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Gorbokon N, Baltruschat S, Lennartz M, Luebke AM, Höflmayer D, Kluth M, Hube-Magg C, Hinsch A, Fraune C, Lebok P, Bernreuther C, Sauter G, Marx AH, Simon R, Krech T, Clauditz TS, Jacobsen F, Burandt E, Steurer S, Minner S. PAX8 expression in cancerous and non-neoplastic tissue: a tissue microarray study on more than 17,000 tumors from 149 different tumor entities. Virchows Arch 2024:10.1007/s00428-024-03872-y. [PMID: 39105782 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-024-03872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
PAX8 plays a role in development of the thyroid, kidney, and the Wolffian and Mullerian tract. In surgical pathology, PAX8 immunohistochemistry is used to determine tumors of renal and ovarian origin, but data on its expression in other tumors are conflicting. To evaluate PAX8 expression in normal and tumor tissues, a tissue microarray containing 17,386 samples from 149 different tumor types and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PAX8 results were compared with previously collected data on cadherin 16 (CDH16). PAX8 positivity was found in 40 different tumor types. The highest rate of PAX8 positivity was found in thyroidal neoplasms of follicular origin (98.6-100%), gynecological carcinomas (up to 100%), renal tumors (82.6-97.8%), and urothelial neoplasms (2.3-23.7%). Important tumors with near complete absence of PAX8 staining (< 1%) included all subtypes of breast cancers, hepatocellular carcinomas, gastric, prostatic, pancreatic, and pulmonary adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine neoplasms, small cell carcinomas of various sites, and lymphomas. High PAX8 expression was associated with low tumor grade in 365 non-invasive papillary urothelial carcinomas (p < 0.0001) but unrelated to patient outcome and/or tumor phenotype in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, high-grade serous ovarian cancer, and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. For determining a renal tumor origin, sensitivity was 88.1% and specificity 87.2% for PAX8, while sensitivity was 85.3% and specificity 95.7% for CDH16. The combination of PAX8 and CDH16 increased specificity to 96.8%. In conclusion, PAX8 immunohistochemistry is a suitable diagnostic tool. The combination of PAX8 and CDH16 positivity has high specificity for renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gorbokon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Baltruschat
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Lennartz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hinsch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Fraune
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Patrick Lebok
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Christian Bernreuther
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Marx
- Department of Pathology, Academic Hospital Fuerth, Fuerth, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Yu EM, Belay S, Li W, Aragon-Ching JB. Non-urothelial and urothelial variants of bladder cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 33:100661. [PMID: 36442362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-urothelial bladder cancers make up a rare minority of all genitourinary (GU) tract histologic cancers since urothelial cancer (UC) makes up the most common histologic subtype. Bladder cancer variant histology (BCVH) or urothelial variants also occur rarely though distinction is important given aggressive presentation and natural history. While methods for diagnosis and treatment of typical urothelial cancers (UC) are well-established, there are no clear guidelines with regard to the diagnosis of non-urothelial bladder cancers, which often results in misdiagnosis and treatment delay. This review will focus on the clinicopathologic characteristics of the most common non-urothelial bladder cancers, to be distinguished from bladder cancer variant histology containing a UC component. The role of genomics in non-urothelial bladder cancers is evolving and the use of biomarkers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of these tumors remains a key area of unmet need. Treatment of these cancers will be discussed in a companion review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Yu
- GU Medical Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, USA
| | - Sarah Belay
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, USA
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Pathology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, USA
| | - Jeanny B Aragon-Ching
- GU Medical Oncology, Inova Schar Cancer Institute, USA; Associate Professor of Medical Education, University of Virginia, USA.
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3
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Burgess E, Livasy C, Trufan S, Zhu J, O'connor H, Hartman A, Clark P, Grigg C, Raghavan D. Clinical outcomes associated with expression of aurora kinase and p53 family members in muscle‑invasive bladder cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2022; 16:102. [PMID: 35463214 PMCID: PMC9022081 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2022.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are needed in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We previously reported that high tumor aurora kinase (AURK) A expression identifies patients with MIBC with poor prognosis. Aberrant p53 expression has also been associated with poor outcomes in MIBC, though to the best of our knowledge, co-expression rates of p53 and aurora kinases have not been previously described in MIBC. As aurora kinase and p53 family members may co-regulate each other, the present study investigated whether tumor p53 or p63 protein expression influenced the prognostic value of AURKA in a pilot study of 50 patients with MIBC treated with curative intent. Immunohistochemistry for AURKA, AURKB, p53 and p63 were performed on archival pre-treatment tumor specimens and correlated with clinical outcomes in patients with MIBC who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to cystectomy. Baseline p53 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.55-3.9; P=0.448) and p63 (HR 2.02; 95% CI=0.51-8.1; P=0.313) protein expression did not predict for overall survival (OS). Low p53 protein expression did not correlate with high AURKA (φ=0.190) or AURKB (φ=0.075) expression. However, in tumors with low p53 expression (n=17), the presence of either high AURKA or AURKB expression levels predicted an increased risk for relapse (HR 27.1; 95% CI=2.7-270.1; P=0.005) and mortality (HR 14.9; 95% CI=2.3-95.6; P=0.004) compared to tumors with both low AURKA and AURKB levels. The relationship between p63 and AURKA/B expression levels was not tested due to the prevalence (80%) of high p63 expression in the present cohort. In tumors with low AURKA expression, p53 status did not predict for OS (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.2-3.2; P=0.572). In multivariable analysis, only high baseline AURKA expression predicted for inferior OS (HR 4.9; 95% CI 1.7-14.1; P=0.003). To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report co-expression of p53 and aurora kinase family members in MIBC, and although wild-type p53 may regulate the aurora kinases in preclinical models, the adverse prognostic value of tumor AURKA overexpression was independent from baseline tumor p53 protein expression in the present cohort. AURKA remains an important prognostic biomarker in patients with MIBC and warrants further evaluation in prospective studies to validate whether baseline AURKA can identify patients that are unlikely to benefit from standard of care with NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earle Burgess
