What is the role of minimally invasive surgery in a fast track hip and knee replacement pathway?

Recovery of Muscular Strength Following Total Hip Replacement: A Narrative Review

This narrative review analyzes muscle strength recovery following total hip replacement (THR) and looks at various factors affecting postoperative muscle function restoration. The review synthesizes evidence from various studies regarding the timing and degree of muscular strength recovery, different rehabilitation protocols, and patient-specific variables such as age, preoperative physical condition, and comorbidities, among others. Overall, it appears that THR is associated with improved hip function and quality of life, but this usually takes a long time due to individualized physical therapy interventions. In addition, postoperative rehabilitation has been found not to exist without any personal factors involved such as age or gender whereby for instance senior citizens have no alternative but to go for THR surgery, making their lower limbs weaker than those who are younger. Based on the findings in this review on muscle recovery after THR surgeries, one may conclude that this endeavor should begin as early as possible and include regular resistance training programs with performance-focused functional training after surgery. In addition, more longitudinal studies should be conducted regarding post-surgical outcomes comparing other traditional medical practices.

Are Routine Postoperative Hemoglobin Tests Justified in All Patients Who Undergo Total Hip Arthroplasty Due to a Displaced Femoral Neck Fracture?

Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a standard treatment for a displaced femoral neck fracture in the elderly. In contemporary healthcare, there is a global shift towards fast-track treatment modalities, prioritizing early hospital discharge for patients. Consequently, routine postoperative blood tests may become redundant, offering significant time and cost savings. We aim to evaluate postoperative hemoglobin levels in trauma-related THA cases and identify patient profiles for whom these tests hold significance. Methods: A retrospective review of 176 THA procedures performed between 2018 and 2022, focusing on individuals undergoing THA for displaced femoral neck fractures. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with postoperative hemoglobin levels below 8.5 g/dL. Results: Of the 176 patients included, 109 (61.9%) were women and the mean age was 69.09 ± 8.13 (range 27 to 90) years. The majority of the patients underwent surgery within 48 hours of admission. The mean preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level was 13.1 ± 1.4 g/dL, while the mean postoperative Hb level was 10.5 ± 1.2 g/dL. Only six patients (3.41%) exhibited postoperative Hb levels of ≤8.5 g/dL. No significant associations were found between postoperative Hb levels ≤ 8.5 and any demographic, surgical, or medical characteristics. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that routine postoperative blood count testing may not be necessary for most patients undergoing THA for displaced femoral neck fractures, particularly those without complications or significant comorbidities.

[Fast-Track-Arthroplasty]

INTRODUCTION

Essential components of fast-track or enhanced recovery programs in arthroplasty are the optimization of interdisciplinary organizational processes, as well as pre-, intra- and postoperative procedures in everyday clinical practice. The early postoperative mobilization of patients after joint replacement surgery is of central importance, with the aim of avoiding pain and complications. This article provides a detailed overview of fast-track procedures that have already been established in many units. Furthermore, it demonstrates the clinical advantages of FastTrack for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in an evidence-based manner within the framework of a randomized study design.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

194 primary THA patients were examined after randomization into two single-blinded groups; Fast-Track (n = 98) or conventional treatment path (n = 96). Mobilization was defined as the primary outcome parameter, measured in seconds using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Secondary parameters were the achievable walking distance in meters and pain using the numerical rating scale (NRS). All parameters were recorded preoperatively and daily until the sixth postoperative day.

RESULTS

No complications or revisions were recorded within the first postoperative week. The fast-track group showed significantly better TUG values and walking distance results compared to the conventional group until the sixth postoperative day (p < 0.05, respectively). There was no significant difference regarding the pain assessment (NRS) (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The use of Fast-Track in hip arthroplasty can evidently improve short-term postoperative clinical outcomes. This first prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled study showed very good clinical results with comparable pain after FastTrack THA compared to a conventional treatment path. Fast-Track concepts are highly effective in terms of early mobilization and clinical outcome-without incurring a higher risk of complications in the short term.

