) with total injury. Loss of protective sensation or absent sensation was noted in some palmar areas of the hand in 12 of 105 patients (11%). Normal stereognosis was recorded in 88 of the 105 patients (84%), whereas only 9 of the 105 (9%) had normal grip strength. The mean Raimondi scale scores were 4.57 (3 to 5) (C5–6), 4.26 (1 to 5) (C5–7) and 2.16 (0 to 5) in patients with total injury. The location of impaired sensation was related to the distribution of the root injury. Avulsion type of injury correlated with poor recovery of hand function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Remes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology
| | - J. Peltonen
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, PL266 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. Rautakorpi
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, PL266 Helsinki, Finland
| | - I. Helenius
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, PL266 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Y. Nietosvaara
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, PL266 Helsinki, Finland
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Nath RK, Lyons AB, Melcher SE, Paizi M. Surgical correction of the medial rotation contracture in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 89:1638-44. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b12.18757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The medial rotation contracture caused by weak external rotation secondary to obstetric brachial plexus injury leads to deformation of the bones of the shoulder. Scapular hypoplasia, elevation and rotation deformity are accompanied by progressive dislocation of the humeral head. Between February and August 2005, 44 children underwent a new surgical procedure called the ‘triangle tilt’ operation to correct this bony shoulder deformity. Surgical levelling of the distal acromioclavicular triangle combined with tightening of the posterior glenohumeral capsule (capsulorrhaphy) improved shoulder function and corrected the glenohumeral axis in these patients. The posture of the arm at rest was improved and active external rotation increased by a mean of 53° (0° to 115°) in the 40 children who were followed up for more than one year. There was a mean improvement of 4.9 points (1.7 to 8.3) of the Mallet shoulder function score after surgical correction of the bony deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Nath
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 2201 W. Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - A. B. Lyons
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 2201 W. Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - S. E. Melcher
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 2201 W. Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - M. Paizi
- Texas Nerve and Paralysis Institute, 2201 W. Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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