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Maximov PY, Abderrahman B, Curpan RF, Hawsawi YM, Fan P, Jordan VC. A unifying biology of sex steroid-induced apoptosis in prostate and breast cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R83-R113. [PMID: 29162647 PMCID: PMC5771961 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancer are the two cancers with the highest incidence in men and women, respectively. Here, we focus on the known biology of acquired resistance to antihormone therapy of prostate and breast cancer and compare laboratory and clinical similarities in the evolution of the disease. Laboratory studies and clinical observations in prostate and breast cancer demonstrate that cell selection pathways occur during acquired resistance to antihormonal therapy. Following sex steroid deprivation, both prostate and breast cancer models show an initial increased acquired sensitivity to the growth potential of sex steroids. Subsequently, prostate and breast cancer cells either become dependent upon the antihormone treatment or grow spontaneously in the absence of hormones. Paradoxically, the physiologic sex steroids now kill a proportion of selected, but vulnerable, resistant tumor cells. The sex steroid receptor complex triggers apoptosis. We draw parallels between acquired resistance in prostate and breast cancer to sex steroid deprivation. Clinical observations and patient trials confirm the veracity of the laboratory studies. We consider therapeutic strategies to increase response rates in clinical trials of metastatic disease that can subsequently be applied as a preemptive salvage adjuvant therapy. The goal of future advances is to enhance response rates and deploy a safe strategy earlier in the treatment plan to save lives. The introduction of a simple evidence-based enhanced adjuvant therapy as a global healthcare strategy has the potential to control recurrence, reduce hospitalization, reduce healthcare costs and maintain a healthier population that contributes to society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Y Maximov
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Balkees Abderrahman
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yousef M Hawsawi
- Department of GeneticsKing Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - V Craig Jordan
- Department of Breast Medical OncologyMD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Schmidt A, Meissner RS, Gentile MA, Chisamore MJ, Opas EE, Scafonas A, Cusick TE, Gambone C, Pennypacker B, Hodor P, Perkins JJ, Bai C, Ferraro D, Bettoun DJ, Wilkinson HA, Alves SE, Flores O, Ray WJ. Identification of an anabolic selective androgen receptor modulator that actively induces death of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:29-39. [PMID: 24565564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) initially responds to inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but inevitably progresses to hormone ablation-resistant disease. Much effort is focused on optimizing this androgen deprivation strategy by improving hormone depletion and AR antagonism. However we found that bicalutamide, a clinically used antiandrogen, actually resembles a selective AR modulator (SARM), as it partially regulates 24% of endogenously 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-responsive genes in AR(+) MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells. These data suggested that passive blocking of all AR functions is not required for PCa therapy. Hence, we adopted an active strategy that calls for the development of novel SARMs, which induce a unique gene expression profile that is intolerable to PCa cells. Therefore, we screened 3000 SARMs for the ability to arrest the androgen-independent growth of AR(+) 22Rv1 and LNCaP PCa cells but not AR(-) PC3 or DU145 cells. We identified only one such compound; the 4-aza-steroid, MK-4541, a potent and selective SARM. MK-4541 induces caspase-3 activity and cell death in both androgen-independent, AR(+) PCa cell lines but spares AR(-) cells or AR(+) non-PCa cells. This activity correlates with its promoter context- and cell-type dependent transcriptional effects. In rats, MK-4541 inhibits the trophic effects of DHT on the prostate, but not the levator ani muscle, and triggers an anabolic response in the periosteal compartment of bone. Therefore, MK-4541 has the potential to effectively manage prostatic hypertrophic diseases owing to its antitumor SARM-like mechanism, while simultaneously maintaining the anabolic benefits of natural androgens.