Stepwise implementation of an enhanced recovery pathway for elective total hip arthroplasty in a Swiss hospital: a cohort study

BACKGROUND

Enhanced recovery programs after total hip arthroplasty have been shown to reduce hospital length of stay without compromising results, but yet there is a lack of data for the Swiss population. Therefore, this retrospective cohort study evaluated whether similar positive effects on clinical outcomes are present in the context of the Swiss healthcare system.

METHODS

Patients who underwent elective primary total hip arthroplasty were analysed. The baseline group comprised 50 patients treated consecutively by one surgeon in 2013 according to the clinical practice guidelines. Another surgeon implemented a new standardised treatment protocol in April 2014. In January 2018, this protocol was followed by an enhanced recovery program that integrated all care providers at the hospital. The data of the baseline group (series 0) and four series of 50 patients each, two treated with the standardised treatment protocol (series 1-2) and two treated with the enhanced recovery program (series 3-4), were analysed. All patients had follow-ups at 6 weeks and 3 months after surgery. The primary outcomes were length of stay and discharge destination; the secondary outcomes were admission on the day of surgery (instead of one day prior), the use of urinary catheters, the administration of opioids, the difference between pre- and postoperative haemoglobin, blood transfusions, and adverse events within 3 months of surgery.

RESULTS

The median length of stay was 10 days in the baseline group and only 5 days after the implementation of the standardised protocol and enhanced recovery program in series 4 (p <0.001). The percentage of patients discharged directly home was higher in series 4 than in the baseline group (84% vs. 66%, p = 0.085). Patients admitted to the hospital on the day of surgery increased from 2% in series 0 to 98% in series 4 (p <0.001). The use of urinary catheters was significantly higher in the baseline group (100% of patients) than in series 3 and 4 (0%) (p <0.001), and the number of patients who did not require opioids was significantly higher in series 4 than in series 0 (36% vs. 10%, p = 0.007). The median blood loss (500 ml vs. 300 ml, p <0.001), median difference in pre- and postoperative haemoglobin (29 g/dl vs. 25 g/dl, p = 0.145), and number of blood transfusions (5 vs. 2 p = 0.99) were higher in the baseline group than in series 4. The number of adverse events did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.699).

CONCLUSIONS

Almost all parameters examined in this study showed improvement, whereas the rate of adverse events was not affected and remained low. The presented data can be used as a benchmark, but details of these findings need to be confirmed in larger cohorts.

Cementless total hip arthroplasty with anatomic-shaped implants. Does the minimal invasive anterolateral technique influence the stem position or subsidence in contrast to the standard lateral approach?

INTRODUCTION

Using cementless stems in total hip arthroplasty (THA) has revealed variable results. The risk for early aseptic loosening has been associated to certain surgical approaches and implant designs. This study determines misalignment of collared/collarless stems and the rate of subsidence using the anterolateral approach (ALA) compared to implantations via the direct lateral approach (DLA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred consecutive patients underwent primary unilateral THA using the minimal invasive ALA in the lateral decubitus position and were compared to another cohort of 100 patients, treated trough the DLA. Clinical results were noted preoperatively and after 1 year using the WOMAC score. The radiographic evaluation included the stem alignment and subsidence.

RESULTS

Overall, all patients improved in WOMAC from 48.9 points (± 11.4; 21.0-82.0) to 3.1 (± 3.2; 0.0-22.0) (p < 0.001). For DLA and ALA, the stem was placed on average 2.5° in varus to the femoral axis. The mean alignment was about 0.5° more valgus for collarless stems. The mean subsidence in the DLA group was about 0.3 mm higher compared to the ALA group. With collarless implants, the subsidence was about 1.0 mm higher compared to collared implants (p < 0.05), especially in patients with Dorr type B femurs.

