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Murray IR, Makaram NS, Geeslin AG, Chahla J, Moatshe G, Crossley K, Kew ME, Davis A, Tuca M, Potter H, Janse van Rensburg DC, Emery CA, Eun S, Grindem H, Noyes FR, Marx RG, Harner C, Levy BA, King E, Cook JL, Whelan DB, Hatch GF, Wahl CJ, Thorborg K, Irrgang JJ, Pujol N, Medvecky MJ, Stuart MJ, Krych AJ, Engebretsen L, Stannard JP, MacDonald P, Seil R, Fanelli GC, Maak TG, Shelbourne KD, Verhagen E, Musahl V, Hirschmann MT, Miller MD, Schenck RC, LaPrade RF. Multiligament knee injury (MLKI): an expert consensus statement on nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2024-108089. [PMID: 39237264 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) represent a broad spectrum of pathology with potentially devastating consequences. Currently, disagreement in the terminology, diagnosis and treatment of these injuries limits clinical care and research. This study aimed to develop consensus on the nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation strategies for patients with MLKI, while identifying important research priorities for further study. An international consensus process was conducted using validated Delphi methodology in line with British Journal of Sports Medicine guidelines. A multidisciplinary panel of 39 members from 14 countries, completed 3 rounds of online surveys exploring aspects of nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and future research priorities. Levels of agreement (LoA) with each statement were rated anonymously on a 5-point Likert scale, with experts encouraged to suggest modifications or additional statements. LoA for consensus in the final round were defined 'a priori' if >75% of respondents agreed and fewer than 10% disagreed, and dissenting viewpoints were recorded and discussed. After three Delphi rounds, 50 items (92.6%) reached consensus. Key statements that reached consensus within nomenclature included a clear definition for MLKI (LoA 97.4%) and the need for an updated MLKI classification system that classifies injury mechanism, extent of non-ligamentous structures injured and the presence or absence of dislocation. Within diagnosis, consensus was reached that there should be a low threshold for assessment with CT angiography for MLKI within a high-energy context and for certain injury patterns including bicruciate and PLC injuries (LoA 89.7%). The value of stress radiography or intraoperative fluoroscopy also reached consensus (LoA 89.7%). Within treatment, it was generally agreed that existing literature generally favours operative management of MLKI, particularly for young patients (LoA 100%), and that single-stage surgery should be performed whenever possible (LoA 92.3%). This consensus statement will facilitate clinical communication in MLKI, the care of these patients and future research within MLKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Robert Murray
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Navnit S Makaram
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Gilbert Moatshe
- Orthopaedic Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australian IOC Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Maria Tuca
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hollis Potter
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Chair, Medical Advisory Panel, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology and Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - SeungPyo Eun
- Dr. Eun's Korea Orthopaedic Clinic, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Hege Grindem
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank R Noyes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mercyhealth-Cincinnati Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert G Marx
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chris Harner
- Office of Orthopedic Devices, Office of Health Technology 6, Silverspring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce A Levy
- Jewett Orthopedic Institute, Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Enda King
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - James L Cook
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, Mizzou Joint & Limb Preservation Center, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel B Whelan
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George F Hatch
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Wahl
- Surgical Sports Medicine and Trauma, Proliance Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Orthopedic Department, Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C), Amager - Hvidovre Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James J Irrgang
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas Pujol
- Department of Orthopedics, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Michael J Medvecky
- Section of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Lars Engebretsen
- Orthopaedic Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - James P Stannard
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Romain Seil
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hopsitalier de Luxembourg-Clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods (HOSD), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Gregory C Fanelli
- Geisinger Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Travis G Maak
- University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Evert Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Volker Musahl
- UPMC Freddie Fu Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael T Hirschmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Bruderholz, Switzerland
| | - Mark D Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert C Schenck