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Chad Livasy
- Carolinas Pathology Group, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA
| | - Sally Trufan
- Department of Cancer Biostatistics, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Jason Zhu
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Hazel O'connor
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | | | - Peter Clark
- Department of Urology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Claud Grigg
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
| | - Derek Raghavan
- Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC 28204, USA
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Li Z, Xu H, Gong Y, Chen W, Zhan Y, Yu L, Sun Y, Li A, He S, Guan B, Wu Y, Xiong G, Fang D, He Y, Tang Q, Yao L, Hu Z, Mei H, He Z, Cai Z, Guo Y, Li X, Zhou L, Huang W. Patient-Derived Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Organoids as a Platform for Drug Screening. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103999. [PMID: 34914855 PMCID: PMC8811809 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs) are rare entities that are usually diagnosed at advanced stages. Research on UTUC pathobiology and clinical management has been hampered by the lack of models accurately reflecting disease nature and diversity. In this study, a modified organoid culture system is used to generate a library of 25 patient-derived UTUC organoid lines retaining the histological architectures, marker gene expressions, genomic landscapes, and gene expression profiles of their parental tumors. The study demonstrates that the responses of UTUC organoids to anticancer drugs can be identified and the model supports the exploration of novel treatment strategies. This work proposes a modified protocol for generating patient-derived UTUC organoid lines that may help elucidate UTUC pathophysiology and assess the responses of these diseases to various drug therapies in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Li
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityInternational Cancer Center of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518039China
| | - Haibo Xu
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityInternational Cancer Center of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518039China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityInternational Cancer Center of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518039China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital TumorsShenzhen518035China
| | - Yonghao Zhan
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Lei Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital TumorsShenzhen518035China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic BiologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital TumorsShenzhen518035China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic BiologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Aolin Li
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Shiming He
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Bao Guan
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Yucai Wu
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Gengyan Xiong
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Dong Fang
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Yuhui He
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic BiologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Hongbing Mei
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityInternational Cancer Center of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518039China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital TumorsShenzhen518035China
| | - Zhisong He
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityInternational Cancer Center of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518039China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital TumorsShenzhen518035China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic BiologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Yinglu Guo
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
| | - Weiren Huang
- Department of UrologyPeking University First HospitalNational Urological Cancer CenterBeijing100034China
- Department of UrologyShenzhen Institute of Translational MedicineShenzhen Second People's HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityInternational Cancer Center of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen518039China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital TumorsShenzhen518035China
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic BiologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
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5
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Zhang F, Wu J, Sun Z, Xie D, Yang X, Wang W. Nephrogenic adenoma of the renal pelvis: A rare case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27025. [PMID: 34449477 PMCID: PMC8389872 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) is a rare benign lesion of the urinary tract, which rarely occurs in the renal pelvis. Only 19 cases have been reported in the literature. However, there is no detailed report on the clinicopathological features of NA of the renal pelvis. PATIENT CONCERNS This case report describes a 46-year-old male patient who was admitted to the hospital for one month because of painless gross hematuria with blood clots. He had a history of hyperuricemia and a family history of gastric cancer. DIAGNOSES NA of the renal pelvis was diagnosed pathologically and immunohistochemical. INTERVENTIONS The patient underwent laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. OUTCOMES The patient recovered well after the operation with no discomfort. In addition, we followed up with the patient regularly post-discharge (approximately 20 months). There were no obvious abnormalities in the results of routine urine culture, computed tomography scan of the abdomen, and cystoscopy during the follow-up period, and the symptoms disappeared completely and did not recur. LESSONS NA of the renal pelvis is extremely rare in the clinic, which can be easily misdiagnosed and overtreated. However, for pathological diagnosis of this disease, specific immunohistochemical staining for preoperative biopsy was reported to be significant, which should be considered by the urologists and pathologists.