CONCLUSIONS

Changing from the DLA to the minimal invasive ALA did not significantly affect the implant position. Misalignment and a potential risk for early aseptic loosening could not be seen. The use of a collared cementless stem seems safe and is likely to prevent a relevant subsidence, even more so in Dorr type B femurs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

[Perioperative management in fast-track arthroplasty]

The optimization of organizational processes, as well as surgical procedures intra- and perioperatively, are essential components with respect to fast-track programs in clinical routine. Treatment concepts focus on early postoperative mobilization of patients after joint replacement surgery in an interdisciplinary setting to avoid pain and complications on a scientific basis. This article gives a comprehensive and detailed overview regarding evidence-based peri- and intraoperative fast-track treatment methods: from pain treatment with intraoperative local infiltration analgesia and tranexamic acid application under minimally invasive surgical approach in short-lasting spinal anesthesia to renunciation of drains, regional pain- and urinary catheters, tourniquets, and restrictions.

[Fast track in hip and knee arthroplasty]

Fast-track treatment concepts were developed decades ago in general and abdominal surgery and have been adapted in recent years for the special requirements of hip and knee arthroplasty. In this field, Hendrik Husted in particular was able to demonstrate scientific evidence for the components of fast-track concepts. The primary aim is not so much to shorten the patient's hospital length of stay (LOS) but rather to effectively increase the quality of medical treatment for the patient and to reduce complications. The optimization of organizational processes as well as intraoperative and perioperative surgical approaches are essential components regarding the introduction of fast track into the clinical routine. This article gives a comprehensive overview of fast-track treatment concepts and explains the scientific principles for the approach.

Patient-specific instrumentation improves functional kinematics of minimally-invasive total knee replacements as revealed by computerized 3D fluoroscopy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Minimally-invasive total knee arthroplasty (MIS-TKA) has demonstrated very good short-term success, but its mid- to long-term results remain inconclusive. The success may be related to the tradeoff between a small incision and accurate positioning of the implant components. Patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) aims to improve the accuracy in restoring the knee axis and the clinical outcomes for MIS-TKA, but the results are yet to be confirmed by accurate assessment during functional activities. The purpose of the current study was to measure and compare the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) rigid-body and surface kinematics of MIS-TKA implanted with and without PSI during isolated knee active flexion/extension and sit-to-stand using state-of-the-art 3D model-based fluoroscopy technology.

METHODS

Ten patients treated for advanced medial knee osteoarthritis by MIS-TKA without PSI (non-PSI group) and nine with PSI (PSI group) participated in the current study. Each subject performed non-weight-bearing knee flexion/extension and sit-to-stand tasks while the motion of the prosthetic knee was under bi-plane fluoroscopy surveillance. The computer models of each of the knee prosthesis components were registered to the measured fluoroscopy images for each time frame via a novel validated 3D fluoroscopy method. Non-parametric 1-tailed Mann-Whitney tests were performed to detect the differences in the joint and surface kinematic variables every 10° of knee flexion between the non-PSI and PSI groups. The 1-tailed significance level was at α = 0.05.

RESULTS

The PSI group showed clear, coupled flexion/internal rotation during activities, while the non-PSI group remained roughly at an externally rotated position with slight internal rotations. The coupled rotation in the PSI group was accompanied by an anterior displacement of the medial contact and a posterior displacement of the lateral contact, which was different from the screw-home mechanism. Neither of the two groups showed the normal roll-back phenomenon, i.e., posterior translation of the femur relative to the tibia during knee flexion.

CONCLUSIONS

With the state-of-the-art 3D fluoroscopy method, differences in both the rigid-body and surface kinematics of the prosthetic knees between MIS-TKA with and without PSI were identified. Patients with PSI demonstrated significant positive effects on the reconstructed rigid-body kinematics of the knee, showing clearer coupled flexion/internal rotations - an important kinematic characteristic in healthy knees - than those without PSI during activities with or without weight-bearing. However, none of them showed normal contact patterns. The current findings will be helpful for surgical instrument design, as well as for surgical decision-making in MIS total knee arthroplasty.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: Concepts and Application to Total Shoulder Replacement

BACKGROUND

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) focuses on optimizing each element on a treatment pathway and encouraging the patient to actively engage in his or her recovery and rehabilitation. It requires collaboration across a multidisciplinary team and has been successful in improving patient outcomes, length of stay (LOS), and costs for a wide range of surgical procedures, including musculoskeletal surgeries such as total hip and total knee replacement.