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MESH Headings
- Anabolic Agents/chemistry
- Anabolic Agents/pharmacology
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Azasteroids/chemistry
- Azasteroids/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carbamates/chemistry
- Carbamates/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Azriel Schmidt
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Evan E Opas
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Angela Scafonas
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Tara E Cusick
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA; Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA; Departments of Molecular Profiling Merck & Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Carlo Gambone
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Paul Hodor
- Departments of Molecular Profiling Merck & Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - James J Perkins
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Chang Bai
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Damien Ferraro
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - David J Bettoun
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Stephen E Alves
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Osvaldo Flores
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - William J Ray
- Departments of Molecular Endocrinology, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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3
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Kim DH, Hossain MA, Kim MY, Kim JA, Yoon JH, Suh HS, Kim GY, Choi YH, Chung HY, Kim ND. A novel resveratrol analogue, HS-1793, inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression, and migration in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1915-24. [PMID: 24100602 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In many studies, resveratrol has been shown to have a chemopreventive effect in various types of cancer cells. However, the biological activity of resveratrol is limited by its photosensitivity and metabolic instability. This study investigated the effects of a novel analogue of resveratrol, HS-1793, on the expression of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Hypoxic condition induced HIF-1α protein level in PC-3 cells in a time-dependent manner, and treatment with HS-1793 markedly decreased HIF-1α expression levels. HS-1793 also inhibited VEGF level. Mechanistically, HS-1793 inhibited HIF-1α and VEGF expression through multiple mechanisms. Firstly, HS-1793 inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt in PC-3 cells. Furthermore, HS-1793 substantially induced HIF-1α protein degradation through the proteasome pathway. Finally, HS-1793 inhibited hypoxia-induced PC-3 cell migration. These data suggest that HS-1793 may inhibit human prostate cancer progression and angiogenesis by inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF. Moreover, HS-1793 showed more potent effects than resveratrol on the cytotoxic effects on PC-3 cells. Taken together, these results implied that HS-1793, a novel analogue of resveratrol, may be a new potent chemopreventive agent against human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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4
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Kumar DG, Deepa P, Rathi MA, Meenakshi P, Gopalakrishnan VK. Modulatory effects of Crataeva nurvala bark against testosterone and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced oxidative damage in prostate of male albino rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2012; 8:285-91. [PMID: 24082632 PMCID: PMC3785166 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidant properties of Crataeva nurvala bark contains a variety of the bioactive phytochemical constituents in medicinal plants which include flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, anthracene derivatives, and essential oils. Components from Crataeva nurvala bark have been accounted to play an important role in scavenging free radicals generated by mutagens and carcinogens. Androgens are the key factors in either the initiation or progression of prostate cancer by inducing oxidative stress. In the present set of investigations, the antioxidative potential of Crataeva nurvala bark extract against androgen-mediated oxidative stress in male Wistar rats has been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oxidative damage in prostate was induced in rats by the injection of testosterone (100 mg/kg body weight [bw]) for 3 days followed by injection of chemical carcinogen N-Methyl N-Nitroso Urea (50 mg/kg bw) for 1 week. The oxidative damage in prostate-induced rats were treated with the ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvala bark (150 mg/kg bw) and testosterone injection (2 mg/ kg bw) was also continued through the experimental period of 4 months. The prostate tissue was dissected out for biochemical analysis of lipid peroxidation and enzymic-antioxidants viz. catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase; the non-enzymic antioxidants viz. reduced glutathione, and Vitamin C. RESULTS The results revealed that testosterone administration induced the oxidative stress in rat prostate; however, in drug (150 mg/kg bw) supplemented groups, a significant protective effect of Crataeva nurvala bark against testosterone-induced oxidative injury was recorded. CONCLUSION Hence, the study reveals that constituents present in Crataeva nurvala bark impart protection against androgen-induced oxidative injury in prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muthaiyan A. Rathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Periasamy Meenakshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velliyur K. Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by the bioactive compounds neobavaisoflavone and psoralidin isolated from Psoralea corylifolia. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:139-48. [PMID: 21441621 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous compounds detected in medical plants and dietary components or supplements possess chemopreventive, antitumor and immunomodulatory properties. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an important endogenous anticancer factor that induces apoptosis selectively in cancer cells. However, some tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Naturally occurring agents could sensitize TRAIL-resistant cancer cells and augment their apoptotic activity.We examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of neobavaisoflavone and psoralidin in combination with TRAIL on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and LDH assays. The apoptosis was detected using Annexin V-FITC by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The LNCaP cells were shown to be resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Our study demonstrated that neobavaisoflavone and psoralidin sensitized TRAIL-resistant cells and markedly augmented TRAIL-mediated apoptosis and cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells. Cotreatment of LNCaP cells with 100 ng/ml TRAIL and 50 μM neobavaisoflavone or 50 μM psoralidin increased the percentage of the apoptotic cells to 77.5±0.5% or 64.4±0.5%, respectively. The data indicate the potential role of the bioactive compounds isolated from the medicinal plant Psoralea corylifolia (neobavaisoflavone and psoralidin) in prostate cancer chemoprevention through enhancement of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis.
