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Popović T, Matavulj M, Nežić L, Radulović TN, Škrbić R. Pulsed electromagnetic field attenuates bone fragility in estrogen-deficient osteoporosis in rats. Technol Health Care 2023:THC220642. [PMID: 36641696 DOI: 10.3233/thc-220642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) seem effective in increasing bone mineral density and promoting osteogenesis and bone healing. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of two different modalities of PEMFs therapy in comparison with the recommended pharmacological treatment on experimental osteoporosis in rats. METHODS The experimental model of estrogen-deficient osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy was used in this study. The animals were exposed to PEMFs of various frequencies (40 Hz and 25 Hzk), intensities (10 mT and 36.4 μT), lengths of exposure, and the effects were compared with the standard treatment with pamidronate, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation. RESULTS The application of PEMF40Hz, significantly reduced the osteoporotic bone loss in female rats that were confirmed with biochemical, biomechanical, and histological analyses. These effects were more pronounced than in osteoporotic animals treated with pamidronate, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation. On the contrary, the exposure to PEMF25Hz did not show restorative effects but led to further progression of osteoporosis. CONCLUSION The exposure to PEMF40Hz, significantly restored osteoporosis and attenuated bone fragility in comparison to the rats exposed to PEMF25Hz or those treated with pamidronate, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Popović
- Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation "Dr. Miroslav Zotović", Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Milica Matavulj
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lana Nežić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tatjana Nožica Radulović
- Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation "Dr. Miroslav Zotović", Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Field (PEMF) Effect on Bone Healing in Animal Models: A Review of Its Efficacy Related to Different Type of Damage. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030402. [PMID: 35336776 PMCID: PMC8945722 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are a type of biophysical stimulation that has been shown to be effective in improving bone regeneration and preventing bone loss. Their use dates back to the 1970s, but a gold standard treatment protocol has not yet been defined. PEMF efficacy relies on the generation of biopotentials, which activate several molecular pathways. There is currently no clear understanding of the effects on bone healing and, in addition, there are several animal models relevant to this issue. Therefore, drawing guidelines and conclusions from the analysis of the studies is difficult. In vivo investigations on PEMF stimulation are reviewed in this paper, focusing on molecular and morphological improvements in bone. Currently, there is little knowledge about the biological mechanism of PEMF and its effect on bone healing. This is due to the variability of crucial characteristics of electro-magnetic fields, such as amplitude and exposure frequency, which may influence the type of biological response. Furthermore, a different responsiveness of cells involved in the bone healing process is documented. Heterogeneous setting parameters and different outcome measures are considered in various animal models. Therefore, achieving comparable results is difficult. Abstract Biophysical energies are a versatile tool to stimulate tissues by generating biopotentials. In particular, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation has intrigued researchers since the 1970s. To date, many investigations have been carried out in vivo, but a gold standard treatment protocol has not yet been defined. The main obstacles are represented by the complex setting of PEMF characteristics, the variety of animal models (including direct and indirect bone damage) and the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular pathways involved. In the present review the main studies about PEMF stimulation in animal models with bone impairment were reviewed. PEMF signal characteristics were investigated, as well as their effect on molecular pathways and osseous morphological features. We believe that this review might be a useful starting point for a prospective study in a clinical setting. Consistent evidence from the literature suggests a potential beneficial role of PEMF in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the wide variability of selected parameters (frequency, duration, and amplitude) and the heterogeneity of applied protocols make it difficult to draw certain conclusions about PEMF effectiveness in clinical implementation to promote bone healing. Deepening the knowledge regarding the most consistent results reported in literature to date, we believe that this review may be a useful starting point to propose standardized experimental guidelines. This might provide a solid base for further controlled trials, to investigate PEMF efficacy in bone damage conditions during routine clinical practice.
