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Wei J, Brown C, Moore T, Graham N, Davis M, Gatehouse S, Nourse C. Implant-associated Infection After Pediatric Spine Deformity Surgery: Is Removal of Hardware Indicated? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:333-338. [PMID: 38100726 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative spinal implant infection following pediatric spinal surgery often presents a management dilemma. We aimed to characterize our experience in this cohort of patients, hoping to provide further insight when approaching these challenging cases. METHODS A retrospective, observational study was performed of all children who underwent spinal surgery from January 2015 to June 2021 in a tertiary pediatric spinal surgery referral center in Queensland, Australia. Records were reviewed to identify cases of postoperative surgical site infection, with particular focus on children with infection directly involving implants. Preoperative prophylaxis, microbiology, clinical course and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 580 children underwent 933 procedures during the study period. The most common pathology requiring surgery was idiopathic scoliosis in 257 children (44.3%) followed by neuromuscular scoliosis in 192 children (33.1%). There were 35 cases of surgical site infection (6.03%), and 9 were implant-associated (1.55%). Infection rate among children with neuromuscular spinal deformity was almost 3-fold higher (11.5%) than idiopathic (3.89%). Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated organism (n = 15). Four implant-associated infections were successfully managed with retention of implant; all were diagnosed within 32 days (median = 20 days) and cultured either Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Conversely, infections that necessitated implant removal had a more indolent onset (median = 175 days), and more often cultured Cutibacterium acnes and coagulase-negative Staphylococci . CONCLUSIONS Postoperative spinal implant infection can be treated successfully with hardware retention in select cases. Earlier presentation and recognition appear to be associated with better rates of retention and are linked to certain organisms. Further exploration of specific preventative strategies may be key in preventing devastating late-onset infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jou Wei
- From the Queensland Children's Hospital
| | | | - Tomas Moore
- Graduate Medical School, University of Queensland
| | | | | | | | - Clare Nourse
- From the Queensland Children's Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Choi SW, Lee JC, Lee WS, Hwang JY, Baek MJ, Choi YS, Jang HD, Shin BJ. Clinical differences between delayed and acute onset postoperative spinal infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29366. [PMID: 35713438 PMCID: PMC9276148 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spine surgeons often encounter cases of delayed postoperative spinal infection (PSI). Delayed-onset PSI is a common clinical problem. However, since many studies have investigated acute PSIs, reports of delayed PSI are rare. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical features, treatment course, and prognosis of delayed PSI with acute PSI.Ninety-six patients diagnosed with postoperative spinal infection were enrolled in this study. Patients were classified into 2 groups: acute onset (AO) within 90 days (n = 73) and delayed onset (DO) after 90 days (n = 23). The baseline data, clinical manifestations, specific treatments, and treatment outcomes were compared between the 2 groups.The history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and metallic instrumentation at index surgery were more DO than the AO group. The causative organisms did not differ between the 2 groups. Redness or heat sensation around the surgical wound was more frequent in the AO group (47.9%) than in the DO group (21.7%) (P = .02). The mean C-reactive protein levels during infection diagnosis was 8.9 mg/dL in the AO and 4.0 mg/dL in the DO group (P = .02). All patients in the DO group had deep-layer infection. In the DO group, revision surgery and additional instrumentation were required, and the duration of parenteral antibiotic use and total antibiotic use was significantly longer than that in the AO group. Screw loosening, disc space collapse, and instability were higher in the DO group (65.2%) than in the AO group (41.1%) (P = .04). However, the length of hospital stay did not differ between the groups.Delayed-onset PSI requires more extensive and longer treatment than acute-onset surgical site infection. Clinicians should try to detect the surgical site infection as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Choi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Chul Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Seok Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Yeong Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jung Baek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bundang CHA Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Seo Choi
- Early Childhood Education, Ewha Woman's University, Korea
| | - Hae-Dong Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tonotsuka H, Sugiyama H, Tanaka D, Ito T, Amagami A, Yonemoto K, Sato R, Saito M, Marumo K. Can sterility of stripped iodophor-impregnated plastic adhesive drape be maintained at the time of incision closure in total hip arthroplasty? ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA ET TRAUMATOLOGICA TURCICA 2020; 54:587-590. [PMID: 33423989 DOI: 10.5152/j.aott.2020.19084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the contamination rates of the skin under the iodophor-impregnated plastic adhesive drape (IOD) at the time of incision closure in total hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS A total of 225 patients undergoing primary THA (28 men, 197 women; mean age=65 years; age range=30-85) were included in this study. After asepsis using a solution of 1% chlorhexidine with 83% alcohol by volume, the surgical site was painted with a 10% povidone-iodine solution, and IOD was attached tautly at the start of surgery. Swabs of the surgical site were collected as follows: swab A from the skin before IOD application, swab B from the surface of the IOD at the time of incision closure, and swab C from the skin after peeling back the IOD. The obtained samples were promptly sent for microbiological analysis. The contamination rate was determined for swabs A, B, and C, and the contamination rate of swab C was compared with that of swabs A and B, and the bacterial species were identified. RESULTS Positive cultures were seen in 8 cases (3.6%) for swab A, 10 cases (4.4%) for swab B, and 22 cases (9.8%) for swab C. The contamination rate of swab C was significantly higher than that of swabs A (p=0.008) and B (p=0.028). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (n=10) and Cutibacterium acnes (n=7) were the most frequently cultured microorganisms from swab C. CONCLUSION In THA, the contamination rate of the skin after peeling off the IOD before incision closure was higher than that of the skin immediately after sterilization with povidone-iodine and higher than that on the IOD at the time of incision closure. The detected bacterial species were considered clinically significant pathogens. Preventive measures against infection, such as minimizing stripping of the IOD or re-sterilizing bare skin after IOD stripping, should be instituted in consideration of these findings when performing THA using IOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Tonotsuka
