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Battisti N, Cozzaglio M, Faccioli S, Perazza S, Groppi A, Menta L, Motta M, Piovesan R, Digennaro GL, Rodocanachi M, Ronchetti AB, Sarno C, Saviola D, Valagussa G, Cersosimo A. Prevention of hip dislocation in severe cerebral palsy (GMFCS III-IV-V): an interdisciplinary and multi-professional Care Pathway for clinical best practice implementation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2023; 59:714-723. [PMID: 37796120 PMCID: PMC10795071 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.23.07978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip displacement (HD) and dislocation in severe Cerebral Palsy (CP) (GMFCS III, IV, V) are important causes of worsening disability and quality of life. Prevention must be started from the first months of life through screening programs and early treatments, both conservative and surgical. Evidence from Clinical Practice Guidelines also suggests the development of Care Pathways for good clinical practice. At the beginning of 2020 an interdisciplinary, multi-professional working group, composed of 26 members (including Physiatrists, Physiotherapist, Neuro-psychomotor Therapists and Orthopedists representing the respective Italian Scientific Societies) with the involvement of the FightTheStroke Foundation families' association, was set up. AIM The aim of the multi-professional panel was the production of evidence-based recommendations for the Care Pathway "Prevention of Hip Displacement in children and adolescents with severe CP" for best clinical practice implementation in our national context. DESIGN Clinical Care Pathway (Clinical Practice Guideline). SETTING Inpatient and outpatient. POPULATION Children with severe CP (GMFCS III-IV-V). METHODS The recommendations of this Care Pathway were developed using the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) guidelines for Care Pathways development and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) working group for adoption or adaption or de novo development of recommendations from high-quality guidelines. In 2020 a multidisciplinary working group (WG) developed four research questions on the prevention of HD on the following topics: screening, botulinum toxin treatment, postural management and preventive soft tissue surgery. A comprehensive review of the biomedical literature was performed on each question. Guidelines, Systematic Reviews and Primary studies were retrieved through a top-down approach. References were screened according to inclusion criteria and quality was assessed by means of specific tools. A list of recommendations was then produced divided by intervention (screening programs, postural management, botulinum toxin, preventive surgery). In a series of meetings, the panel graduated recommendations using the GRADE evidence to decision frameworks. RESULTS Fifteen recommendations were developed: seven on screening programs, four on postural management strategies, one on botulinum toxin, and three on preventive surgery. Evidence quality was variable (from very low to moderate) and only a few strong recommendations were made. CONCLUSIONS In severe CP at high risk of hip dislocation, it is strongly recommended to start early hip surveillance programs. In our national context, there is a need to implement Screening programs and dedicated Network teams. We also strongly recommend a comprehensive approach shared with the families and goal-oriented by integrating the different therapeutic interventions, both conservative and not, within Screening programs. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT Implementing a comprehensive multi-professional approach for the prevention of hip dislocation in severe CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Battisti
- Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy -
| | - Massimo Cozzaglio
- Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Polyclinic Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Faccioli
- Children Rehabilitation Unit of S. M. Nuova Hospital, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Perazza
- Children Rehabilitation Unit of S. M. Nuova Hospital, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Lorena Menta
- Pediatric Rehabilitation Area, AUSL Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Motta
- Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni L Digennaro
- Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudia Sarno
- UFSMIA Service of Rehabilitation, Azienda Usl Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Saviola
- Cardinal Ferrari Santo Stefano Rehabilitation Center, KOS Care, Fontanellato, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulio Valagussa
- Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, Como, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersosimo
- Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
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Makaram NS, Prescott RJ, Alexander P, Robb JE, Gaston MS. Validation of a modified Care and Comfort Score and responsiveness to hip surgery in children with cerebral palsy in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V. Bone Jt Open 2023; 4:580-583. [PMID: 37558227 PMCID: PMC10412107 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.48.bjo-2023-0051.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and responsiveness to hip surgery of a four-point modified Care and Comfort Hypertonicity Questionnaire (mCCHQ) scoring tool in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V. METHODS This was a population-based cohort study in children with CP from a national surveillance programme. Reliability was assessed from 20 caregivers who completed the mCCHQ questionnaire on two occasions three weeks apart. Test-retest reliability of the mCCHQ was calculated, and responsiveness before and after surgery for a displaced hip was evaluated in a cohort of children. RESULTS Test-retest reliability for the overall mCCHQ score was good (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.78), and no dimension demonstrated poor reliability. The surgical intervention cohort comprised ten children who had preoperative and postoperative mCCHQ scores at a minimum of six months postoperatively. The mCCHQ tool demonstrated a significant improvement in overall score from preoperative assessment to six-month postoperative follow-up assessment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The mCCHQ demonstrated responsiveness to intervention and good test-retest reliability. The mCCHQ is proposed as an outcome tool for use within a national surveillance programme for children with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnit S. Makaram