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Lin CC, Chang YT, Lin RW, Chang CW, Wang GJ, Lai KA. Single pulsed electromagnetic field restores bone mass and microarchitecture in denervation/disuse osteopenic mice. Med Eng Phys 2020; 80:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Galli C, Colangelo M, Pedrazzi G, Guizzardi S. The Response of Osteoblasts and Bone to Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Fields: Insights from the Literature. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:127-147. [PMID: 30997574 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been proposed as a tool to ameliorate bone formation and healing. Despite their promising results, however, they have failed to enter routine clinical protocols to treat bone conditions where higher bone mass has to be achieved. This is no doubt also due to a fundamental lack of knowledge and understanding on their effects and the optimal settings for attaining the desired therapeutic effects. This review analysed the available in vitro and in vivo studies that assessed the effects of sinusoidal EMFs (SEMFs) on bone and bone cells, comparing the results and investigating possible mechanisms of action by which SEMFs interact with tissues and cells. The effects of SEMFs on bone have not been as thoroughly investigated as pulsed EMFs; however, abundant evidence shows that SEMFs affect the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells, acting on multiple cellular mechanisms. SEMFs have also proven to increase bone mass in rodents under normal conditions and in osteoporotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Colangelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Histology and Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Pedrazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - S Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Histology and Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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5
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Guo L, Zhang JP, Zhang KY, Wang HB, Wang H, An GZ, Zhou Y, Meng GL, Ding GR. Effects of 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field on microstructure and bone metabolism of femur in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:386-393. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ying Zhang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Bo Wang
- Brigade of Cadets; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Zhou An
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Lin Meng
- Institute of Orthopaedics; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Department of Radiation Biology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi′an Shaanxi People's Republic of China
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Pereira A, Hidalgo Díaz JJ, Saur M, Salazar Botero S, Facca S, Liverneaux P. Carpal scaphoid non-union treatment: a retrospective trial comparing simple retrograde percutaneous screw fixation versus percutaneous screw fixation plus pulsed electromagnetic fields (Physiostim®). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2017; 27:521-525. [DOI: 10.1007/s00590-017-1960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lei T, Li F, Liang Z, Tang C, Xie K, Wang P, Dong X, Shan S, Liu J, Xu Q, Luo E, Shen G. Effects of four kinds of electromagnetic fields (EMF) with different frequency spectrum bands on ovariectomized osteoporosis in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:553. [PMID: 28373666 PMCID: PMC5428825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) was considered as a non-invasive modality for treatment of osteoporosis while the effects were diverse with EMF parameters in time domain. In present study, we extended analysis of EMF characteristics from time domain to frequency domain, aiming to investigate effects of four kinds of EMF (LP (1–100 Hz), BP (100–3,000 Hz), HP (3,000–50,000 Hz) and AP (1–50,000 Hz)) on ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporosis (OP) in mice. Forty-eight 3-month-old female BALB/c mice were equally assigned to Sham, OVX, OVX + LP, OVX + BP, OVX + HP and OVX + AP groups (n = 8). After 8-week exposure (3 h/day), LP and BP significantly increased serum bone formation markers and osteogenesis-related gene expressions compared with OVX. Bedsides, LP and BP also slightly increased bone resorption activity compared with OVX, evidenced by increased RANKL/OPG ratio. HP sharply decreased serum bone formation and resporption markers and osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis related gene expressions compared with OVX. AP had accumulative effects of LP, BP and HP, which significantly increased bone formation and decreased bone resporption activity compared with OVX. As a result, LP, BP and HP exposure did not later deterioration of bone mass, microarchitecture and mechanical strength in OVX mice with OP. However, AP stimulation attenuated OVX-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Feijiang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chi Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangning Xie
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Dong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Shan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiaoling Xu
- School of Nursing, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Erping Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China.
| | - Guanghao Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 West Changle Road, Xi'an, China.
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Simpson AHRW, Murray IR, Duckworth AD. Equipoise and the technology curve: Relevance in the design of Surgical trials. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:520-522. [PMID: 27784670 PMCID: PMC5108355 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.510.2000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A H R W Simpson
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Editorin-Chief, Bone & Joint Research, 22 Buckingham Street, London WC2N 6ET, UK
| | - I R Murray
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, UK
| | - A D Duckworth
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, UK
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Wang R, Wu H, Yang Y, Song M. Effects of electromagnetic fields on osteoporosis: A systematic literature review. Electromagn Biol Med 2016; 35:384-90. [PMID: 27356174 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) as a safe, effective and noninvasive treatment have been researched and used for many years in orthopedics, and the common use clinically is to promote fracture healing. The effects of EMFs on osteoporosis have not been well concerned. The balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity as well as the balance between osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells plays an important role in the process of osteoporosis. A number of recent reports suggest that EMFs have a positive impact on the balances. In this review, we discuss the recent advances of EMFs in the treatment of osteoporosis from basic research to clinical study and introduce the possible mechanism. In addition, we presented future perspectives of application of EMFs for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , General Hospital of the Yangtse River Shipping , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- b Department of Orthopedics , Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Yong Yang
- b Department of Orthopedics , Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Song
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Hubei , P. R. China