PURPOSE

To examine the application of ERAS concepts to total shoulder replacement (TSR) surgery.

METHODS

Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) in England on LOS for TSR surgery were examined, and a review of literature on the use of ERAS concepts in TSR was undertaken.

RESULTS

Analysis of HES data suggested scope for improvement in reducing LOS. A review of the literature found some evidence of the use of ERAS concepts, particularly in multimodal pain management.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research is now required for ERAS procedure-specific components for TSR surgery.

[Fast track strategies in hip arthroplasty]

BACKGROUND

Fast track arthroplasty is becoming increasingly accepted in German-speaking countries. By optimizing treatment processes fast track programs promise faster recovery, increased patient satisfaction, quality improvement and reduction in the length of hospital stay.

OBJECTIVES

The philosophy and treatment principles of fast track hip arthroplasty during the pre, intra and postoperative phase are described in the light of the current body of evidence. The challenges concerning fast track arthroplasty within the German health system are discussed.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Besides presenting our own data concerning a patient seminar and an opiate saving pain treatment, the most relevant literature related to fast track hip arthroplasty from a pubmed search is discussed.

RESULTS

Fast track concepts can only be successfully implemented through close interdisciplinary team work. Preoperatively, a patient seminar can help to prepare patients better for surgery. Postoperatively, early mobilisation and pain treatment play a central role, whereat a clear reduction in opiate application can be achieved.

CONCLUSION

Fast track hip arthroplasty makes rethinking with respect to traditional treatment principles necessary and demands a high degree of interdisciplinary team work. Particularly, as result of the specifics of the health system (DRG system and stationary rehabilitation), a nationwide establishment in Germany has not taken place so far.

Blood management in fast-track orthopedic surgery: an evidence-based narrative review

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Innovations able to maintain patient safety while reducing the amount of transfusion add value to orthopedic procedures. Opportunities for improvement arise especially in elective procedures, as long as room for planning is available. Although many strategies have been proposed, there is no consensus about the most successful combination. The purpose of this investigation is to identify information to support blood management strategies in fast-track total joint arthroplasty (TJA) pathway, to (i) support clinical decision making according to current evidence and best practices, and (ii) identify critical issues which need further research.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We identified conventional blood management strategies in elective orthopedic procedures. We performed an electronic search about blood management strategies in fast-track TJA. We designed tables to match every step of the former with the latter. We submitted the findings to clinicians who operate using fast-track surgery protocols in TJA at our research hospital.

RESULTS

Preoperative anemia detection and treatment, blood anticoagulants/aggregants consumption, transfusion trigger, anesthetic technique, local infiltration analgesia, drainage clamping and removals, and postoperative multimodal thromboprophylaxis are the factors which can add best value to a fast-track pathway, since they provide significant room for planning and prediction.

CONCLUSION

The difference between conventional and fast-track pathways does not lie in the contents of blood management, which are related to surgeons/surgeries, materials used and patients, but in the way these contents are integrated into each other, since elective orthopedic procedures offer significant room for planning. Further studies are needed to identify optimal regimens.

[Research status of the enhanced recovery after surgery in the geriatric hip fractures]

Objective

To summarize the latest developments in the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in the geriatric hip fractures and its perioperative therapy management.

Methods

The recent original literature on the ERAS in the geriatric hip fractures were extensively reviewed, illustrating the concepts and properties of the ERAS in the geriatric hip fractures.

Results

It has been considered to be associated with the decreased postoperative morbidity, reduced hospital length of stay, and cost savings to implement ERAS protocols, including multimodal analgesia, inflammation control, intravenous fluid therapy, early mobilization, psychological counseling, and so on, in the perioperative (emergency, preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative) management of the geriatric hip fractures. The application of ERAS in the geriatric hip fractures guarantees the health benefits of patients and saves medical expenses, which also provides basis and guidance for the further development and improvement of the entire process perioperative management in the geriatric hip fractures.