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Phyllida Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James E. Robb
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark S. Gaston
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, Edinburgh, UK
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van der Linden ML, Wordie SJ, Dufton BK, Jagadamma KC, Hunter C, Mercer TH, Gaston MS, Robb JE. Leisure Time Physical Activity in Children and Young People With Cerebral Palsy: A Population-Based Study. Pediatr Phys Ther 2022; 34:230-237. [PMID: 35385459 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe leisure time physical activity in children and young people with cerebral palsy and identify barriers and facilitators to participation. METHODS Leisure time physical activity participation was derived from a national cerebral palsy register and associated factors were analyzed. Barriers and facilitators to participation were investigated through a survey. RESULTS Leisure time physical activity participation was recorded. Outcomes of participation decreased with increasing Gross Motor Function Classification System level. Leisure time physical activity "not in club" for 11- to 18-year-olds was significantly lower than for those aged 5 to 10 years for Gross Motor Function Classification System level II. The survey supported that disability and disliking help were common barriers and parental encouragement and enjoyment were common facilitators. CONCLUSIONS Data from the register and survey provide insight into factors influencing leisure time physical activity participation in young people with cerebral palsy and how to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta L van der Linden
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research (Drs van der Linden, Jagadamma, and Mercer and Ms Dufton), Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Musselburgh, United Kingdom; Royal Hospital for Sick Children (Drs Wordie and Gaston and Ms Hunter), Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (Dr Robb), University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Okuno K, Kitai Y, Shibata T, Arai H. Risk factors for hip dislocation in dyskinetic cerebral palsy. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 29:23094990211001196. [PMID: 33745368 DOI: 10.1177/23094990211001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the risk factors for hip displacement in patients with dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP). METHODS We evaluated 81 patients with DCP, 45 males and 36 females, aged 10-22 years, risk factors for hip displacement were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis with primary brain lesions, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, gestational age, birth weight, Cobb's angle, and complication of epilepsy as independent factors. Hip displacement was defined as migration percentage >30%. Primary brain lesions were classified into globus pallidus (GP), thalamus and putamen (TP), and others using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Perinatal and clinical features were compared between patients with GP lesions and those with TP lesions. RESULTS Hip displacement was observed in 53 patients (67%). Higher GMFCS levels (p = 0.013, odds ratio [OR] 2.6) and the presence of GP lesions (p = 0.04, OR 16.5) were independent risk factors for hip displacement. Patients with GP lesions showed significantly higher GMFCS levels, more frequent hip displacement, and lower gestational age and birth weight than those with TP lesions. CONCLUSION Primary brain lesion location may be an important factor in predicting hip displacement among patients with DCP. Appropriate risk assessment using brain MRI may contribute to the early detection and intervention of hip displacement because brain lesion location can be assessed during infancy before GMFCS level is decided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Okuno
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 105238Bobath Memorial Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kitai
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 105238Bobath Memorial Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Shibata
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, 105238Bobath Memorial Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arai
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 105238Bobath Memorial Hospital, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