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Khizer K, Padda J, Khedr A, Tasnim F, Al-Ewaidat OA, Patel V, Ismail D, Campos VYM, Jean-Charles G. Paired-Box Gene 8 (PAX8) and Its Association With Epithelial Carcinomas. Cureus 2021; 13:e17208. [PMID: 34540435 PMCID: PMC8441942 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most common culprit of mortality in the United States and epithelial carcinomas are considered as one of the most predominant types of cancer. The association between epithelial cancers and paired-box gene 8 (PAX8) has been studied significantly before. PAX8 belongs to the paired-box gene family, which plays an important role in the organogenesis of different body organ systems, especially the thyroid gland, the renal system, and the Müllerian system. Immunohistochemical staining is being used to detect PAX8 expression in different epithelial cancers and differentiate them from PAX8-negative tumors. In follicular, papillary, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, targeting the PAX8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) fusion protein is being considered as a potential mechanism for therapy. Moreover, because of its high expression in primary ovarian cancers, PAX8 is being considered as a target for ovarian cancer treatment as well. More studies are needed to test the possibility of using PAX8 as a possible target for managing endometrial carcinomas. In this article, we review the functions of the PAX8 gene, how its mutations lead to the development of certain epithelial carcinomas, how it can be used as a diagnostic or a prognostic marker, and its potential as a therapeutic target for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anwar Khedr
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | | | | | - Vinay Patel
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Dina Ismail
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | | | - Gutteridge Jean-Charles
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
- Internal Medicine, AdventHealth Orlando Hospital, Orlando, USA
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Rekhi B, Karmarkar S, Gupta C, Deodhar KK, Menon S, Pathuthara S, Maheshwari A, Shylasree TS, Gupta S. Evaluation of cell blocks from effusion specimens in Gynecologic Oncopathology: An experience of 220 cases, diagnosed at a Tertiary Cancer Referral Center. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2021; 63:427-434. [PMID: 32769333 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_858_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the common indications of ascitic fluid examination in gynecological oncopathology is the detection and classification of malignant cells, especially in cases of clinically suspicious tubo-ovarian masses. The present study was undertaken to assess and validate the diagnostic utility of cell blocks (CBs) and compare its results with the corresponding conventional smears, prepared from effusion samples. CBs were prepared by thromboplastin technique in 220 cases. In 208 cases, diagnostic concordance between results obtained from smears and corresponding CBs was evaluated. Various antibody markers were tested, as per individual case. The average age of patients was 52.2 years. Positive immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for various markers was observed in 182 cases (82.7%) The most frequently positive antibody marker was PAX8 (101/134), followed by p53 (85/92) [mutation type (either diffusely positive or completely negative)], WT1 (tumor cells) (80/112), calretinin (2/87) (diffuse), BerEP4 (21/49), CA125 (21/24), CK7 (31/39) and CK20 and CDX2, together (5/16). Various other IHC markers utilized, including their positive expression, were TTF1 (1/10), p40 (3/3), p63 (2/4), ER (21/29), HBME1 (1/7), GATA3 (1/4), and MIC2 (1/1). Complete diagnostic concordance between CBs and smears was observed in 170/208 cases (81.7%). There were 20 major discordances, 10 minor and 8 cases with sampling errors. IHC was useful in classifying 158/182 (86.8%) cases, including serous or Müllerian adenocarcinoma (n = 123), mostly high-grade (121); metastatic squamous carcinoma (3); gastrointestinal-type adenocarcinoma (8); pulmonary adenocarcinoma (1); breast adenocarcinoma (1); Ewing sarcoma (1); and mesothelioma (2). CBs are complementary to smears in the detection of gynecological malignancies, mostly high-grade serous adenocarcinomas. These provide an opportunity for testing several IHC markers, for a precise diagnosis, including in various uncommon case scenarios, associated with significant therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Rekhi
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Division of Cytopathology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srushti Karmarkar
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chhavi Gupta
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kedar K Deodhar
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Division of Cytopathology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Menon
- Department of Surgical Pathology; Division of Cytopathology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saleem Pathuthara
- Division of Cytopathology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amita Maheshwari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - T S Shylasree
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gynecology Disease Management Group, Tata Memorial Center, HBNI University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Leivo MZ, Tacha DE, Hansel DE. Expression of uroplakin II and GATA-3 in bladder cancer mimickers: caveats in the use of a limited panel to determine cell of origin in bladder lesions. Hum Pathol 2021; 113:28-33. [PMID: 33887302 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies targeting uroplakin II (UPII) are highly specific for urothelial cells and are frequently used to determine if a primary bladder lesion or a metastatic lesion originates from the urothelium. However, to date, no studies have tested the expression of UPII in histological mimickers of bladder cancer that are nonurothelial in origin. Given the potential risk of misdiagnosis, immunohistochemical markers are often used to better characterize these lesions. In the present study, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of UPII in a set of urothelial carcinoma mimickers that included conventional nephrogenic adenoma (n = 8), papillary nephrogenic adenoma (n = 6), endometriosis/endosalpingiosis (n = 5), inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (n = 4), ectopic prostate tissue (n = 2), and malakoplakia (n = 2). We also examined the expression of GATA-3, another commonly used immunohistochemical marker in bladder cancer diagnosis, in the same lesions. Weak immunoreactivity for UPII was identified in 6 of 27 mimickers (22%), and GATA-3 was expressed in 16 of 27 mimickers (59%). Strong immunoreactivity for UPII appeared to be a specific marker for urothelial cell of origin, although weak staining was seen in a significant proportion of mimickers. GATA-3 immunostaining was present in a greater number and broader spectrum of mimickers; however, only one case of papillary nephrogenic adenoma showed dual positivity for UPII and GATA-3. These findings support the immunohistochemical panel-based approach in the diagnosis of bladder lesions, especially if nonurothelial bladder cancer mimickers are in the differential diagnosis. Additional larger studies would be of value to expand on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Z Leivo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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9