Conclusion

Significant progress has been made in the application of ERAS in the geriatric hip fractures. ERAS protocols should be a priority for perioperative therapy management in the geriatric hip fractures.

Minimally invasive total knee replacement: techniques and results

In this review, we outlined the definition of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in total knee replacement (TKR) and described the different surgical approaches reported in the literature. Afterwards, we went through the most recent studies assessing MIS TKR. Next, we searched for potential limitations of MIS knee replacement and tried to answer the following questions: Are there selective criteria and specific patient selection for MIS knee surgery? If there are, then what are they? After all, a discussion and conclusion completed this article. There is certainly room for MIS or at least less invasive surgery for appropriate selected patients. Nonetheless, there are differences between approaches. Mini-medial parapatellar is easy to master, quick to perform and potentially extendable, whereas mini-subvastus and mini-midvastus are trickier and require more caution related to risk of haematoma and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) nerve damage. Current evidence on the safety and efficacy of mini-incision surgery for TKR does not appear fully adequate for the procedure to be used without special arrangements for consent and for audit or continuing research. There is an argument that a sudden jump from standard TKR to MIS TKR, especially without computer assistance such as navigation, patient-specific instrumentation or robotic, may breach a surgeon's duty of care towards patients because it exposes patients to unnecessary risks. As a final point, more evidence is required on the long-term safety and efficacy of this procedure which will give objective shed light on real benefits of MIS TKR.

Comparison of minimally invasive spine surgery using intraoperative computed tomography integrated navigation, fluoroscopy, and conventional open surgery for lumbar spondylolisthesis: a prospective registry-based cohort study

BACKGROUND CONTEXT

To date, the surgical approaches for the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis by transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) using minimally invasive spine surgery assisted with intraoperative computed tomography image-integrated navigation (MISS-iCT), fluoroscopy (MISS-FS), and conventional open surgery (OS) are debatable.

PURPOSE

This study compared TLIF using MISS-iCT, MISS-FS, and OS for treatment of one-level lumbar spondylolisthesis.

STUDY DESIGN

This is a prospective, registry-based cohort study that compared surgical approaches for patients who underwent surgical treatment for one-level lumbar spondylolisthesis.

PATIENT SAMPLE

One hundred twenty-four patients from January 2010 to March 2012 in a medical center were recruited.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The outcome measures were clinical assessments, including Short-Form 12, visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index, Core Outcome Measurement Index, and patient satisfaction, and blood loss, hospital stay, operation time, postoperative pedicle screw accuracy, and superior-level facet violation.

METHODS

All surgeries were performed by two senior surgeons together. Ninety-nine patients (40M, 59F) who had at least 2 years' follow-up were divided into three groups according to the operation methods: MISS-iCT (N=24), MISS-FS (N=23), and OS (N=52) groups. Charts and surgical records along with postoperative CT images were assessed.

RESULTS

MISS-iCT and MISS-FS demonstrated a significantly lowered blood loss and hospital stay compared with OS group (p<.01). Operation time was significantly lower in the MISS-iCT and OS groups compared with the MISS-FS group (p=.002). Postoperatively, VAS scores at 1 year and 2 years were significantly improved in the MISS-iCT and MISS-FS groups compared with the OS groups. No significant difference in the number of pedicle screw breach (>2 mm) was found. However, a lower superior-level facet violation rate was observed in the MISS-iCT and OS groups (p=.049).

CONCLUSIONS

MISS-iCT TLIF demonstrated reduced operation time, blood loss, superior-level facet violation, hospital stay, and improved functional outcomes compared with the MISS-FS and OS approaches.

Fast track in hip arthroplasty

‘Fast-track’ surgery was introduced more than 20 years ago and may be defined as a co-ordinated peri-operative approach aimed at reducing surgical stress and facilitating post-operative recovery.