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugiyama
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuto Ito
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayano Amagami
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keigo Yonemoto
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sato
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan;Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Marumo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Jikei University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Boers N, Ekkelenkamp MB, Hindriks-Keegstra AW, Kruyt MC, Spierings J. Cutibacterium acnes and autoinflammatory bone disease: Case series of three patients. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108540. [PMID: 32681976 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Boers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Miquel B Ekkelenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Moyo C Kruyt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Spierings
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Real-world experience of the role of 18F FDG PET-computed tomography in chronic spinal implant infection. Nucl Med Commun 2020; 41:715-720. [PMID: 32427702 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of postinstrumentation back pain in patients after undergoing spinal surgery is a well established phenomenon. So too is the presence of infection, both overt and subclinical which can be a source of pain. The accurate assessment of infection in patients with spinal implants in situ and no overt radiological or biochemical abnormalities frequently presents a diagnostic challenge. We present our experience spanning 5 years of using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (18F FDG PET)-computed tomography (CT) scans to aid the diagnostic process in treating presumed low-grade chronic implant infection. METHODS We undertook a retrospective analysis of all patients with spinal implants in place who were referred for 18F FDG PET-CT imaging over a 5-year period. All available images, case notes and laboratory results were reviewed. RESULTS Data pertaining to 49 patients were analysed, with infection diagnosed on 18F FDG PET-CT in 24 (45%) of those sent for scanning. Fifteen patients in the cohort underwent revision surgery, and 11 of whom had been diagnosed as infected on PET-CT. Confirmation of infection with positive microbiological sampling occurred in 8/11 giving a positive predictive value of 0.72 in our series. CONCLUSION We present a real-world experience of using 18F FDG PET-CT as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with chronic pain after undergoing spinal implantation. We have found PET-CT to be a promising modality and would recommend multicentre collaboration to ensure reproducibility across more centres.
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Caseris M, Ilharreborde B, Doit C, Simon AL, Vitoux C, Poey N, Bonacorsi S, Mallet C. Is Cutibacterium acnes early surgical site infection rate related to the duration of antibiotic prophylaxis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery? EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2020; 29:1499-1504. [PMID: 32342283 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-020-06427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus located in pilosebaceous glands, usually responsible for late postoperative surgical site infections (SSI). A recent study performed in our institution highlighted an unexpected emergence of C. acnes early SSI. One potential explanation was the change of the perioperative antibioprophylaxis (ATB) protocol, which switched from 48 h postoperative cefamandole to intraoperative only cefazoline. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the influence of the ATB duration on the occurrence of C. acnes early SSI, by comparing the incidence rates during 3 consecutive ATB protocols. METHODS Between January 2007 and September 2017, all patients who underwent posterior fusion for AIS were retrospectively reviewed. Early C. acnes SSI were reported and compared between 3 periods, during which the ATB protocols were modified. January 2007-February 2012: Intraoperative Cefamandole continued 48 h (protocol 1) March 2012-August 2016: Single shot of intraoperative Cefazoline (protocol 2) September 2016-September 2017: Intraoperative Cefazoline continued 48 h (protocol 3). RESULTS Fifty-three early SSI (7.2%) were reported among the 732 posterior AIS fusions included. Global incidence of C. acnes infection was 2.9%. The incidence of C. acnes in early SSI increased from 0 to 4.9% between protocol 1 and 2, but was reduced to 1.7% with protocol 3. CONCLUSIONS Early C acnes SSI can be explained by the difficulty to eradicate this pathogen with current skin preparation procedures and some Beta-lactam antibiotics tolerance. Longer duration antibioprophylaxis is preferable to prevent from early C. acnes SSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Caseris
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Brice Ilharreborde
- Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, 48 Boulevard sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Doit
- Microbiology Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Simon
- Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, 48 Boulevard sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Christine Vitoux
- Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, 48 Boulevard sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Nora Poey
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- Microbiology Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Mallet
- Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris Diderot University, 48 Boulevard sérurier, 75019, Paris, France.