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Ali ET, Mohamed NS, Shafig IR, Muneer MS, Yosif AA, Hassan LA, Mohamed AM, Ahmed A, Siddig EE. Immunohistochemical expression of PAX-8 in Sudanese patients diagnosed with malignant female reproductive tract tumors. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:396. [PMID: 32847623 PMCID: PMC7449036 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Paired box protein-8 (PAX-8) immunohistochemical expression can be used as a diagnostic marker for epithelial cells tumors. This study aimed at investigating the immunohistochemical expression of PAX-8 among Sudanese females diagnosed with cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers between December 2017 and May 2019 by studying their Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded blocks. Results Sixty patients diagnosed with female reproductive tract cancers were included who aged 58.7 ± 6.9 years (range, 43—71). Cervix was the most common cancer site in 51/60 (85%) patients. Regarding cancer stage, there was 17 (28%) and 14 (23%) of the study population had stage 3B and 2B, respectively. The histopathological diagnosis included 20 (44%), 13 (29%), and 12 (27%) poorly, moderately, and well differentiated cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as 11 (73%), 2 (13%), 1 (7%), and 1 (7%) endometrial adenocarcinoma, metastatic adenocarcinoma, endocervical adenocarcinoma, and ovarian mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma, respectively. PAX-8 was positively expressed in 9 endometrial adenocarcinoma, 1 endocervical adenocarcinoma and 1 ovarian mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma, 2 poorly, and 1 moderately differentiated SCC. All patients diagnosed with well differentiated SCC and metastatic adenocarcinoma showed no expression of PAX-8. A statistically significant was seen for PAX-8 expression and the different histopathological diagnosis, P value < 0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman T Ali
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, National University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nouh S Mohamed
- Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan. .,Faculty of Medicine, Sinnar University, Sennar, Sudan. .,Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Irene R Shafig
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed S Muneer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | - Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Emmanuel E Siddig
- Alfarrabi College for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.,Mycetoma Research Center, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.,Faculty of Medicine, Nile University, Khartoum, Sudan
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10
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Jeong JH, Kim NY, Pyo JS. Analysis of PAX8 immunohistochemistry in lung cancers: a meta-analysis. J Pathol Transl Med 2020; 54:300-309. [PMID: 32702943 PMCID: PMC7385260 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2020.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the PAX8 immunohistochemical expressions in primary lung cancers and metastatic cancers to the lung. METHODS We identified and reviewed relevant articles from the PubMed databases. Ultimately, 18 articles were included in this meta-analysis. PAX8 expression rates were analyzed and compared between primary and metastatic lung cancers. RESULTS The PAX8 expression rate in primary lung cancers was 0.042 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.025 to 0.071). PAX8 expression rates of small cell (0.129; 95% CI, 0.022 to 0.496) and non-small cell carcinomas of the lung (0.037; 95% CI, 0.022 to 0.061) were significantly different (p=.049 in a meta-regression test). However, the PAX8 expression rates of adenocarcinoma (0.013; 95% CI, 0.006 to 0.031) and squamous cell carcinoma (0.040; 95% CI, 0.016 to 0.097) were not significantly different. PAX8 expression rates of metastatic carcinomas to the lung varied, ranging from 1.8% to 94.9%. Metastatic carcinomas from the lung to other organs had a PAX8 expression rate of 6.3%. The PAX8 expression rates of metastatic carcinomas from the female genital organs, kidneys, and thyroid gland to the lung were higher than those of other metastatic carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Primary lung cancers had a low PAX8 expression rate regardless of tumor subtype. However, the PAX8 expression rates of metastatic carcinomas from the female genital organs, kidneys, and thyroid were significantly higher than those of primary lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Han Jeong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Nae Yu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Daejeon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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11
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Sharifai N, Abro B, Chen JF, Zhao M, He H, Cao D. Napsin A is a highly sensitive marker for nephrogenic adenoma: an immunohistochemical study with a specificity test in genitourinary tumors. Hum Pathol 2020; 102:23-32. [PMID: 32561332 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nephrogenic adenomas are uncommon benign lesions that are typically cytologically bland, but degenerative and reactive changes may make it difficult to distinguish these lesions from malignant entities, such as urothelial carcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma. In this study, we explored whether napsin A, a sensitive marker for lung adenocarcinoma, may also have a role in distinguishing nephrogenic adenoma from other genitourinary lesions. Immunohistochemically, napsin A was expressed in all 43 nephrogenic adenomas (bladder: 38, prostatic urethra: 4, and ureter: 1; mean positive tumor cells: 72%, median: 80%, range: 15-100%) and showed regional variability in its expression pattern with a bias toward surface architectures (flat, papillary) compared with stromal architectures (tubular/glandular, microcystic). We also compared napsin A with other markers including PAX8, GATA3, p63, and 34BE12. Although napsin A matched PAX8 in terms of its sensitivity for nephrogenic adenoma (100%), napsin A stained a lower percentage of tumor cells than PAX8 (72% vs 99%, respectively, P = 1.0 × 10-5). P63 was negative in all nephrogenic adenomas, whereas GATA3 showed variable staining in 25 cases (58%). All 43 nephrogenic adenomas showed variable 34BE12 staining. Finally, we profiled napsin A expression among 401 genitourinary tumors on tissue microarrays (n = 308) and full tissue blocks (N = 93) and observed napsin A positivity in 37 tumors (9%), which included urothelial carcinomas with the glandular/microcystic component differentiation (in the glandular/microcystic component in 4/6), bladder adenocarcinomas (primary: 4/4 and metastatic: 3/3), urinary tract clear-cell carcinomas (primary: 8/9, metastatic uterine primary: 1/1), and some renal tumors (17/174). All 81 pure urothelial carcinomas and 53 prostatic acinar adenocarcinomas were negative for napsin A. Our study indicates that napsin A is a highly sensitive marker for nephrogenic adenoma and can serve as a useful addition in immunohistochemical panels seeking to distinguish it from pure urothelial carcinoma and prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma but not clear-cell carcinoma or urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Sharifai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63011, United States
| | - Brooj Abro
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63011, United States
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63011, United States
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310014, China
| | - Huiying He
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63011, United States.