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Robert F LaPrade
- Orthopedic Surgery, Twin Cities Orthopedics Edina-Crosstown, Edina, Minnesota, USA
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Alazzeh MS, Naseh HAM, Vasiliadis A, Laupheimer M, Kalifis G, Al‐Dolaymi A, Macchiarola L, Marín Fermín T. Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular knee injections from open preparation techniques do not pose a higher risk of joint infection: A systematic review of 91 randomized controlled trials and 5914 injections. J Exp Orthop 2024; 11:e70002. [PMID: 39318712 PMCID: PMC11420304 DOI: 10.1002/jeo2.70002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the infection rate of intraarticular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) knee injections between open and closed techniques in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the last decade. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, PubMed, Scopus and Virtual Health Library were accessed in October 2022 using the terms 'platelet-rich plasma', 'PRP', 'knee' and 'tibiofemoral' alone and in combination with Boolean operators AND/OR. RCTs published during the last 10 years evaluating PRP intra-articular knee injections were considered eligible. Studies were excluded if the kit/preparation technique was not described. Data were presented using individual studies' absolute values, totals, and pooled percentages. Publication bias was assessed using the ROBIS tool. Results Ninety-one studies met the predetermined eligibility criteria. Forty-one implemented a closed technique, while 50 were open. All studies implementing a closed technique disclosed their commercial kits. Only 16 studies (17.58%) failed to report joint infections. Among the studies reporting joint infections as outcomes, 30 implemented a closed technique with 1195 patients, 1921 intra-articular knee injections and 95.44% of patient follow-up. On the other hand, 45 of them implemented an open technique with 2290 patients, 3993 intra-articular knee injections and 97.07% of patient follow-up. No patient had a joint infection among the included studies. Thirty-three studies prepared their PRP in controlled environments (36.26%). Most studies did not report where the preparation occurred (48.35%). Only twelve studies disclosed using laminar flow during preparation (13.19%). The infection rate for both techniques was 0 per 1000 knee injections. Conclusion Open PRP preparation techniques do not pose a higher risk of joint infection and can lower manufacturing costs when appropriate facilities are available. However, PRP preparation setting and laminar flow implementation data are deficient, and minimal requirements for good manufacturing practices demand further studies while adhering to local and regional regulations. Level of Evidence Level I, systematic review of RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelo Vasiliadis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Trauma UnitSt. Luke's HospitalThessalonikiGreece
| | - Markus Laupheimer
- SwisssportscareZurichSwitzerland
- The Centre for Sports & Exercise MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Georgios Kalifis
- Thessaloniki Minimally Invasive Surgery (TheMIS) Orthopaedic CenterSt. Luke's HospitalThessalonikiGreece
| | | | - Luca Macchiarola
- Ospedale Casa Sollievo della SofferenzaSan Giovanni RotondoFoggiaItaly
| | - Theodorakys Marín Fermín
- Thessaloniki Minimally Invasive Surgery (TheMIS) Orthopaedic CenterSt. Luke's HospitalThessalonikiGreece
- Centro Médico Profesional Las MercedesCaracasVenezuela
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Marín Fermín T, Calcei JG, Della Vedova F, Martinez Cano JP, Arias Calderon C, Imam MA, Khoury M, Laupheimer MW, D'Hooghe P. Review of Dohan Eherenfest et al. (2009) on "Classification of platelet concentrates: From pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)". J ISAKOS 2024; 9:215-220. [PMID: 37562572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This classic discusses the original publication of Dohan Eherenfest et al. on "Classification of platelet concentrates: from pure platelet-rich plasma (P-PRP) to leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF)", in which the authors propose four categories of platelet concentrates depending on their leucocyte and fibrin content (P-PRP, leucocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP), pure platelet-rich fibrin (P-PRF), and L-PRF) to group a "jungle" of products in which the term platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was used indistinctly. They were able to identify common factors such as: (1) the use of anticoagulants and immediate centrifugation of the blood after its collection; (2) most preparation techniques allowed platelet concentrate preparation within an hour; (3) the centrifugation aimed to separate the blood in layers that would allow the extraction of specific fractions; and (4) the product was activated with thrombin or calcium chloride. The reviewed manuscript has been listed among the most cited PRP articles in regenerative medicine, with more than 800 citations, driving current scientific research and clinical practise by categorising L-PRP and P-PRP (now, leucocyte-poor PRP). The classification has also opened the door to understanding intrinsic biological mechanisms between platelets, leukocytes, fibrin, and growth factors, which will later be considered for studying the proliferation and differentiation of cells in different tissues affected by PRP. Since the initial classification of platelet concentrates, several other classification systems have been proposed and published in the current literature such as platelet, activation, white blood cell (PAW), Mishra, platelet, leucocyte, red blood cells, and activation (PLRA), dose of platelet, efficiency, purity, and activation (DEPA), method, activation, red blood cells, spin, platelets, image guidance, leukocytes, and light activation (MARSPILL), etc. These classifications have identified important aspects of PRP that affect the biological composition and, ultimately, the indications and outcomes. To date, there is still a lack of standardisation in sample preparation, cohort heterogeneity, and incomplete reporting of sample preparation utilised, leading to a lack of clarity and challenging researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodorakys Marín Fermín