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Erkut A, Tumkaya L, Balik MS, Kalkan Y, Guvercin Y, Yilmaz A, Yuce S, Cure E, Sehitoglu I. The effect of prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field on calcineurin and bone development in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:74-83. [PMID: 26959616 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160020000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigated the effects of exposure to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) on bone development during the prenatal period in rats. METHODS Pregnant rats in the experimental group were exposed to radiation for six, 12, and 24 hours daily for 20 days. No radiation was given to the pregnant rats in the control group. We distributed the newborn rats into four groups according to prenatal EMF exposure as follows: Group 1 was not exposed to EMF; groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to EMF for six, 12, and 24 hours a day, respectively. The rats were evaluated at the end of the 60th day following birth. RESULTS Increasing the duration of EMF exposure during the prenatal period resulted in a significant reduction of resting cartilage levels and a significant increase in the number of apoptotic chondrocytes and myocytes. There was also a reduction in calcineurin activities in both bone and muscle tissues. We observed that the development of the femur, tibia, and ulna were negatively affected, especially with a daily EMF exposure of 24 hours. CONCLUSION Bone and muscle tissue development was negatively affected due to prenatal exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Erkut
- School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | | | - Yildiray Kalkan
- School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Guvercin
- School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Yuce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kumru State Hospital, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global public health problem currently affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. Major research efforts are being made to improve the outcomes for patients with osteoporosis. However, the treatment of fractures associated with osteoporosis remains unsatisfactory. Animal models continue to be an important tool for establishing strategies to treat osteoporotic fractures, and various methods of inducing osteoporosis have been used. Investigators must select a model that best reflects the clinical problem being studied, and the underlying pathophysiology of the osteoporosis in the target patient group. In particular a model for Type I post-menopausal osteoporosis should mimic a fall in oestrogen and rise in osteoclast activity observed with this condition, whereas a model for type II 'senile' osteoporosis should mimic the fall in osteoblast activity. Unfortunately, there is no single all-encompassing model that precisely imitates the underlying osteoporosis or the fracture patterns seen in humans. As such the choice of species and model must be individualised to the scientific question being addressed. This article summarises general considerations when choosing an osteoporotic fracture model and outlines existing models of osteoporosis. The most appropriate model in a range of osteoporotic fracture research scenarios are subsequently considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamish Simpson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Iain R Murray
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Atalay Y, Gunes N, Guner MD, Akpolat V, Celik MS, Guner R. Pentoxifylline and electromagnetic field improved bone fracture healing in rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015; 9:5195-201. [PMID: 26388687 PMCID: PMC4571933 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s89669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX), electromagnetic fields (EMFs), and a mixture of both materials on bone fracture healing in a rat model. Materials and methods Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group A, femur fracture model with no treatment; Group B, femur fracture model treated with PTX 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection; Group C, femur fracture model treated with EMF 1.5±0.2 Mt/50 Hz/6 hours/day; and Group D, femur fracture model treated with PTX 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection and EMF 1.5±0.2 Mt/50 Hz/6 hours/day. Results Bone fracture healing was significantly better in Group B and Group C compared to Group A (P<0.05), but Group D did not show better bone fracture healing than Group A (P>0.05). Conclusion It can be concluded that both a specific EMF and PTX had a positive effect on bone fracture healing but when used in combination, may not be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Atalay
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Nedim Gunes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | | | - Veysi Akpolat
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Salih Celik
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Rezzan Guner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Gungor HR, Akkaya S, Ok N, Yorukoglu A, Yorukoglu C, Kiter E, Oguz EO, Keskin N, Mete GA. Chronic Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Devices Deserves Screening for Osteoporosis and Vitamin D Levels: A Rat Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8919-32. [PMID: 26264009 PMCID: PMC4555256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Technicians often receive chronic magnetic exposures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, mainly due to static magnetic fields (SMFs). Here, we ascertain the biological effects of chronic exposure to SMFs from MRI devices on the bone quality using rats exposed to SMFs in MRI examining rooms. Eighteen Wistar albino male rats were randomly assigned to SMF exposure (A), sham (B), and control (C) groups. Group A rats were positioned within 50 centimeters of the bore of the magnet of 1.5 T MRI machine during the nighttime for 8 weeks. We collected blood samples for biochemical analysis, and bone tissue samples for electron microscopic and histological analysis. The mean vitamin D level in Group A was lower than in the other groups (p = 0.002). The mean cortical thickness, the mean trabecular wall thickness, and number of trabeculae per 1 mm2 were significantly lower in Group A (p = 0.003). TUNEL assay revealed that apoptosis of osteocytes were significantly greater in Group A than the other groups (p = 0.005). The effect of SMFs in chronic exposure is related to movement within the magnetic field that induces low-frequency fields within the tissues. These fields can exceed the exposure limits necessary to deteriorate bone microstructure and vitamin D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun R Gungor
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Semih Akkaya
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Nusret Ok
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Aygun Yorukoglu
- Pathology Department, Servergazi State Hospital, Denizli 20100, Turkey.
| | - Cagdas Yorukoglu
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Esat Kiter
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Emin O Oguz
- Histology and Embriology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Nazan Keskin
- Histology and Embriology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
| | - Gulcin A Mete
- Histology and Embriology Department, Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli 20070, Turkey.
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