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12
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PAX8 expression and TERT promoter mutations in the nested variant of urothelial carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study with immunohistochemical and molecular correlates. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1165-1171. [PMID: 31932679 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma, a frequent mimic of benign lesions on limited specimens, has been associated with high-stage disease including metastases at presentation. While PAX8 immunohistochemistry has been noted to be infrequently present in urothelial carcinoma in general, it has not been studied specifically in a cohort of nested urothelial carcinomas. Furthermore, TERT promoter mutation status is a potentially valuable biomarker for diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma and for noninvasive disease monitoring that has been observed in a majority of urothelial carcinoma and has previously been seen to be prevalent in multiple variant morphologies of urothelial carcinoma, including the nested variant. Twenty-five primary and three metastatic samples of nested urothelial carcinoma, along with 16 benign cases, were identified in a multicenter retrospective record review. PAX8 immunohistochemical stain was performed on all cases. In addition, TERT mutation analysis by allele-specific PCR was performed on 21 of the primary nested urothelial carcinoma cases and all benign cases. Positive PAX8 expression was identified in 52% (13 of 25) primary cases and 67% (2 of 3) metastatic cases of nested urothelial carcinoma; 50% (1 of 2) cases of large nested urothelial carcinoma were positive for PAX8. PAX8 expression was negative in the benign urothelium in all cases. TERT promoter mutation was observed in 83% (15 of 18) nested urothelial carcinoma cases and in 6% (1 of 16) of the benign cases. Recognition of the prevalence of positive PAX8 staining in this clinically relevant variant of urothelial carcinoma is essential to avoiding inaccurate or delayed diagnosis during the diagnostic workup of bladder lesions suspicious for nested variant of urothelial carcinoma. Moreover, the prevalence of TERT promoter mutations in nested urothelial carcinoma is similar to that of conventional urothelial carcinoma, further supporting its use as a biomarker that is stable across morphologic variants of urothelial carcinoma.
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13
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Bakhshwin AM, Gordon IO, Brown KB, Liu X, Allende DS. Head-to-Head Comparison of p63 and p40 in Non-Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Tubal Gut. Int J Surg Pathol 2020; 28:835-843. [PMID: 32466705 DOI: 10.1177/1066896920924821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES. With targeted agents, characterizing carcinomas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has become more important. We aim to determine the usefulness of p40 in classifying GI tract carcinomas. METHODS. Seventy-five GI carcinomas including 28 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 2 adenosquamous carcinomas (ASCA), 21 poorly differentiated carcinomas (PDCA), and 24 adenocarcinomas (AdCA; control group) were stained for p40, p63, and CK5/6. Tumors were scored from 0 to 5 based on extent of staining and marked as positive (score >2) or negative. RESULTS. p63 was positive in 100% of SCC/ASCA and 12.5% of AdCA. p40 was positive in 92.5% of SCC/ASCA and 4.1% of AdCA. In the PDCA subset, a panel including p63, p40, and MOC31 was the best way to accurately classify most cases. CONCLUSIONS. p63 and CK5/6 are more sensitive but less specific than p40 for SCC/ASCA in GI carcinomas. In PDCA, a panel approach including p63, CK5/6, and p40 may be best in classifying these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiuli Liu
- 197266University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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14
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An Algorithmic Immunohistochemical Approach to Define Tumor Type and Assign Site of Origin. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27:114-163. [PMID: 32205473 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry represents an indispensable complement to an epidemiology and morphology-driven approach to tumor diagnosis and site of origin assignment. This review reflects the state of my current practice, based on 15-years' experience in Pathology and a deep-dive into the literature, always striving to be better equipped to answer the age old questions, "What is it, and where is it from?" The tables and figures in this manuscript are the ones I "pull up on the computer" when I am teaching at the microscope and turn to myself when I am (frequently) stuck. This field is so exciting because I firmly believe that, through the application of next-generation immunohistochemistry, we can provide better answers than ever before. Specific topics covered in this review include (1) broad tumor classification and associated screening markers; (2) the role of cancer epidemiology in determining pretest probability; (3) broad-spectrum epithelial markers; (4) noncanonical expression of broad tumor class screening markers; (5) a morphologic pattern-based approach to poorly to undifferentiated malignant neoplasms; (6) a morphologic and immunohistochemical approach to define 4 main carcinoma types; (7) CK7/CK20 coordinate expression; (8) added value of semiquantitative immunohistochemical stain assessment; algorithmic immunohistochemical approaches to (9) "garden variety" adenocarcinomas presenting in the liver, (10) large polygonal cell adenocarcinomas, (11) the distinction of primary surface ovarian epithelial tumors with mucinous features from metastasis, (12) tumors presenting at alternative anatomic sites, (13) squamous cell carcinoma versus urothelial carcinoma, and neuroendocrine neoplasms, including (14) the distinction of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma from well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, site of origin assignment in (15) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor and (16) poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, and (17) the distinction of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor G3 from poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma; it concludes with (18) a discussion of diagnostic considerations in the broad-spectrum keratin/CD45/S-100-"triple-negative" neoplasm.
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15
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Expression of Glypican 3 is an Independent Prognostic Biomarker in Primary Gastro-Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Corresponding Serum Exosomes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050696. [PMID: 31100935 PMCID: PMC6572603 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized membranous vesicles of endosomal origin that carry nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. The cargo of exosomes is cell origin specific and the release of these exosomes and uptake by an acceptor cell is seen as a vital element of cell-cell communication. Here, we sought to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of the expression of glypican 3 (GPC3) on primary gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) tissue (tGPC3) and corresponding serum exosomes (eGPC3). Circulating exosomes were extracted from serum samples of 49 patients with GEA and 56 controls. Extracted exosomes were subjected to flow cytometry for the expression of eGPC3 and GPC3 expression on primary GEA tissue samples was determined by immunohistochemistry and correlated to clinicopathological parameters. We found decreased eGPC3 levels in GEA patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001) and high tGPC3 expression. This was significantly associated with poor overall survival (high vs. low eGPC3: 87.40 vs. 60.93 months, p = 0.041, high vs. low tGPC3: 58.03 vs. 84.70 months, p = 0.044). Cox regressional analysis confirmed tGPC3 as an independent prognostic biomarker for GEA (p = 0.02) and tGPC3 expression was validated in two independent cohorts. Our findings demonstrate that eGPC3 and tGPC3 can be used as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for GEA.