AIMS The migration percentage (MP) is one criterion used for surgery in dislocated or displaced hips in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The MP at which a displaced hip can no longer return to normal is unclear. The aim of this paper was to identify the point of no return of the MP through a large population-based study. METHODS All children registered on the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland surveillance programme undergo regular pelvic radiographs. Any child who had a MP measuring over 35% since the programme's inception in 2013, in at least one hip and at one timepoint, was identified. The national radiography database was then interrogated to identify all pelvic radiographs for each of these children from birth through to the date of analysis. A minimum of a further two available radiographs following the initial measurement of MP ≥ 35% was required for inclusion. RESULTS A total of 239 children (346 hips) were identified as suitable for analysis at a mean of 6.5 years (2.0 to 14.8) follow-up. In all, 1,485 radiographs taken both prior to and after a hip had a MP ≥ 35% were examined and the MP measured to identify any progression of displacement. Interrogation of the data identified that hips with a MP up to 46% returned to a MP below 40% without intervention, and all hips with a MP equal to or greater than 46% displaced further and the MP did not return to the normal range. Statistical analysis showed the result to be 98% specific with this degree of certainty that hips reaching a MP ≥ 46% would not spontaneously regress. CONCLUSION These findings are clinically relevant in showing that it may be reasonable to continue to monitor hips with a MP not exceeding 46%. This threshold will also guide referral for further management of a displacing hip. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):411-414.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul R Bessell
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James E Robb
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Siemens M, Wunder S, Kraushaar J, Mortimer JA, Siddiqui M, Kane K. Hip surgery and radiology reporting for children with cerebral palsy prior to initiation of a hip surveillance program. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2021; 14:257-263. [PMID: 34092658 DOI: 10.3233/prm-201506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hip displacement impacts quality of life for many children with cerebral palsy (CP). While early detection can help avoid dislocation and late-stage surgery, formalized surveillance programs are not ubiquitous. This study aimed to examine: 1) surgical practices around pediatric hip displacement for children with CP in a region without formalized hip surveillance; and 2) utility of MP compared to traditional radiology reporting for quantifying displacement. METHODS A retrospective chart review examined hip displacement surgeries performed on children with CP between 2007-2016. Surgeries were classified as preventative, reconstructive, or salvage. Pre- and post-operative migration percentage (MP) was calculated for available radiographs using a mobile application and compared using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. MPs were also compared with descriptions in the corresponding radiology reports using directed and conventional content analyses. RESULTS Data from 67 children (115 surgical hips) were included. Primary surgery types included preventative (63.5% hips), reconstructive (36.5%), or salvage (0%). For the 92 hips with both radiology reports and radiographs available, reports contained a range of descriptors that inconsistently reflected the retrospectively-calculated MPs. CONCLUSION Current radiology reporting practices do not appear to effectively describe hip displacement for children with CP. Therefore, standardized reporting of MP is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Wunder
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Wascana Rehabilitation Centre, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Kraushaar
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Wascana Rehabilitation Centre, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - J Alexandra Mortimer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Jim Pattison Children's Hospital, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Kyra Kane
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Wascana Rehabilitation Centre, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Regina, SK, Canada
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Wek C, Chowdhury P, Smith C, Kokkinakis M. Is the Gothic Arch a reliable radiographic landmark for migration percentage in children with cerebral palsy? J Child Orthop 2020; 14:397-404. [PMID: 33204347 PMCID: PMC7666799 DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.14.200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reimers migration percentage (MP) is the gold standard for measuring hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Hip surveillance registries proposed using the top of the Gothic arch (GA) as a modification in patients with acetabular dysplasia because the classical method (CM) described by Reimers may underestimate hip migration. The aim of this study is to assess the inter- and intra-observer reliability of the modified method (MM) versus the CM and identify their effect on the MP. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 50 children with CP, who had a hip radiograph at our institution between 1st April 2014 and 28th February 2018. All hip radiographs were carefully selected to show the presence of a GA. Four observers measured the MP using the CM and MM for each patient. Interclass coefficient was used to estimate inter- and intra-observer reliability. RESULTS Inter-observer reliability was excellent for the CM with ICC 0.96 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.97) and good for the MM, ICC 0.78 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.89) p < 0.001. Intra-observer reliability was excellent for both methods raging from ICC 0.94 to 0.99 for the CM and ICC 0.89 to 0.95 for the MM. The mean MP was 19% for the CM and 28% for the MM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The CM is more reliable than the MM to measure hip migration in children with CP. If the CM is used and acetabular dysplasia with a GA are present on the hip radiograph, then a 9% hip migration underestimation should be considered on decisions for both referral and surgical management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caesar Wek
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK,Correspondence should be sent to Caesar Wek, King’s College Hospital - Trauma & Orthopaedics, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Michail Kokkinakis