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Grossi O, Lamberet R, Longis PM, Touchais S, Boutoille D, Corvec S, Bémer P. Risk factors for Cutibacterium acnes spinal implant-associated infection: a case-case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:743-747. [PMID: 31669425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to determine the characteristics of patients who developed Cutibacterium acnes spinal implant-associated infection (SIAI) and the associated risk factors. METHODS We conducted two parallel case-control studies comparing 59 patients with SIAI caused by C. acnes (cases 1) and 93 patients with SIAI caused by other microorganisms (cases 2) diagnosed during 2010-2015 with 302 controls who underwent spinal instrumentation without subsequent infection. RESULTS Late-onset infections (median time to diagnosis, 843 days versus 23 days; p < 0.001) were more common in cases 1 than in cases 2. However, 20/59 (34%) of cases 1 occurred within the first 3 months after the index surgery. In addition, cases 1 were less likely to have fever (27%, 16/59 versus 58%, 54/93; p 0.001) or wound inflammation (39%, 23/59 versus 72%, 67/93; p < 0.001). Moreover, 24/59 (40%) of cases 1 presented with polymicrobial infections, and staphylococcal pathogens accounted for 22/24 (92%) of the co-infections. By comparing and contrasting the two multivariate risk models (cases 1 versus controls and cases 2 versus controls), the following factors associated with C. acnes SIAI development were identified: age <54 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-5.58, p 0.03), a body mass index <22 kg/m2 (aOR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17-5.29, p 0.02), and thoracic instrumentation (aOR 16.1, 95% CI 7.57-37.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Future therapeutic and prophylactic studies on C. acnes SIAI should focus on young, thin patients who undergo spinal instrumentation procedures involving the thoracic spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Grossi
- Confluent Private Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Nantes, France; University Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Nantes, France.
| | - R Lamberet
- University Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Nantes, France
| | - P-M Longis
- Confluent Private Hospital, Spine Centre, Nantes, France
| | - S Touchais
- University Hospital, Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Nantes, France
| | - D Boutoille
- University Hospital, Infectious Diseases Department, Nantes, France
| | - S Corvec
- University Hospital, Microbiology Department, Nantes, France
| | - P Bémer
- University Hospital, Microbiology Department, Nantes, France
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Zhang W, Wu Q, Zhu Y, Yang G, Yu J, Wang J, Ji H. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Induces Alterations in Ileal Microbiota With Associated CD3 -CD19 -T-bet +IFNγ +/- Cell Subset Homeostasis in Pigs Challenged With Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:977. [PMID: 31134022 PMCID: PMC6516042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (S. 4,[5],12:i:-) is an emerging foodborne pathogen causing salmonellosis in humans and animals. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is an effective strategy for controlling enteric infections through maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis and regulating the intestinal innate immune response. Here, LGG was orally administrated to newly weaned piglets for 1 week before S. 4,[5],12:i:- challenge. S. 4,[5],12:i:- challenge led to disturbed gut microbiota, characterized by increased levels of Psychrobacter, Chryseobacterium indoltheticum, and uncultured Corynebacteriaceae populations, as well as an aberrant correlation network in Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group-centric species. The beneficial effect of LGG correlated with attenuating the expansion of Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group. Fusobacterium only found in the pigs treated with LGG was positively correlated with Lactobacillus animalis and Propionibacterium. Administration of LGG induced the expansion of CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+ and CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ- cell subsets in the peripheral blood at 24 h after a challenge of S. 4,[5],12:i:-. S. 4,[5],12:i:- infection increased the population of intraepithelial CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+ and CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ- cells in the ileum; however, this increase was attenuated via LGG administration. Correlation analysis revealed that LGG enriched Flavobacterium frigidarium and Facklamia populations, which were negatively correlated with intraepithelial CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+ and CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ- cells in the ileum. The present data suggest that probiotic LGG alters gut microbiota with associated CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+/- cell subset homeostasis in pigs challenged with S. enterica 4,[5],12:i:-. LGG may be used in potential gut microbiota-targeted therapy regimens to regulate the specific immune cell function and, consequently, control enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiyan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Yu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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