The fast-track programmes have now been introduced into total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery with reduction in post-operative length of stay, shorter convalescence and rapid functional recovery without increased morbidity and mortality. This has been achieved by focusing on a multidisciplinary collaboration and establishing ‘fast-track’ units, with a well-defined organisational set-up tailored to deliver an accelerated peri-operative course of fast-track surgical THA procedures.

Fast-track THA surgery now works extremely well in the standard THA patient. However, all patients are different and fine-tuning of the multiple areas in fast-track pathways to get patients with special needs or high co-morbidity burden through a safe and effective fast-track THA pathway is important.

In this narrative review, the principles of fast-track THA surgery are presented together with the present status of implementation and perspectives for further improvements.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160060. Originally published online at www.efortopenreviews.org

Patient Selection in Short Stay Total Hip Arthroplasty for Medicare Patients

There is a trend towards shortening inpatient hospital stays following total hip arthroplasty (THA) in an effort to reduce healthcare costs and potentially decrease complications. The purpose of this study was to identify patients who are at risk for readmission, complications, and mortality after short stay THA. The Medicare sample (1997-2011) was used to identify THA patients with 1-2-day (Group A, n=2949) or 3-day (Group B, n=8707) stays. Complication risks were similar between groups, though there was a reduced risk for hospitalization for Group A (adjusted hazard ratio=0.90, P=0.029). These findings suggest that age and comorbidities, particularly diabetes and cardiovascular conditions, have the greatest effect on readmission and event risk after short stay THA.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) and its applicability for major spine surgery

This article examines the relevance of applying the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) approach to patients undergoing major spinal surgery. The history of ERAS, details of the components of the approach and the underlying rationale are explained. Evidence on outcomes achieved by using the ERAS approach in other orthopaedic and complex surgical procedures is then outlined. Data on major spinal surgery rates and current practice are reviewed; the rationale for using ERAS in major spinal surgery is discussed, and potential challenges to its adoption are acknowledged. A thorough literature search is then undertaken to examine the use of ERAS pathways in major spinal surgery, and the results are presented. The article then reviews the evidence to support the application of individual ERAS components such as patient education, multimodal pain management, surgical approach, blood loss, nutrition and physiotherapy in major spinal surgery, and discusses the need for further robust research to be undertaken. The article concludes that given the rising costs of surgery and levels of patient dissatisfaction, an ERAS pathway that focuses on optimising clinical procedures by adopting evidence-based practice and improving logistics should enable major spinal surgery patients to recover more quickly with lower rates of morbidity and improved longer-term outcomes.

Review article: Perioperative care in enhanced recovery for total hip and knee arthroplasty

Enhanced recovery pathways for total hip and knee arthroplasty can reduce length of hospital stay and perioperative morbidity. 22 studies were reviewed for identification of perioperative care interventions, including preoperative (n=4), intra-operative (n=8), and postoperative (n=4) care interventions. Factors that improve outcomes included use of pre-emptive and multimodal analgesia regimens to reduce opioid consumption, identification of patients with poor nutritional status and provision of supplements preoperatively to improve wound healing and reduce length of hospital stay, use of warming systems and tranexamic acid, avoidance of drains to reduce operative blood loss and subsequent transfusion, and early ambulation with pharmacological and mechanical prophylaxis to reduce venous thromboembolism and to speed recovery.

An evidence-based review of enhanced recovery interventions in knee replacement surgery

INTRODUCTION

Total knee replacement (TKR) is a very common surgical procedure. Improved pain management techniques, surgical practices and the introduction of novel interventions have enhanced the patient's postoperative experience after TKR. Safe, efficient pathways are needed to address the increasing need for knee arthroplasty in the UK. Enhanced recovery programmes can help to reduce hospital stays following knee replacements while maintaining patient safety and satisfaction. This review outlines common evidence-based pre, intra and postoperative interventions in use in enhanced recovery protocols following TKR.