- Centro Médico Profesional Las Mercedes, Las Mercedes 1060, Caracas, Venezuela; Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Inside Aspire Zone, Al Buwairda St, 29222, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Jacob G Calcei
- University Hospitals Drusinsky Sports Medicine Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | | | | | - Claudia Arias Calderon
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Jesús María 15072, Peru
| | - Mohamed A Imam
- Smart Health Centre, University of East London, London E16 2RD, UK; Rowley Bristow Orthopaedic Unit, Ashford and St Peter's Hospital, Ashford TW15 3AA, UK
| | - Miguel Khoury
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Inside Aspire Zone, Al Buwairda St, 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Markus W Laupheimer
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Inside Aspire Zone, Al Buwairda St, 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pieter D'Hooghe
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Inside Aspire Zone, Al Buwairda St, 29222, Doha, Qatar
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Murray IR, McAdams TR, Hammond KE, Haddad FS, Rodeo SA, Abrams GD, Bankston L, Bedi A, Boublik M, Bowen M, Bradley JP, Cooper DE, Craythorne C, Curl LA, ElAttrache N, Gazzaniga DS, Kaplan K, Khalfayan EE, Larson C, Pepe M, Price MD, Schroeppel JP, Voos J, Waslewski G, West R. The Use of Biologics in NFL Athletes: An Expert Consensus of NFL Team Physicians. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671221143778. [PMID: 36798799 PMCID: PMC9926009 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221143778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of published information outlining the use of biologics in National Football League (NFL) athletes and limited data to guide biologic treatment strategies. Purpose To develop a consensus on the use of biologics among NFL team physicians. Study Design Consensus statement. Methods A working group of 6 experts convened a consensus process involving NFL team physicians using validated Delphi methodology. Physicians from 32 NFL teams as well as NFL London were invited to take part. This iterative process was used to define statements on the use of biologics in NFL athletes. A recent scoping review exploring biologics in professional athletes was used to inform the first of 3 rounds of surveys, with statements considered under 7 headings: biologics in general, challenges of treating NFL athletes, terminology/nomenclature, autologous blood products, cell-based therapies, guidance for NFL team physicians, and biologic research in the NFL. In addition to rating agreement, experts were encouraged to propose further items or modifications. Predefined criteria were used to refine item lists after each survey. For a consensus within the final round, defined a priori, items were included in the final information set if a minimum of 75% of respondents agreed and fewer than 10% disagreed. Results Physicians from 26 NFL teams and NFL London responded to the initial invitation to participate in the Delphi process; 88.9% of participating team physicians completed the round 1 survey, with response rates of 87.5% in round 2 and 95.2% in round 3. After 3 rounds, 47 statements reached a consensus. A consensus was achieved that platelet-rich plasma has a positive impact on patellar tendinopathy and on symptoms in early osteoarthritis but not for other indications. NFL team physicians agreed that while cell therapies have the potential to improve symptoms, the misrepresentation of uncharacterized preparations as "stem cells" has contributed to the widespread use of unproven therapies. Conclusion This study established an expert consensus on 47 statements relating to the use of biologics in NFL athletes. In addition to providing clinical guidance for the use of biologics in NFL athletes, this study identified key areas for future focus including the development of athlete education materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Geoffrey D. Abrams
- Geoffrey D. Abrams, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Stanford University, 450 Broadway Street, Redwood City, 94063,CA, USA (
)
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Makaram NS, Murray IR, Geeslin AG, Chahla J, LaPrade RF. Diagnosis and treatment strategies of the multiligament injured knee. Bone Jt Open 2022; 3:894-897. [DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.311.bjo-2022-0086.