- Evelina London Children’s Hospital, London, UK,King’s College London University, London, UK
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Marson BA, Oakley BJ, Srinivasan S, S S, Chell J, Halliday K, Hunter J, Price K. Is it safe for extended-role radiographers to measure migration percentage in children with cerebral palsy? Radiography (Lond) 2020; 26:e246-e250. [PMID: 32335020 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the surveillance of children with cerebral palsy, the measurement of migration percentage is used to identify children at risk of hip dislocation. Early identification of children at risk facilitates early intervention with less invasive surgical procedures to prevent further deterioration. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of the measurements of migration percentage for surveillance in cerebral palsy by extended-role radiographers by evaluating the reliability and validity of measurements performed by these professionals. METHODS A sample of thirty pelvic x-rays were selected from the local cerebral palsy database. A range of hip displacement was selected including some challenging borderline x-rays. All ten extended-role radiographers completed measurements using TraumaCAD which were repeated at a minimum of 4 weeks. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients. The accuracy and safety of the system was evaluated by converting measurements into referral categories (red, amber or green) and cohen's kappa was calculated when categories were compared to measurements to orthopaedic surgeon RESULTS: The inter-rater reliability between radiographers was 0.938 (95% CI 0.914-0.991). The intra-rater reliability was 0.941 (95% CI 0.931-0.949). The percentage agreement was 94.8% for green, 93.8% for amber and 98.2% for red hips. The weighted kappa value was 0.923 (95% CI 0.889-0.957). CONCLUSION The reliability and accuracy of radiographer measurement of migration percentage is excellent. It is safe for radiographers to calculate the migration percentage using semi-automated software for the surveillance of children with cerebral palsy. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE We recommend the measurement of migration percentage may be performed by extended-role radiographers to deliver accurate and reliable measurements for use in cerebral palsy surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Marson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Nottingham Children's Hospital, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - B J Oakley
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Kings Mill Hospital, Sutton on Ashfield, NG17 4JL, United Kingdom.
| | - S Srinivasan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Kings Mill Hospital, Sutton on Ashfield, NG17 4JL, United Kingdom.
| | - S S
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Kings Mill Hospital, Sutton on Ashfield, NG17 4JL, United Kingdom.
| | - J Chell
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Nottingham Children's Hospital, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - K Halliday
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham Children's Hospital, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - J Hunter
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Nottingham Children's Hospital, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - K Price
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Nottingham Children's Hospital, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Wordie SJ, Robb JE, Hägglund G, Bugler KE, Gaston MS. Hip displacement and dislocation in a total population of children with cerebral palsy in Scotland. Bone Joint J 2020; 102-B:383-387. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.102b3.bjj-2019-1203.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of hip displacement and dislocation in a total population of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Scotland before and after the initiation of a hip surveillance programme. Patients A total of 2,155 children with CP are registered in the Cerebral Palsy Integrated Pathway Scotland (CPIPS) surveillance programme, which began in 2013. Physical examination and hip radiological data are collected according to nationally agreed protocols. Methods Age, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, subtype of CP, migration percentage (MP), and details of hip surgery were analyzed for all children aged between two and 16 years taken from a time of census in March 2019 and compared to the same data from the initial registration of children in the CPIPS. Displacement of the hip was defined as a MP of between 40% and 99%, and dislocation as a MP of 100%. Results A total of 1,646 children were available for analysis at the time of the census and 1,171 at their first registration in CPIPS. The distribution of age, sex, and GMFCS levels were similar in the two groups. The prevalence of displacement and dislocation of the hip before surveillance began were 10% (117/1,171) and 2.5% (29/1,171) respectively, and at the time of the census were 4.5% (74/1,646) and 1.3% (21/1,646), respectively. Dislocation was only seen in GMFCS levels IV and V and displacement seen in 90.5% (67/74) of these levels and 9.5% (7/74) in levels I to III. In total, 138 children had undergone hip surgery during the study period. The hip redisplaced after the initial surgery in 15 children; seven of these had undergone a second procedure and at the time of the census the hips in all seven had a MP < 40. Conclusion Hip surveillance appears to be effective and has reduced the prevalence of hip displacement by over half and dislocation almost by half in these children. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(3):383–387
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. Robb
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Gunnar Hägglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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