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16
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Toriyama A, Izumi H, Tomita S, Nagashima Y, Ueda Y, Aoki Y, Tsujimura A, Yao T, Hino O. Renal medullary carcinoma in a young mixed-race man in Japan. Pathol Int 2019; 69:241-245. [PMID: 30843648 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is a rare and aggressive cancer associated with the sickle cell trait. The diagnosis of RMC depends on recognition of its histologic features and immunohistochemical deficiency of INI1, but correct diagnosis is sometimes difficult, especially if a patient's information on race, past, and family medical history is unclear. At present, this is the first report on RMC in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Toriyama
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Izumi
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Tomita
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ueda
- Department of Pathology, DOKKYO Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aoki
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Tsujimura
- Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Okio Hino
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Azevedo R, Peixoto A, Gaiteiro C, Fernandes E, Neves M, Lima L, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. Over forty years of bladder cancer glycobiology: Where do glycans stand facing precision oncology? Oncotarget 2017; 8:91734-91764. [PMID: 29207682 PMCID: PMC5710962 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high molecular heterogeneity of bladder tumours is responsible for significant variations in disease course, as well as elevated recurrence and progression rates, thereby hampering the introduction of more effective targeted therapeutics. The implementation of precision oncology settings supported by robust molecular models for individualization of patient management is warranted. This effort requires a comprehensive integration of large sets of panomics data that is yet to be fully achieved. Contributing to this goal, over 40 years of bladder cancer glycobiology have disclosed a plethora of cancer-specific glycans and glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans) accompanying disease progressions and dissemination. This review comprehensively addresses the main structural findings in the field and consequent biological and clinical implications. Given the cell surface and secreted nature of these molecules, we further discuss their potential for non-invasive detection and therapeutic development. Moreover, we highlight novel mass-spectrometry-based high-throughput analytical and bioinformatics tools to interrogate the glycome in the postgenomic era. Ultimately, we outline a roadmap to guide future developments in glycomics envisaging clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Azevedo
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- New Therapies Group, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Gaiteiro
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Fernandes
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biomaterials for Multistage Drug and Cell Delivery, INEB-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Neves
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lima
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Glycobiology in Cancer, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Montalbano M, Georgiadis J, Masterson AL, McGuire JT, Prajapati J, Shirafkan A, Rastellini C, Cicalese L. Biology and function of glypican-3 as a candidate for early cancerous transformation of hepatocytes in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1291-1300. [PMID: 28098909 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC-3), a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), has recently been investigated as a player in tissue-dependent cellular signaling, specifically as a regulator of growth. Noteworthy, the regulatory protein has been implicated in both stimulatory and inhibitory pathways involving cell growth. Initially, GPC-3 was thought to act as a cell cycle regulator, as a loss-of-function mutation in the gene caused a hyper-proliferative state known as Simpson-Golabi-Behmel (SGB) overgrowth syndrome. Additionally, certain cancer types have displayed a downregulation of GPC-3 expression. More recently, the protein has been evaluated as a useful marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its increased expression in the liver during times of growth. In contrast, the GPC-3 marker is not detectable in normal adult liver. Immunotherapy that targets GPC-3 and its affiliated proteins is under investigation as these new biomarkers may hold potential for the detection and treatment of HCC and other diseases in which GPC-3 may be overexpressed. Studies have reported that an overexpression of GPC-3 in HCC predicts a poorer prognosis. This prognostic value further pushes the question regarding GPC-3's role in the regulation and progression of HCC. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the clinical aspects of GPC-3, while also synthesizing the current literature with the aim to better understand this molecule's biological interactions at a molecular level, not only in the liver, but in the rest of the body as well. Due to the existing gap in the literature surrounding GPC-3, we believe further investigation of function, structure and domains, cellular localization, and other subfields is warranted to evaluate the protein as a whole, as well as its part in the study of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Montalbano
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jeremias Georgiadis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ashlyn L Masterson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joshua T McGuire
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Janika Prajapati
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ali Shirafkan
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Cristiana Rastellini
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Luca Cicalese
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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19
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Wang X, Lopez-Beltran A, Osunkoya AO, Wang M, Zhang S, Davidson DD, Emerson RE, Williamson SR, Tan PH, Kaimakliotis HZ, Baldridge LA, MacLennan GT, Montironi R, Cheng L. TERT promoter mutation status in sarcomatoid urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Future Oncol 2017; 13:705-714. [PMID: 28052688 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine TERT promoter mutation status as well as the expression of PAX8, GATA3, p63, p40, p53 and uroplakin III in 17 patients with the upper urinary tract sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma. METHODS & RESULTS TERT C228T mutations were found in six of 17 cases (35%). p53 was expressed in 77% of these tumors. PAX8, GATA3, p40 and uroplakin III are less frequently expressed. Lymph node metastases were present in ten cases (59%). Eight patients (47%), including all three patients with TERT mutation, died of cancer within 2 years after surgery. CONCLUSION Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the upper urinary tract is an aggressive tumor and the presence of TERT mutation may portend poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Adeboye O Osunkoya
- Departments of Pathology & Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mingsheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Darrell D Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert E Emerson
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Puay-Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Lee Ann Baldridge
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gregory T MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy & Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region (Ancona), United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pathology & Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba, Spain
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20
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A combination of p40, GATA-3 and uroplakin II shows utility in the diagnosis and prognosis of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Pathology 2016; 48:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Mishra S, Kaddi CD, Wang MD. Pan-cancer analysis for studying cancer stage using protein and gene expression data. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2016:2440-2443. [PMID: 28268818 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pan-cancer analyses attempt to discover similar features among multiple cancers to identify fundamental patterns common to cancer development and progression. A pan-cancer analysis integrating both protein expression and transcriptomic data is important because it can identify genes that are linked to proteins potentially responsible for a patient's status. This study aims to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes between early and advanced cases of multiple cancer types through the usage of RNA sequencing data. The relevance of these genes is further investigated by developing predictive models using K-nearest neighbor and linear discriminant analysis classifiers. The use of cancer-specific and non-cancer specific features resulted in several moderately performing models. Highlighted genes were further investigated to determine if they encoded for proteins identified in a previously conducted pan-cancer analysis. The results of this study suggest that a pan-cancer analysis may be highly complementary to standard analyses of individual cancers for identifying biologically relevant DE genes and can assist in developing effective predictive models for cancer progression.