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Multiligament knee injuries (MLKI) are devastating injuries that can result in significant morbidity and time away from sport. There remains considerable variation in strategies employed for investigation, indications for operative intervention, outcome reporting, and rehabilitation following these injuries. At present no study has yet provided a comprehensive overview evaluating the extent, range, and overall summary of the published literature pertaining to MLKI. Our aim is to perform a methodologically rigorous scoping review, mapping the literature evaluating the diagnosis and management of MLKI. Methods This scoping review will address three aims: firstly, to map the current extent and nature of evidence for diagnosis and management of MLKI; secondly, to summarize and disseminate existing research findings to practitioners; and thirdly, to highlight gaps in current literature. A three-step search strategy as described by accepted methodology will be employed to identify peer-reviewed literature including reviews, technical notes, opinion pieces, and original research. An initial limited search will be performed to determine suitable search terms, followed by an expanded search of four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science). Two reviewers will independently screen identified studies for final inclusion. Dissemination We will map key concepts and evidence, and disseminate existing research findings to the wider orthopaedic and sports medicine community, through both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed literature, and conference and in-person communications. We will highlight gaps in the current literature and determine future priorities for further research. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):894–897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnit S. Makaram
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iain R. Murray
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Murray IR, Makaram NS, Rodeo SA, Safran MR, Sherman SL, McAdams TR, Murray AD, Haddad FS, Abrams GD. Biologics in professional and Olympic sport: a scoping review. Bone Joint J 2021; 103-B:1189-1196. [PMID: 34192936 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.103b7.bjj-2020-2282.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to prepare a scoping review to investigate the use of biologic therapies in the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries in professional and Olympic athletes. METHODS Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews and Arksey and O'Malley frameworks were followed. A three-step search strategy identified relevant published primary and secondary studies, as well as grey literature. The identified studies were screened with criteria for inclusion comprising clinical studies evaluating the use of biologic therapies in professional and Olympic athletes, systematic reviews, consensus statements, and conference proceedings. Data were extracted using a standardized tool to form a descriptive analysis and a thematic summary. RESULTS A total of 202 studies were initially identified, and 35 met criteria for the scoping review; 33 (94.3%) were published within the last eight years, and 18 (51.4%) originated from the USA. Platelet rich plasma was the most studied biologic therapy, being evaluated in 33 (94.3%) studies. Ulnar collateral ligament and hamstring injuries were the conditions most studied (nine (25.7%) studies and seven (20.0%) studies, respectively). Athletes most frequently participated in baseball, soccer, and American football. Only two (5.7%) studies were level 1 evidence, with interpretation and comparison between studies limited by the variations in the injury profile, biologic preparations, and rehabilitation protocols. CONCLUSION There is diverse use of biologic therapies in the management of musculoskeletal injuries in professional and Olympic athletes. There is currently insufficient high-level evidence to support the widespread use of biologic therapies in athletes. Further research priorities include the development of condition/pathology-specific preparations of biologic therapies, and of outcome measures and imaging modalities sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in outcomes, should they exist. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(7):1189-1196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Murray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.,Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Navnit S Makaram
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Timothy R McAdams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Andrew D Murray
- Centre for Sport and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Medical and Scientific Department, European Tour Golf, Virginia Water, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey D Abrams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
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Murray IR, Makaram NS, Rodeo SA, Safran MR, Sherman SL, McAdams TR, Murray AD, Haddad FS, Abrams GD. Infographic: Biologics in professional and Olympic sport: a scoping review. Bone Joint J 2021; 103-B:1187-1188. [PMID: 34192930 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.103b7.bjj-2021-0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Murray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA.,Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Navnit S Makaram
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
| | - Marc R Safran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Timothy R McAdams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
| | - Andrew D Murray
- Medical and Scientific Department, European Tour Golf, Virginia Water, UK.,Centre for Sport and Exercise, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geoffrey D Abrams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
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Haddad FS. A solid and strong beginning. Bone Jt Open 2020; 1:749-750. [PMID: 33367282 PMCID: PMC7750736 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.112.bjo-2020-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fares S. Haddad
- The Bone & Joint Journal, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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