METHODS

A thorough literature search of the electronic healthcare databases (MEDLINE(®), Embase™ and the Cochrane Library) was conducted to identify articles and studies concerned with enhanced recovery and fast track pathways for TKR.

RESULTS

A literature review revealed several non-operative and operative interventions that are effective in enhanced recovery following TKR including preoperative patient education, pre-emptive and local infiltration analgesia, preoperative nutrition, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, pulsed electromagnetic fields, perioperative rehabilitation, modern wound dressings, different standard surgical techniques, minimally invasive surgery and computer assisted surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

Enhanced recovery programmes require a multidisciplinary team of dedicated professionals, principally involving preoperative education, multimodal pain control and accelerated rehabilitation; this will be boosted if combined with minimally invasive surgery. The current economic climate and restricted healthcare budget further necessitate brief hospitalisation while minimising costs. These non-operative interventions are the way forward to achieve such requirements.

Standard Transgluteal versus Minimal Invasive Anterior Approach in hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Consecutive Cohort Study

A minimally invasive anterior approach (MIS) was compared to a standard lateral approach in primary total hip arthroplasty. Clinical and radiological outcomes were analyzed 6 weeks, 12 weeks, one year and two years after surgery. The duration of surgery was longer, mobility one week after surgery was better and time of hospitalization was shorter for minimally invasive-treated patients. They had less pain during movement, limping, better Harris Hip Score and satisfaction after 6 weeks, which remained after 12 weeks and 1 year, but not after two years. There were two deep infections in the MIS group. Radiological results were not affected. The infections might be a point of concern, but there were no other disadvantages of the MIS approach. In fact, early rehabilitation was facilitated and clinical results were improved. Our results encourage the continuous use of the MIS anterior approach instead of the lateral approach.

Comparison of the clinical and radiological outcomes of three minimally invasive techniques for total knee replacement at two years

Minimally invasive total knee replacement (MIS-TKR) has been reported to have better early recovery than conventional TKR. Quadriceps-sparing (QS) TKR is the least invasive MIS procedure, but it is technically demanding with higher reported rates of complications and outliers. This study was designed to compare the early clinical and radiological outcomes of TKR performed by an experienced surgeon using the QS approach with or without navigational assistance (NA), or using a mini-medial parapatellar (MP) approach. In all, 100 patients completed a minimum two-year follow-up: 30 in the NA-QS group, 35 in the QS group, and 35 in the MP group. There were no significant differences in clinical outcome in terms of ability to perform a straight-leg raise at 24 hours (p = 0.700), knee score (p = 0.952), functional score (p = 0.229) and range of movement (p = 0.732) among the groups. The number of outliers for all three radiological parameters of mechanical axis, frontal femoral component alignment and frontal tibial component alignment was significantly lower in the NA-QS group than in the QS group (p = 0.008), but no outlier was found in the MP group. In conclusion, even after the surgeon completed a substantial number of cases before the commencement of this study, the supplementary intra-operative use of computer-assisted navigation with QS-TKR still gave inferior radiological results and longer operating time, with a similar outcome at two years when compared with a MP approach.

Peri-operative interventions producing better functional outcomes and enhanced recovery following total hip and knee arthroplasty: an evidence-based review

The increasing numbers of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA), combined with the rapidly growing repertoire of surgical techniques and interventions available have put considerable pressure on surgeons and other healthcare professionals to produce excellent results with early functional recovery and short hospital stays. The current economic climate and the restricted healthcare budgets further necessitate brief hospitalization while minimizing costs.Clinical pathways and protocols introduced to achieve these goals include a variety of peri-operative interventions to fulfill patient expectations and achieve the desired outcomes.In this review, we present an evidence-based summary of common interventions available to achieve enhanced recovery, reduce hospital stay, and improve functional outcomes following THA and TKA. It covers pre-operative patient education and nutrition, pre-emptive analgesia, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, pulsed electromagnetic fields, peri-operative rehabilitation, modern wound dressings, standard surgical techniques, minimally invasive surgery, and fast-track arthroplasty units.