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22
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Mai KT, Bateman J, Djordjevic B, Flood TA, Belanger EC. Clear Cell Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 25:18-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896916660195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell urothelial carcinoma (CCUC) is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC) and its clinical significance has not been well elucidated. Consecutive cases of UC over a period of 5 years were reviewed. Histopathological tumor parameters, including the proportion of tumor cells with clear cell change, and patient outcomes were recorded. Expression of the following immunohistochemical markers was investigated: CK7, CK20, CK5, CD44, and PAX8. We also conducted a review of the literature for case reports/series of CCUC. Ten CCUCs were identified out of a total of 872 cases of UC. The clear cell component was characterized by prominent cytoplasmic membranes and voluminous clear cytoplasm, and accounted for 30% to 90% of the invasive tumor component. Of all the non-CCUC cases reviewed, at least 50% (noninvasive or invasive UC) showed focal areas of clear cell change that accounted for less than 5% of the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemically, CCUC exhibited positive reactivity for CK5/CD44 (n = 9); CK20 (n = 5), PAX8 (very focal to extensive) (n = 6), and GATA3/CK7 (n = 10). Eight of 10 CCUC were of advanced clinical stage (pT3/pT4) and 6 of 10 experienced tumor recurrence and/or death due to disease. In conclusion, CCUC can be distinguished from non-CCUC by the extensive clear cell change in more than 30% of cells. This variant is associated with rapid progression to muscle invasion and metastasis, with an aggressive clinical course. Expression of CK5/CD44 may represent basal cell features in most CCUC cases, while PAX8 expression is suggestive of mesonephric derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien T. Mai
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Bateman
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bojana Djordjevic
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor A. Flood
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric C. Belanger
- The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Amyes E, Russell P, Chan F. Cervical adenosquamous carcinoma with extension to uterine corpus. Pathology 2016; 48:521-3. [PMID: 27306573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Amyes
- GynaePath, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, Sydney
| | - Peter Russell
- GynaePath, Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, Sydney; Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, The University of Sydney.
| | - Felix Chan
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, NSW, Australia
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Expression of Membrane-Bound Mucins and p63 in Distinguishing Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma from Papillary Cystadenoma. Head Neck Pathol 2016; 10:521-526. [PMID: 27278378 PMCID: PMC5082059 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-016-0735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the immunoexpression of epithelial mucins (MUCs) in salivary duct cysts, papillary cystadenomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas and to evaluate if any of these markers could be useful for differentiating between mucoepidermoid carcinoma and papillary cystadenoma. We also sought to validate the p63 expression pattern found to differentiate between mucoepidermoid carcinoma and papillary cystadenoma. Immunoexpression of MUC1, MUC2, MUC4, MUC7, and p63 was studied and quantified in 22 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 12 papillary cystadenomas, and 3 salivary duct cysts. The immunohistochemical evaluation was collectively performed by 3 oral pathologists. Scores and trends in proportions were assessed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas, papillary cystadenomas, and salivary duct cysts demonstrated variable MUC expression patterns. All tumors were positive for p63 immunoexpression with p63 labeling in salivary duct cysts and papillary cystadenomas (15/15) limited to the basal layers of the cystic spaces, whereas in mucoepidermoid carcinomas (22/22) the p63 labeling extended throughout the suprabasal layers (p < 0.001). This study adds more confirmatory data to validate that the reactivity pattern of p63 protein can be used in distinguishing between papillary cystadenoma and low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Although positive reactivity in a tumor with MUC1 and MUC4 was inconclusive, negative reactivity suggests the diagnosis of a benign PC or SDC.