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6
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Crawford ED, Black L, Eaddy M, Kruep EJ. A retrospective analysis illustrating the substantial clinical and economic burden of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010; 13:162-7. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2009.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Locke JA, Nelson CC, Adomat HH, Hendy SC, Gleave ME, Guns EST. Steroidogenesis inhibitors alter but do not eliminate androgen synthesis mechanisms during progression to castration-resistance in LNCaP prostate xenografts. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 115:126-36. [PMID: 19442514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) many androgen-regulated genes become re-expressed and tissue androgen levels increase despite low serum levels. We and others have recently reported that CRPC tumor cells can de novo synthesize androgens from adrenal steroid precursors or cholesterol and that high levels of progesterone exist in LNCaP tumors after castration serving perhaps as an intermediate in androgen synthesis. Herein, we compare androgen synthesis from [(3)H-progesterone] in the presence of specific steroidogenesis inhibitors and anti-androgens in steroid starved LNCaP cells and CRPC tumors. Similarly, we compare steroid profiles in LNCaP tumors at different stages of CRPC progression. Steroidogenesis inhibitors targeting CYP17A1 and SRD5A2 significantly altered but did not eliminate androgen synthesis from progesterone in steroid starved LNCaP cells and CRPC tumors. Upon exposure to inhibitors of steroidogenesis prostate cancer cells adapt gradually during CRPC progression to synthesize DHT in a compensatory manner through alternative feed-forward mechanisms. Furthermore, tumors obtained immediately after castration are significantly less efficient at metabolizing progesterone ( approximately 36%) and produce a different steroid profile to CRPC tumors. Optimal targeting of the androgen axis may be most effective when tumors are least efficient at synthesizing androgens. Confirmatory studies in humans are required to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Locke
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Zhao R, Xiang N, Domann FE, Zhong W. Effects of selenite and genistein on G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:397-407. [PMID: 19373614 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802582751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Combination of chemopreventive agents with distinct molecular mechanisms is considered to offer a potential for enhancing cancer prevention efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Here we report two chemopreventive agents, selenite and genistein, that have synergistic effects on apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and associated signaling pathways in p53-expressing LNCaP and p53-null PC3 prostate cancer cells. We show that selenite induced apoptosis only, whereas genistein induced both apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Combination of these two agents exhibited enhanced effects, which were slightly greater in LNCaP than PC3 cells. Selenite or genistein alone upregulated protein levels of p53 in LNCaP cells only and p21(waf1) and Bax in both cell lines. Additionally, genistein inhibited AKT phosphorylation. Downregulation of AKT by siRNA caused apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest and masked the effects of genistein. Treatment with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) elevated levels of total and phosphorylated AKT and suppressed the effects of genistein. Neither downregulation of AKT nor IGF-I treatment altered the cellular effects of selenite. Our study demonstrates that selenium and genistein act via different molecular mechanisms and exhibit enhanced anticancer effects, suggesting that a combination of selenium and genistein may offer better efficacy and reduction of toxicity in prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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9
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Gomella LG, Johannes J, Trabulsi EJ. Current Prostate Cancer Treatments: Effect on Quality of Life. Urology 2009; 73:S28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Colli JL, Amling CL. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: What can be recommended to patients? Curr Urol Rep 2009; 10:165-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11934-009-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Lewis JE, Soler-Vilá H, Clark PE, Kresty LA, Allen GO, Hu JJ. Intake of plant foods and associated nutrients in prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:216-24. [PMID: 19235037 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802419756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant foods and associated nutrients may impact prostate cancer (PC) risk and survival. Therefore, we compared dietary intake, mainly plant food groups among 382 controls and 478 PC cases (373 incident and 105 prevalent cases). Caucasian controls had significantly higher daily servings of vegetables (3.4 vs. 2.5, P= 0.002) and fruits and/or fruit juices (1.6 vs. 1.3, P = 0.02) compared to African American controls. In Caucasians, incident cases reported lower intake of fiber, vitamin C, vitamin A, alpha -carotene, beta -carotene, cryptoxanthin, folate, genistein, daidzein, and fruits and/or fruit juice than controls and/or prevalent cases. In African Americans, incident cases had lower intake of alpha -carotene compared to controls and prevalent cases. Reduced PC risk was associated with the highest tertile of cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.35-0.75), fiber (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.35-0.89), vitamin C (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.41-0.88), and fruits and/or fruit juices (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.31-0.68), with significant linear trends. Increased risk of PC was associated with the highest tertile of protein (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.05-3.79) and daily servings of grains (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.23-3.22) with significant linear trends. In summary, we demonstrate racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake of plant foods. The significantly higher consumption of protective dietary constituents among prevalent cases compared to incident cases suggests that PC survivors may be amenable to dietary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Williams H, Powell IJ. Epidemiology, pathology, and genetics of prostate cancer among African Americans compared with other ethnicities. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 472:439-53. [PMID: 19107447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting men in the Western world. In the United States, it is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths after lung and bronchus carcinoma. No definitive causes of prostate cancer (PCa) have been identified to date but, increasing age, a positive family history, and sub-Saharan African ancestry are strongly linked to its development. African American men (AAM) have the highest reported incidence rates in the United States and their mortality from the disease is markedly higher than that of European American men (EAM). Conversely, Asian American men and Pacific Islanders (API), American Indian and Alaskan Native (AI/AN) men, and Hispanic men all have lower incidence and mortality rates as compared with EAM. The reasons for these differences are unclear. However, it is clear that AAM have more advanced PCa when diagnosed. Several other reasons have been suggested and these include differences in treatments and health seeking behavior among the ethnic groups, cultural beliefs, environmental/lifestyle factors, dietary and genetic factors. In conclusion, there are multiple factors that impact prostate cancer outcome and that may be responsible for ethnic disparity. These factors are discussed in this chapter.
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13
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Festuccia C, Gravina GL, Muzi P, Pomante R, Angelucci A, Vicentini C, Bologna M. Effects of Dutasteride on Prostate Carcinoma Primary Cultures: A Comparative Study With Finasteride and MK386. J Urol 2008; 180:367-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Paola Muzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Adriano Angelucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carlo Vicentini
- Department of Surgery, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mauro Bologna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Department of Basic and Applied Biology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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14
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Andriole GL, Humphrey PA, Serfling RJ, Grubb RL. High-Grade Prostate Cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: Fact or Artifact? J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1355-6. [PMID: 17848666 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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15
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Ip C, Hall SJ. Hormonal implications in the development and treatment of prostate cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2007; 36:421-34. [PMID: 17543727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the conflicting data concerning the androgen axis and prostate cancer development are reviewed in addition to how this pathway may be exploited to prevent the development of prostate cancer. The expanding role of hormone ablative therapy alone or in conjunction with standard therapies, the controversies of timing of therapy, and the completeness of ablation and its use on an intermittent basis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ip
- Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1272, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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