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25
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Uroplakin II (UPII), GATA3, and p40 are Highly Sensitive Markers for the Differential Diagnosis of Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23:711-6. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Gellert LL, Warrick J, Al-Ahmadie HA. Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation--the pathologists׳ perspective. Urol Oncol 2015; 33:437-43. [PMID: 26321057 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamous differentiation is the most common variant histology in urothelial carcinoma and may have effects on clinical outcome. Inconsistencies in reporting variant histologies in urothelial carcinoma are well documented. Immunohistochemical and molecular markers may help identify tumors with squamous differentiation beyond light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan L Gellert
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Joshua Warrick
- Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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27
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Aydin O, Yildiz L, Baris S, Dundar C, Karagoz F. Expression of Glypican 3 in low and high grade urothelial carcinomas. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:34. [PMID: 25896897 PMCID: PMC4414302 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an oncofetal protein which is encoded by GPC3 gene and takes role in the regulation of cell division and apoptosis. Overexpression of GPC3 has been reported in some types of cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs and testicular germ cell tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of GPC3 in the non-neoplastic urothelium and in urothelial carcinoma (UC). We also aimed to explore the alterations in the GPC3 expression according to the grade and the invasiveness of UC. Methods GPC3 expression was studied in 108 UC cases by using immunohistochemistry. Each section was evaluated in terms of the extensiveness and intensity of GPC3 staining. Scores of immunostaining were correlated with tumor grade and stage. Results GPC3 expression was observed in 38 cases (35.2%). GPC3 expression was positive in 43.6% of high and in 13.3% of low grade UC (p: 0.003). In 19 UC cases biopsy also harbored non-neoplastic urothelium which showed no staining for GPC3. The difference in staining percentages between low and high grade UCs, suggests that GPC3 staining could be used as an adjunctive marker in cases where the distinction between the low and high grade tumors is difficult. In addition, lack of staining in the non-neoplastic urothelial areas in 19 cases raises the possibility of the use of GPC3 staining for the distinction between neoplastic and non-neoplastic urothelium, especially in punch biopsy samples. Conclusions Based on our results potential role of GPC3 in urothelial carcinogenesis warrants further investigation, especially the potential use of GPC3 for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2260833001522844
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Aydin
- Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Atakum, Samsun, 55139, Turkey.
| | - Levent Yildiz
- Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Atakum, Samsun, 55139, Turkey.
| | - Sancar Baris
- Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Atakum, Samsun, 55139, Turkey.
| | - Cihad Dundar
- Department of Public Health, Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Karagoz
- Department of Pathology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Medicine, Atakum, Samsun, 55139, Turkey.
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28
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Abstract
Glypican 3 is a membrane-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which has recently been identified as a marker for liver cancer and germ cell malignancies. Individuals with loss-of-function mutations for the glypican 3 gene exhibit Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, a rare X-linked overgrowth disorder. Expression of glypican 3 mRNA and protein is normally silenced in most adult organs and may reappear during malignant transformation. In the past few years, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics of glypican 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma have been elucidated. More recently, glypican 3 has been emerging as a new diagnostic marker for germ cell tumors and especially testicular and ovarian yolk sac tumors. However, in other tumors such as renal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and melanomas, studies disagree on the level of glypican 3 expression. Finally, there is the controversial notion of glypican 3 as a tumor suppressor gene. In this review article, we update current knowledge on glypican 3 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, evaluate its utility as a tumor marker in clinical practice, and explore its role as a novel oncofetal protein with clinical implications. Our focus is on the diagnostic value of glypican 3 in germ cell tumors and other neoplasms in addition to hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, glypican 3 has been proven to be a useful immunohistochemical marker in distinguishing yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas, and Wilms tumors from other malignancies histologically mimicking these primitive tumors. Clinically, we recommend that glypican 3 be used as part of a panel of markers in subtyping testicular germ cell tumors.
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29
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Valsechi MC, Oliveira ABB, Conceição ALG, Stuqui B, Candido NM, Provazzi PJS, de Araújo LF, Silva WA, Calmon MDF, Rahal P. GPC3 reduces cell proliferation in renal carcinoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:631. [PMID: 25168166 PMCID: PMC4161903 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a member of the family of glypican heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). The GPC3 gene may play a role in controlling cell migration, negatively regulating cell growth and inducing apoptosis. GPC3 is downregulated in several cancers, which can result in uncontrolled cell growth and can also contribute to the malignant phenotype of some tumors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanism of action of the GPC3 gene in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. METHODS Five clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines and carcinoma samples were used to analyze GPC3 mRNA expression (qRT-PCR). Then, representative cell lines, one primary renal carcinoma (786-O) and one metastatic renal carcinoma (ACHN), were chosen to carry out functional studies. We constructed a GPC3 expression vector and transfected the renal carcinoma cell lines, 786-O and ACHN. GPC3 overexpression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. We evaluated cell proliferation using MTT and colony formation assays. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate apoptosis and perform cell cycle analyses. RESULTS We observed that GPC3 is downregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma samples and cell lines compared with normal renal samples. GPC3 mRNA expression and protein levels in 786-O and ACHN cell lines increased after transfection with the GPC3 expression construct, and the cell proliferation rate decreased in both cell lines following overexpression of GPC3. Further, apoptosis was not induced in the renal cell carcinoma cell lines overexpressing GPC3, and there was an increase in the cell population during the G1 phase in the cell cycle. CONCLUSION We suggest that the GPC3 gene reduces the rate of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest during the G1 phase in renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Brandler TC, Aziz MS, Rosen LM, Bhuiya TA, Yaskiv O. Usefulness of GATA3 and p40 immunostains in the diagnosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma in cytology specimens. Cancer Cytopathol 2014; 122:468-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar C. Brandler
- Department of Pathology; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Lake Success New York
| | - Mohamed S. Aziz
- Department of Pathology; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Lake Success New York
| | - Lisa M. Rosen
- Department of Biostatistics; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Lake Success New York
| | - Tawfiqul A. Bhuiya
- Department of Pathology; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Lake Success New York
| | - Oksana Yaskiv
- Department of Pathology; Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Lake Success New York
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